Biology 115 - Exam 3

Where does karyogamy occur?

A (tips of the mushroom)

Anabaena is a genus of cyanobacteria that have heterocysts. Which of the following is NOT correct about them?

Anabaena cannot survive in the presence of oxygen

What group of organisms best describe the closest relatives to eukaryotes?

Archaea

The fruits pictured below are most likely dispersed by...

Attaching to animal fur-Spiky fruits

Based on the above tree, where did the ability to utilize a wider range of wavelengths in photosynthesis evolve?

B

Which phylum of fungi includes the pathogenic species linked to the world-wide decline in amphibian populations?

Chytridiomycota

Bryophyte spores are genetically distinct from one another. The best explanation of this phenomenon is because...

Crossing over and independent assortment occurred during meiosis.

Angiosperms and gymnosperms both produce two different types of spores. What is the most logical implication of this?

Heterospory is a synapomorphy uniting angiosperms and gymnosperms

Scientists are trying to treat certain genetic diseases by insert a functioning allele into a person's cells to replace the non-functioning allele causing the disease. Understanding what basic biological process would help scientists accomplish this?

Horizontal gene transfer

Based on the above tree, where did flowers evolve?

I Angiosperms only have flowers

What evolutionary advantage did true leaves offer to land plants?

Increased surface area for photosynthesis to provide energy for other, energetically expensive adaptations

Based on the tree above, is the shedding of the outer covering during development homologous in animals?

No

Where on the "Tree of Life" do viruses belong?

None of the above

When you eat a peach, what part of the plant are you eating?

Ovary

What is the difference between a sporophyte and gametophyte?

Sporophytes are diploid and generate spores, gametophytes are haploid and generate gametes

What is the agricultural benefit of legumes' mutualistic relationship with nitrogen-fixing bacteria?

The bacteria convert nitrogen in the atmosphere to usable forms of nitrogen, increasing nitrogen content of soil in fields planted with legumes

What can happen when a piece of bacterial DNA becomes packaged in a viral capsid?

The genetic information on the bacterial DNA could become incorporated into another bacterium's genome when the virus carrying the bacterial DNA infects another cell

What role do bacteria that utilize nitrogen in energy acquisition play in ecosystems?

The help cycle nitrogen in ecosystems, converting it into forms that certain plant species can utilize.

Which is true of the very first sporophytes?

They produced spores once and died

Which of the following is the broadest taxonomic group (i.e. which answer includes the other answers as subgroups)?

Viridiplantae

Which of the following statements about bacterial genomes is true?

Bacterial chromosomes are found in a nucleoid region which is not contained within a nuclear membrane.

Chemotrophic bacteria...

Can gain their energy by the oxidation of organic compounds.

Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding the lysogenic cycle?

Cells infected by a virus in its lysogenic phase can continue to grow and divide.

Prokaryotes do not reproduce sexually, but they do acquire genetic changes via ___.

Conjugation

Based on the above tree, where did the cuticle evolve?

E

Which factor likely helped drive the transition of the ancestor of land plants from aquatic to terrestrial life?

Greater access to light and carbon dioxide

What is the relationship between seed plants and vascular plants?

Seed plants are a subgroup of vascular plants

What evolutionary adaptation evolved at letter H on the above tree?

Seeds

How has the evolution of pollen been most directly important to land plants adapting to terrestrial life?

Standing water no longer required for fertilization

Which of the following statements is true for BOTH seed plant and fern life cycles?

The sporophyte is photosynthetic and independent

Based on the evolutionary relationships depicted in the tree below, how many times did the shedding of the outer covering during development evolve in animals?

Two times

A healthy person practicing normal hygiene most likely has...

A diverse community of bacteria on their body

What best describes the body structure of multicellular fungi?

A network (mycelium) of branching filaments (hyphae)

Which of the statements best describes the evolution or characteristics of protists?

All protists are unicellular

What distinguishes angiosperms from gymnosperms?

Angiosperms have flowers, gymnosperms don't&Angiosperms have fruit, gymnosperms don't

Which evolutionary innovation allowed sporophytes to continue growing and potentially reproducing after releasing spores?

Branching

Which of the following is present in ALL viruses?

Capsid Proteins

While out walking, you see a dark purple-red colored flower that smells terrible and produced no nectar. What type of pollinator would predict is most likely to visit the flower?

Carrion Fly

You are studying the metabolism of a new species of bacteria. You conduct an experiment with the following treatment groups and results. The control group had access to light, carbon dioxide, and organic molecules.

Chemoautotrophic

Which of the following characteristics of fungi most accurately reflects their relatedness to plants vs. animals?

Chemoheterotrophic metabolism

Conjugation is part of the life cycle of many ciliate protists where haploid micronuclei are exchanged between individuals. Which of the statements below is most accurate?

Conjugation is a form of sex, but not reproduction

Cells in the stem of a mushroom are most likely...

Dikaryotic

What is the primary function of fruit?

Disperse seeds

What public health achievement have vaccines made possible?

Eradication of previously serious diseases

What molecule or material provides vascular tissue with its rigidity, providing the structural support for upright growth?

Lignin

Which of the following is an accurate statement about phylogenies?

Phylogenetic trees are scientific hypotheses proposing a set of evolutionary relationships

You go to go graduate school to study biology, and take a mycology (study of fungi) class. Another grad student, who didn't go to as good of a school as Miami University, is surprised to observe that the cells in a mushroom have two nuclei. Even more surprising, the nuclei are genetically different! You, of course, are not surprised by this. You explain that the cells in the mushroom have undergone _________, but have not yet undergone ________.

Plasmogamy; karyogamy

Which of the following is NOT part of an ovule?

Pollen Grain

The ability to move into and reproduce in drier environments is a likely driving force behind what trend in plant evolution?

Sperm transport by pollen

What is the dispersal agent in ferns?

Spores

The common ancestor of all insects was wingless and molted throughout its life. However, most insects belong to a monophyletic subgroup called the Pterygote, which have evolved wings, and molting stops at adulthood. In insects, the possession of wings and the cessation of molting in adults are...

Synapomorphies

How are megaspores transported in seed plants?

They are not transported; they stay in the megasporangium

What role did cyanobacteria play in the early history of the Earth?

They began the process of oxygenating the atmosphere

Why do mosses never grow more than a few centimeters tall?

They lack vascular tissue to transport water to greater heights

Once inside a hot cell, what does a virus first do during a lytic cycle?

Use the host cells' ribosomes to make more virus capsid proteins

Which type of vaccine requires certain viral genes (such as for a spike protein in a viral capsid) to be incorporated into genome of the individual receiving the vaccine?

Virus vector vaccine

Which of the following groups has members with genomes composed of RNA?

Viruses

Sporophytes first arose in the by means of .

bryophytes... delayed meiosis

Many groups of protists construct protective casings. Dinoflagellates often produce casings of cellulose. Forams manufacture calcium carbonate shells. Diatoms and some tubulinids (a type of amoebozoan) have silicon dioxide cases. Euglenozoans have protein reinforcements of their cellular membranes. Are protective casings in protists homologous or convergent?

Convergent

Which generations of the fern life cycle are capable of photosynthesis?

Gametophyte and Sporophyte

Greater potential for adaptation in new or changing environments is one likely driving force behind which evolutionary trend in plants?

Gametophyte dominance to sporophyte dominance

Vascular, seedless plants include ferns, and non-vascular plants include mosses. How has the dominant generation evolved from non-vascular plants to angiosperms?

Gametophytes are dominant in non-vascular plants; sporophytes are dominant in angiosperms

Which group of land plants was never the dominant group in forests at any point in Earth's history?

Gymnosperms

Which of the following is a true statement about horizontal gene transfer?

HGT can occur between species, no matter closely or distantly they are related to each other

Prior to reproduction, most cells in a normal fungal mycelium are...

Haploid

What does a megaspore produce?

Megagametophyte

The figure below shows the relationship between bacterial diversity on skin and the severity of atopic dermatitis (higher SCORAD means more severe dermatitis). Ignoring the colors and the three groups, what is the overall relationship between diversity of skin bacteria and severity of dermatitis?

More severe dermatitis association with less diverse skin bacterial community

Why is a family member that lives with you the best source for a stool sample for fecal transplant?

Most likely has a similar healthy gut flora as you do

Which of the following traits is homologous among protists?

Multicellularity

Which of the following is NOT hypothesized to form the direct basis of a plastid in some lineage of photosynthetic protists?

Nuclei

Which of following distinguish prokaryotes from eukaryotes?

Prokaryotic cells lack a defined nucleus & Prokaryotic cells have a single, circular chromosome

Which of the following is the ultimate cause of plant tissue differentiation?

Rosette Proteins

Which of the following is an accurate statement about the 3 domains of life?

Some prokaryotic organisms are as different from each other as they are from eukaryotic organisms

Hypothetical data on the stomatal density and cuticle thickness of three plant species is given below. Which species is most likely to be a desert-dwelling species?

Species B Less Stomatal Density and More cuticle thickness

What feature of land plants was made possible by the evolution of delayed meiosis?

Stems

Which of the following is a characteristic unique to land plants?

Stomata

A desert-dwelling plant is more likely to have...

Thicker cuticle on leaves

What group is detonated by the letter F on the tree above?

Tracheophyta

The clade that includes lycopods (Lycopodophyta), ferns (Monilophyta), gymnosperms, and flowering plants (angiosperms) is characterized by being the first to have ALL of the following synapomorphies EXCEPT:

True Leaves