Biology 1408 Final Review Questions

Cloning results in two genetically identical cells/organisms; sexual reproduction results in genetically different cells/organisms. True or False

True

DNA technology can be applied to prevent, detect, and treat genetic diseases. True or False

True

DNA technology can be used to determine how humans are related to other living organisms. True or False

True

Identical twins result from a single fertilization to form a zygote, which then splits in half. True or False

True

If a cancer metastasizes, its cells travel through the blood stream and colonize other areas of the body. True or False

True

Human diploid cells have a. 23 pairs of chromosomes. b. 23 chromosomes. c. 46 pairs of chromosomes. d. 2 pairs of sex chromosomes. e. 1 pair of autosomes.

a. 23 pairs of chromosomes.

What do a lemon, a toaster oven, and sand grains have in common? a. All are composed of matter and energy. b. All are alive. c. All are composed of organic molecules. d. All are acidic. e. All are basic.

a. All are composed of matter and energy.

If you were listening to a professor talk about the nature of hypotheses, which statement would make you question whether the professor really knew the subject matter? a. It can be proven true. b. It can be proven false. c. It is a tentative explanation. d. It is based on previous knowledge. e. It must be testable to be useful.

a. It can be proven true.

The product of photosystem I is a. NADPH. b. ATP. c. glucose. d. water. e. NADH.

a. NADPH.

How can stem cells replace faulty cells in the body? a. Stem cells can be coaxed to differentiate into the needed specific cell type. b. Stem cells can mitotically divide, providing more stem cells to directly replace the faulty cells and their functions. c. Stem cells can meiotically divide, providing more stem cells to directly replace the faulty cells and their functions. d. Faulty cells can be coaxed to differentiate into stem cells and directly replace the faulty cells and their functions. e. Stem cells can directly serve as nerve or blood cells.

a. Stem cells can be coaxed to differentiate into the needed specific cell type.

A nucleosome consists of a. a stretch of DNA and histones. b. a stretch of DNA only. c. a stretch of RNA only. d. a stretch of RNA and a ribosome. e. histones only.

a. a stretch of DNA and histones.

What is the correct order of steps to create a transgenic organism? a. acquire source DNA, obtain a plasmid, create recombinant DNA, insert the recombinant DNA into a recipient cell b. obtain a plasmid, create recombinant DNA, acquire source DNA, insert the recombinant DNA into a recipient cell c. obtain a plasmid, acquire source DNA, insert the recombinant DNA into a recipient cell, create recombinant DNA d. insert the recombinant DNA into a recipient cell, obtain a plasmid, acquire source DNA, create recombinant DNA e. acquire source DNA, obtain a plasmid, insert the recombinant DNA into a recipient cell, create recombinant DNA

a. acquire source DNA, obtain a plasmid, create recombinant DNA, insert the recombinant DNA into a recipient cell

Hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon, and oxygen account for 96% of the human body. These elements are a. also the main elements in organic molecules. b. rare in nonhuman organisms. c. rare on Earth. d. always bonded by hydrogen bonds. e. All answers are correct.

a. also the main elements in organic molecules.

Autosomes a. are chromosomes that are the same for both sexes. b. include the Y chromosome in humans. c. include the X chromosome in humans. d. are the sex chromosomes. e. All answers are correct.

a. are chromosomes that are the same for both sexes.

Cloning through DNA technology is most similar to a. asexual reproduction. b. sexual reproduction. c. stem cells' replacement of faulty cells. d. meiosis. e. mate selection.

a. asexual reproduction.

Which is the correct sequence for levels of biological organization within an organism? a. atom - molecule - organelle - cell - tissue b. molecule - atom - organelle - tissue - cell c. cell - organelle - atom - tissue - molecule d. organelle - molecule - atom - tissue - cell e. atom - organelle - molecule - cell - tissue

a. atom - molecule - organelle - cell - tissue

The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius is a a. calorie. b. joule. c. kilocalorie. d. measure of density. e. measure of light.

a. calorie.

Examples of photosynthetic accessory pigments are a. chlorophyll b and carotenoids. b. chlorophyll a and carotenoids. c. chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. d. carotenoids and DNA. e. chlorophyll b and DNA.

a. chlorophyll b and carotenoids.

In what organelle does photosynthesis take place in algae and plants? a. chloroplast b. mitochondrion c. ribosome d. nucleus e. lysosome

a. chloroplast

A discrete package of DNA and associated proteins in eukaryotes is a a. chromosome. b. nucleus. c. ribosome. d. Golgi body. e. centriole.

a. chromosome.

2n is an abbreviation for a. diploid. b. gametes. c. haploid. d. mitosis. e. meiosis.

a. diploid.

Mendel called a masking trait a. dominant. b. recessive. c. homologous. d. homozygous. e. heterozygous.

a. dominant.

If an individual is heterozygous for a particular trait a. each parent contributed a different allele for that trait. b. each parent contributed the same allele for that trait. c. one parent contributed two different alleles for that trait. d. one parent contributed two copies of the same allele for that trait. e. a mutation must have occurred.

a. each parent contributed a different allele for that trait.

The process that merges the gametes from two parents is a. fertilization. b. meiosis. c. mitosis. d. mutation. e. conjugation.

a. fertilization.

What is an advantage of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction? a. genetic variability during an ecological disaster b. genetic variability when the environment is stable c. faster reproduction d. requirement of less energy e. simpler form of reproduction

a. genetic variability during an ecological disaster

Sister chromatids are a. genetically identical and attached to each other at the centromere. b. genetically different and attached to each other at the centromere. c. genetically different. genetically identical. attached to each other at the centromere.

a. genetically identical and attached to each other at the centromere.

The main product of photosynthesis used by plants is a. glucose. b. oxygen. c. carbon dioxide. d. chlorophyll. e. sunlight.

a. glucose.

The only source of ATP production in cells relying on fermentation is a. glycolysis. b. the Krebs cycle. c. photosynthesis. d. electron transport e. the Calvin cycle.

a. glycolysis.

If the two alleles for a particular gene are identical the gene pair is a. homozygous. b. homologous. c. heterozygous. d. dominant. e. recessive.

a. homozygous.

Strands of DNA are joined by a. hydrogen bonds. b. covalent bonds. c. ionic bonds. d. phosphodiester bonds.

a. hydrogen bonds.

The step of translation in which an mRNA, a small ribosomal subunit, and the initiator tRNA are aligned together is a. initiation. b. mitosis. c. elongation. d. termination. e. transcription.

a. initiation.

The Calvin cycle a. is a cyclic pathway that produces three-carbon carbohydrates from CO2. b. is a linear pathway that produces three-carbon carbohydrates from CO2. b. is a cyclic pathway that produces ATP and NADPH. d. is a linear pathway that produces ATP and NADPH.

a. is a cyclic pathway that produces three-carbon carbohydrates from CO2.

Place the following events in the correct order in which they occur: fertilization, haploid gametes produced, meiosis of diploid cell, and new diploid organism formed. a. meiosis of diploid cell, haploid gametes produced, fertilization, new diploid organism formed b. haploid gametes produced, fertilization, meiosis of diploid cell, new diploid organism formed c. fertilization, haploid gametes produced, new diploid organism formed, meiosis of diploid cell d. meiosis of diploid cell, new diploid organism formed, haploid gametes produced, fertilization e. haploid gametes produced, new diploid organism formed, fertilization, meiosis of diploid cell

a. meiosis of diploid cell, haploid gametes produced, fertilization, new diploid organism formed

The division of the nucleus during the eukaryotic cell cycle is a. mitosis. b. interphase. c. synthesis. d. cytokinesis. e. replication.

a. mitosis.

What creates genetically different offspring in both asexual and sexual reproduction? a. mutations b. mitosis c. meiosis d. mutations and mitosis e. mitosis and meiosis

a. mutations

Growth and development of a normal cell differs from a stem cell because a. normal cells do not specialize into stem cells. b. stem cells do not specialize into normal cells. c. stem cells are not found in adult organisms. d. mature stem cells do not contain DNA. e. mature normal cells do not contain DNA.

a. normal cells do not specialize into stem cells.

Competitive inhibition of enzymes a. occurs when a substance other than the correct substrate binds at the active site of an enzyme. b. occurs when a substance binds to an enzyme at a site away from the active site. c. occurs by denaturation of an enzyme. d. occurs by blocking the production of an enzyme. e. occurs when two enzymes bind together.

a. occurs when a substance other than the correct substrate binds at the active site of an enzyme.

What is an example of matter? a. oxygen gas b. energy c. light d. heat e. None of the answers are correct.

a. oxygen gas

The "spent" electrons from the electron transport chain in aerobic respiration are transferred to a. oxygen. b. nitrogen. c. hydrogen. d. sulfur. e. carbon dioxide.

a. oxygen.

Glycolysis of a glucose molecule a. produces a net gain of two molecules of ATP. b. occurs only in animal cells. c. transfers electrons from glucose to FAD. d. occurs only in microorganisms. e. occurs in mitochondria.

a. produces a net gain of two molecules of ATP.

Muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to a. regenerate NAD^+ so that glycolysis can continue in the absence of oxygen. b. produce ATP in the presence of oxygen. c. produce more ATP than in respiration. d. allow an animal to survive for long periods of time in the absence of oxygen. e. produce less CO^2.

a. regenerate NAD^+ so that glycolysis can continue in the absence of oxygen.

The enzyme that HIV uses to convert its RNA into DNA is a. reverse transcriptase. b. DNA polymerase. c. RNA polymerase. d. RNA integrase. e. translase.

a. reverse transcriptase.

Which of the following is not an application of DNA technology? a. selection of desired traits in breeding b. detection of genetic illnesses c. replacement of faulty copies of genes d. production of genetically modified crops with greater nutritional value e. determination of identity of criminals through DNA profiling

a. selection of desired traits in breeding

Electrophoresis is used in DNA sequencing a. to separate the DNA fragments. b. to make copies of the DNA fragments. c. to transfer DNA between organisms. d. to remove DNA from an organism. e. to mutate DNA.

a. to separate the DNA fragments.

An example of DNA technology is a. transferring genes from a bacterium to a fish. b. sexual reproduction between two fish. c. asexual reproduction in one bacterium. d. a cat feeding upon a mouse. e. a parasitic fungus infecting a bird.

a. transferring genes from a bacterium to a fish.

If a haploid cell goes through mitosis it will generate a. two haploid cells. b. two diploid cells. c. four haploid cells. d. four diploid cells. e. No answer is correct.

a. two haploid cells.

The reactants of photosynthesis are a. water and carbon dioxide. b. organic compounds. c. glucose and water. d. glucose and carbon dioxide. e. glucose and sunlight.

a. water and carbon dioxide.

In creating a transgenic organism, the ____ from one species is inserted into another species. a. RNA b. DNA c. protein d. DNA or protein e. plasmid

b. DNA

What molecule holds instructions for the synthesis of proteins and copies itself for the next generation of cells? a. ATP synthase b. DNA c. RNA d. NAD e. FAD

b. DNA

DNA differs from RNA because, unlike RNA, a. DNA contains uracil. b. DNA contains thymine. c. DNA can catalyze some chemical reactions. d. DNA is single-stranded. e. DNA contains ribose.

b. DNA contains thymine.

The electrons that are transferred during cellular respiration are carried in the molecules a. NADP and FADH2. b. NADH and FADH2. c. carbon dioxide. d. NADH2 and glucose. e. acetyl CoA.

b. NADH and FADH2.

The scientist(s) given credit for first using the term "cell" to describe the basic unit of life is (are) a. Mathias Schleiden and Theodore Schwann. b. Robert Hooke. c. Carl Woese. d. Rudolf Virchow. e. J. Craig Venter.

b. Robert Hooke.

The original three tenets of the cell theory are that a. all organisms have DNA, DNA is the fundamental unit of life, and all cells come from preexisting cells. b. all organisms are made of one or more cells, the cell is the fundamental unit of life, and all cells come from preexisting cells. c. all organisms have DNA, all organisms are made of cells, and all cells produce proteins. d. all organisms are made of one or more cells, the cell is the fundamental unit of life, and all cells have a nucleus. e. all organisms are made of one or more cells, all cells contain DNA, and all cells come from preexisting cells.

b. all organisms are made of one or more cells, the cell is the fundamental unit of life, and all cells come from preexisting cells.

A three-base sequence (loop) in tRNA that is complementary to a three-base sequence in mRNA is a. a codon. b. an anticodon. c. a promoter. d. a terminator. e. an amino acid attachment site.

b. an anticodon.

A major difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is that prokaryotes a. have cell walls and other organisms do not. b. do not have a nucleus in their cells and other organisms do. c. have a nucleus in their cells and other organisms do not. d. are autotrophs and other organisms are not. e. are not living organisms, while eukaryotes are.

b. do not have a nucleus in their cells and other organisms do.

Sexual reproduction passes on hereditary information through a. gametes produced by mitosis. b. gametes produced by meiosis. c. only autosomes. d. only sex chromosomes. e. only linked genes.

b. gametes produced by meiosis.

If all the offspring show the dominant phenotype in a test cross, then the individual with the unknown genotype was a. heterozygous. b. homozygous dominant. c. homozygous recessive. d. a clone of the other test cross individual. e. heterozygous recessive.

b. homozygous dominant.

An organism that receives recombinant DNA a. has a genetic disease. b. is a transgenic organism. c. will develop cancer. d. is sterile. e. is a new species.

b. is a transgenic organism.

The rungs of the DNA ladder are formed by base pairs a. joined by covalent bonds. b. joined by hydrogen bonds. c. joined by ionic bonds. d. NOT joined to each other.

b. joined by hydrogen bonds.

Scientists use carbon dating to determine the age of fossils. 14C is a rare isotope of carbon that has a half life of 5730 years and decays into 14N. By measuring the amount of 14C remaining in a fossil, scientists can estimate when the organism died to within 60,000 years. The atomic numbers of C is 6 and of N is 7. The most common isotope of carbon is 12C. 14C has ____ than 12C. a. more protons b. more neutrons c. fewer neutrons d. fewer protons e. more electrons

b. more neutrons

If asked to build a model of an amino acid, you would need parts to represent a. three R groups and a glycerol. b. nitrogen, carbon, and an R group. c. multiple saccharide rings. d. carbon and phosphorus monomers. e. carbon and phosphorus.

b. nitrogen, carbon, and an R group.

The most prominent organelle in most eukaryotic cells is the a. endoplasmic reticulum. b. nucleus. c. ribosome. d. nucleolus. e. cell membrane.

b. nucleus.

Noncompetitive inhibition of enzymes a. occurs when a substance other than the correct substrate binds at the active site of an enzyme. b. occurs when a substance binds to an enzyme at a site away from the active site. c. occurs by denaturation of an enzyme. d. occurs by blocking the production of an enzyme. e. occurs when two enzymes bind together.

b. occurs when a substance binds to an enzyme at a site away from the active site.

In glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, electrons are removed from glucose and taken up by molecules like NAD^+. In such a reaction, glucose is being _____ and NAD^+ is being ____. a. reduced, oxidized b. oxidized, reduced c. phosphorylated, oxidized d. phosphorylated, reduced e. reduced, phosphorylated

b. oxidized, reduced

Chloroplasts are known for all of the following except being a. glucose factories. b. responsible for respiration. c. found in plants. d. organelles that carry out photosynthesis. e. found in some protists.

b. responsible for respiration.

Sexual reproduction is important to the survival of a species in a changing environment because a. sexual reproduction requires less overall energy expenditure than asexual reproduction. b. sexual reproduction produces genetically different individuals. c. sexual reproduction requires only one individual. d. sexual reproduction produces genetically identical individuals. e. All answers are correct.

b. sexual reproduction produces genetically different individuals.

The energy source for photosynthesis is a. oxygen. b. sunlight. c. carbon dioxide. d. chlorophyll. e. glucose.

b. sunlight.

In a "silent" mutation a. the codon that mutates causes a change in the amino acid specified. b. the codon that mutates does not cause a change in the amino acid specified. c. the codon that mutates causes a stop codon to occur instead of the placement of an amino acid. d. the mutation does not occur in a codon. e. the mutation is not in DNA.

b. the codon that mutates does not cause a change in the amino acid specified.

Photosystem I and photosystem II are part of a. the light reactions and the carbon reactions. b. the light reactions only. c. the light reactions and respiration. d. the carbon reactions only. e. respiration.

b. the light reactions only.

Isotopes of the same element are different from one another in that a. they have a different number of protons. b. they have a different number of neutrons. c. they have a different number of electrons. d. they are a different element. e. only one of the isotopes is matter.

b. they have a different number of neutrons.

Initiation, elongation, and termination are the three main steps in a. translation only. b. transcription and translation. c. transcription only. d. photosynthesis.

b. transcription and translation.

If a diploid cell goes through mitosis it will generate a. four haploid cells. b. two diploid cells. c. two haploid cells. d. four diploid cells. e. This is not possible.

b. two diploid cells.

If you cross RrYy and RRyy pea plants, what fraction of the offspring will have round peas? R=round, r=wrinkled, Y=yellow, y=green a. 50% b. 75% c. 100% d. 25% e. 0%

c. 100%

In glycolysis, the net number of NADH produced is a. 0. b. 3. c. 2. d. 4. e. 30.

c. 2.

After the completion of meiosis in humans, a diploid germ cell has produced cells with half the original chromosome number, generating __________ haploid nuclei. a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 23 e. 46

c. 4

If you cross two heterozygous (Yy) pea plants, what proportion of the offspring will be heterozygous? a. 25% b. 75% c. 50% d. 0% e. 100%

c. 50%

Genes A and B are on the same chromosome. What gametes could an individual with the allele combination AABB produce? a. AABB b. A c. AB d. B e. AAB

c. AB

The Krebs cycle produces ______, ______, and carbon dioxide. a. glucose, oxygen b. oxygen, ATP c. ATP, electron carriers d. electron carriers, oxygen e. pyruvate, PGAL

c. ATP, electron carriers

What is the role of oxygen in respiration? a. It is formed from the oxidation of water at the beginning of the electron transport chain. b. It flows through the electron transport chain, losing energy. c. It is reduced at the end of the electron transport chain, forming water. d. It is necessary to obtain any ATP from glucose. e. It flows down its concentration gradient through an ATPase to produce ATP.

c. It is reduced at the end of the electron transport chain, forming water.

The four kingdoms included in the domain Eukarya are a. Bacteria, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. b. Bacteria, Protista, Plantae, and Animalia. c. Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. d. Archaea, Bacteria, Plantae, and Animalia. e. Archaea, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.

c. Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.

In pedigree charts, autosomal dominant disorders typically a. appear only in males. b. appear only in females. c. appear in every generation. d. seem to disappear in one generation, only to reappear in the next generation. e. occur every third generation.

c. appear in every generation.

Scientists use carbon dating to determine the age of fossils. 14C is a rare isotope of carbon that has a half life of 5730 years and decays into 14N. By measuring the amount of 14C remaining in a fossil, scientists can estimate when the organism died to within 60,000 years. The atomic numbers of C is 6 and of N is 7. 14C and 14N have the same a. atomic number. b. number of protons. c. atomic mass. d. number of neutrons. e. number of electrons.

c. atomic mass.

You are asked to help prepare a lab and need to label some beakers. In one, you are told, there are sugars polymerizing into a large polymer, so you prepare a label that mentions a. hydrolysis. b. reproduction. c. dehydration synthesis. d. hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis. e. unrelated to chemical bonds.

c. dehydration synthesis.

Entropy is a. order. b. complexity. c. disorder. d. organizing potential. e. No answer is correct.

c. disorder.

If an individual is homozygous for a particular trait a. each parent contributed a different allele for that trait. b. one parent contributed two different alleles for that trait. c. each parent contributed the same allele for that trait. d. one parent contributed two copies of the same allele for that trait. e. a mutation must have occurred.

c. each parent contributed the same allele for that trait.

For most atoms, the outermost electron shell would be full if it contained a. one electron. b. four electrons. c. eight electrons. d. sixteen electrons.

c. eight electrons.

A pea plant with (Tt) as its genotype should be referred to as a. the wild type. b. homozygous dominant. c. heterozygous. d. homozygous recessive. e. mutant.

c. heterozygous.

Chromosomes that look alike and carry the same sequence of genes for the same traits are a. the X and Y chromosome. b. all the autosomes. c. homologous chromosomes. d. found in females only. e. found in males only.

c. homologous chromosomes.

A test cross is a mating of an individual with an unknown genotype and an individual that a. is heterozygous. b. is homozygous dominant. c. is homozygous recessive. d. has any known genotype. e. is the wild type.

c. is homozygous recessive.

Sexual reproduction includes a. mitosis, fission, and fertilization. b. mitosis, meiosis, and budding. c. meiosis, fertilization, and mitosis. d. meiosis, fertilization, and transduction. e. fertilization, fission, and meiosis.

c. meiosis, fertilization, and mitosis.

A diploid germ cell will produce cells that have reduced the chromosome number by half, generating four haploid nuclei in a. fertilization. b. mitosis. c. meiosis. d. replication. e. mutation.

c. meiosis.

What type of RNA carries the information that specifies a protein? a. transfer RNA b. ribosomal RNA c. messenger RNA d. double-stranded RNA e. complementary RNA

c. messenger RNA

When electrons are removed from a food molecule, the molecule is a. reduced. b. in equilibrium. c. oxidized. d. polymerized. e. conducting an endergonic reaction.

c. oxidized.

What is a product of reactions that take place at photosystem II? a. NADPH b. water c. oxygen d. ADP e. glucose

c. oxygen

Apoptosis is also called a. replication. b. mitosis. c. programmed cell death. d. the cell cycle. e. programmed cellular reproduction.

c. programmed cell death.

Why is polymerase chain reaction (PCR) a very common tool since its invention in the 1980s? a. rapidly replicates DNA sequences with the use of bacterial cells b. rapidly replicates DNA sequences with the use of animal cells c. rapidly replicates DNA sequences without the use of living organisms d. eliminates need for recombinant DNA e. reduces the size of plasmids and speeds their insertion

c. rapidly replicates DNA sequences without the use of living organisms

All eukaryotic cells produce many proteins, and this requires, for some of the proteins, the interaction of endoplasmic reticulum and a. cell wall. b. chloroplast. c. ribosome. d. mitochondrion. e. cilium.

c. ribosome.

Tiny openings in the epidermis of the leaf that allow air to enter into the leaf are called a. thylakoids. b. pigments. c. stomata (singular: stoma). d. grana (singular: granum). e. thylakoid spaces.

c. stomata (singular: stoma).

The energy source for the light reactions is _____; the energy source for the carbon reactions is ______. a. ATP, carbon dioxide b. sunlight, carbon dioxide c. sunlight, ATP d. ATP, oxygen e. Sunlight serves as the energy source for both sets of photosynthetic reactions.

c. sunlight, ATP

To inherit an autosomal dominant disorder a person could receive the disease causing allele from a. the father only, not the mother. b. the mother only, not the father. c. the mother or the father. d. the parent who does not exhibit the disease. e. All answers are correct.

c. the mother or the father.

The atomic number of an atom or element is a. the number of neutrons in the nucleus. b. the number of electrons in the nucleus. c. the number of protons in the nucleus. d. the number of neutrons in the orbitals. e. the number of protons in the orbitals.

c. the number of protons in the nucleus.

If you were told to sort cards into boxes after a lab on elements, you would put into a slot labelled "Mass Number" any card with text that meant a. the total number of protons, neutrons, and electrons of an atom. b. the total number of protons and electrons of an atom. c. the total number of protons and neutrons of an atom. d. the total number of neutrons and electrons of an atom. e. the total number of protons of an atom.

c. the total number of protons and neutrons of an atom.

Why is it essential that meiosis produce haploid cells? a. so that the number of chromosomes will double each generation b. to produce haploid offspring c. to prevent the number of chromosomes from doubling each generation d. to produce diploid gametes e. to allow asexual reproduction

c. to prevent the number of chromosomes from doubling each generation

Diploid means having a. one complete set of chromosomes. b. three complete sets of chromosomes. c. two complete sets of chromosomes. d. two chromosomes in each somatic cell. e. two chromosomes in each gamete.

c. two complete sets of chromosomes.

Sexual reproduction and meiosis generate genetic variety by a. random fertilization. b. crossing over. c. random alignment. d. All answers are correct.

d. All answers are correct.

Which statement is least directly connected with the law about energy being preserved? a. The amount of energy in the universe is constant. b. Energy cannot be created or destroyed. c. Energy can be converted to other forms of energy. d. Any energy transformation loses some energy to its surroundings as heat. e. None of the answers are correct.

d. Any energy transformation loses some energy to its surroundings as heat.

If you were grading a set of exams dealing with the scientific method, which statement would lead to a student losing points? a. It is a general way of answering questions with evidence. b. It is a framework to consider ideas in a repeatable way. c. It begins with observations. d. It does not apply to problems encountered in everyday life. e. It enables the testing of ideas.

d. It does not apply to problems encountered in everyday life.

A zygote is a. a haploid cell. b. a gamete. c. a direct product of meiosis. d. a diploid cell. e. All answers are correct.

d. a diploid cell.

An example of a monohybrid cross would be an individual that is homozygous dominant for one a. trait undergoing self-fertilization. b. a mating between two individuals that are heterozygous for two traits. c. an individual that is homozygous recessive for one trait undergoing self-fertilization. d. a mating between two individuals that are heterozygous for one trait. e. an individual that is homozygous recessive for two traits undergoing self-fertilization.

d. a mating between two individuals that are heterozygous for one trait.

A DNA sequence that signals the start of a gene is a. a codon. b. an anticodon. c. a terminator. d. a promoter. e. an amino acid attachment site.

d. a promoter.

If a genetic counselor examines a pedigree chart and notices an occurrence of a disease in every generation, the counselor would assume that the disease was caused by a. a new reoccurring mutation. b. an autosomal recessive disorder. c. a chromosomal abnormality. d. an autosomal dominant disorder. e. having an extra set of chromosomes.

d. an autosomal dominant disorder.

Phagocytosis is a. an example of exocytosis. b. an example of passive transport. c. an example of diffusion. d. an example of endocytosis. e. an example of facilitated diffusion.

d. an example of endocytosis.

The function of the nucleolus is a. protein synthesis. b. photosynthesis. c. transport of material into and out of the nucleus. d. assembly of components of ribosomes. e. assembly of DNA.

d. assembly of components of ribosomes.

The four major groups of organic compounds are a. fats, waxes, carbohydrates, and amino acids. b. carbohydrates, lipids, steroids, and monosaccharides. c. lipids, fats, waxes, and steroids. d. carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. e. carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, and nucleic acids.

d. carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

The primary elements making up living organisms are a. carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and calcium. b. carbon, oxygen, iron, and chlorine. c. carbon, hydrogen, iron, and calcium. d. carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. e. carbon, oxygen, sulfur, and calcium.

d. carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.

DNA's sugar-phosphate backbones are joined with a. ionic bonds. b. hydrogen bonds. c. weak chemical bonds. d. covalent bonds. e. No answer is correct.

d. covalent bonds.

Recombinant chromosomes have a mix of paternal and maternal alleles due to a. random fertilization. b. linkage. c. independent assortment. d. crossing over. e. mutation.

d. crossing over.

In cloning the sheep Dolly, a nucleus was implanted into an egg that had its nucleus removed. The result of this somatic cell nuclear transfer was a(n) ____ egg. a. haploid b. recombinant c. unfertilized d. diploid e. tetraploid

d. diploid

What is released at each step of an electron transport chain? a. ultraviolet wavelengths b. electrons c. photons d. energy e. All answers are correct.

d. energy

You would not be observing mitosis through a microscope if you were looking at an activity designed for the a. repair of damaged cells. b. growth of an organism. c. asexual reproduction. d. formation of gametes. e. production of genetically identical daughter cells.

d. formation of gametes.

If a diploid cell goes through meiosis it will generate a. two haploid cells. b. four diploid cells. c. two diploid cells. d. four haploid cells. e. This is not possible.

d. four haploid cells.

The genome of an organism is all of its a. proteins. b. RNA. c. characteristics. d. genetic material. e. All answers are correct.

d. genetic material.

The three main biochemical pathways of cellular respiration are a. glycolysis, photosystems, and carbon reactions. b. carbon reactions, Krebs cycle, and light reactions. c. Krebs cycle, carbon reactions, and electron transport chain. d. glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain. e. light reactions, carbon reactions, and electron transport chain.

d. glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain.

A eukaryotic cell a. has a cell wall with peptidoglycan. b. is usually smaller than a prokaryotic cell. c. does not have membrane-bound organelles. d. has membrane-bound organelles. e. does not usually have a nucleus.

d. has membrane-bound organelles.

In an experimental procedure, what is manipulated by the investigator to determine whether it influences the phenomenon of interest? a. standardized variable b. control group c. dependent variable d. independent variable e. both control group and standardized variable

d. independent variable

Fermentation is most common in a. plants. b. animals. c. multicellular organisms. d. microbes. e. viruses.

d. microbes.

The Krebs cycle occurs in the a. lysosome. b. nucleus. c. cytoplasm. d. mitochondrion. e. ribosome.

d. mitochondrion.

In a sexual life cycle, a zygote (fertilized egg) grows to an adult by a. meiosis. b. fertilization. c. meiosis and fertilization. d. mitosis. e. All answers are correct.

d. mitosis.

In an asexual life cycle, cells reproduce by a. meiosis. b. fertilization. c. meiosis and fertilization. d. mitosis. e. All answers are correct.

d. mitosis.

Mitotic cell division creates identical copies by replicating a cell's DNA __________ and then dividing ____________. a. once, twice b. twice, once c. twice, twice d. once, once e. No answer is correct.

d. once, once

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane is a. facilitated diffusion. b. active transport. c. a rare occurrence. d. osmosis. e. always beneficial to a cell.

d. osmosis.

The main byproduct of photosynthesis that is essential to most life forms is a. glucose. b. carbon dioxide. c. chlorophyll. d. oxygen. e. sunlight.

d. oxygen.

Which is the correct sequence for levels of biological organization occurring beyond an organism? a. population - ecosystem - community - biosphere b. community - population - ecosystem - biosphere c. community - population - biosphere - ecosystem d. population - community - ecosystem - biosphere e. ecosystem - population - biosphere - community

d. population - community - ecosystem - biosphere

Photosynthesis a. is not dependent on chlorophyll. b. does not involve oxidation-reduction reactions. c. produces water and carbon dioxide. d. produces glucose and oxygen. e. No answer is correct.

d. produces glucose and oxygen.

Mendel called a trait that is masked a. homozygous. b. heterozygous. c. dominant. d. recessive. e. No answer is correct.

d. recessive.

In pedigree charts, autosomal recessive disorders typically a. appear in every generation. b. appear only in males. c. appear only in females. d. seem to disappear in one generation, only to reappear in the next generation. e. occur every third generation.

d. seem to disappear in one generation, only to reappear in the next generation.

In most mammals, the DNA found in mitochondria is inherited from a. the father only. b. the mother and father. c. either parent. d. the mother only. e. Mitochondria are not found in mammals.

d. the mother only.

If human gametes were diploid a. the products of fertilization would have the same number of chromosomes as their parents. b. the products of fertilization would have fewer chromosomes than their parents. c. fertilization could not occur. d. the products of fertilization would have more chromosomes than their parents. e. the embryo would be diploid.

d. the products of fertilization would have more chromosomes than their parents.

When Mendel crossed short (tt) pea plants with short (tt) pea plants the offspring a. were all tall. b. were a mix of tall and short. c. were nonexistent. d. were all short. e. No answer is correct.

d. were all short.

If you cross two pea plants, one with green peas and the other with yellow peas, and all of the offspring have yellow peas, you conclude a. green is dominant over yellow. b. yellow and green are codominant. c. yellow is incompletely dominant over green. d. yellow is dominant over green. e. color is random in pea plants.

d. yellow is dominant over green.

Electrons excited in photosystem II help the chloroplast produce a. water. b. NADPH. c. glucose. d. NADH. e. ATP.

e. ATP.

Active transport is different from simple diffusion because active transport a. requires energy. b. moves molecules against a concentration gradient. c. requires the use of proteins embedded within the cell membrane. d. moves molecules from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration. e. All answers are correct.

e. All answers are correct.

Alcoholic fermentation a. is carried out by yeasts. b. produces far less ATP than aerobic respiration. c. produces ethanol. d. produces carbon dioxide. e. All answers are correct.

e. All answers are correct.

An ion could be a. an atom that has gained electrons. b. an atom that has a positive charge. c. an atom that has lost electrons. d. an atom that has lost electrons. e. All answers are correct.

e. All answers are correct.

Cells use energy for which of the following? a. to do work b. to synthesize proteins c. to expel waste d. to move substances across membranes e. All answers are correct.

e. All answers are correct.

DNA technology can result in a. cloned pets. b. removal of genetic disorders. c. tomatoes with an added gene that slows the rate of decay. d. detection of DNA at a crime scene. e. All answers are correct.

e. All answers are correct.

DNA technology is used to a. copy DNA. b. sequence DNA nucleotides. c. search for specific sequences of DNA. d. turn genes on and off. e. All answers are correct.

e. All answers are correct.

Meiosis is a process that produces a. sperm cells. b. egg cells. c. gametes. d. haploid cells. e. All answers are correct.

e. All answers are correct.

Nondisjunction may cause a. trisomy 21. b. Turner syndrome. c. Jacobs syndrome. d. Klinefelter syndrome. e. All answers are correct.

e. All answers are correct.

Stem cell technology has the potential to a. produce any type of cell in the body. b. replace damaged cells after an injury. c. replace absent or incorrect cells resulting from a genetic disease. d. replace absent or incorrect cells resulting from a nongenetic disease. e. All answers are correct.

e. All answers are correct.

Unlike microtubules, which operate in the cilia and flagella, what is the role of microfilaments in eukaryotic cells? a. component of the cytoskeleton b. provide strength during cell stretching and compression c. anchor cells to each other d. involved in muscle contractions with myosin protein e. All answers are correct.

e. All answers are correct.

Why are cells called "the fundamental unit of life"? a. All known organisms have one or more cells. b. Earliest life on Earth is hypothesized to have been single-celled. c. Some cells are separate living entities that can survive individually. d. Cells are the smallest unit of life that can function independently. e. All answers are correct.

e. All answers are correct.

If a scientist wants to perform a monohybrid cross for stem length in pea plants, which of the following crosses should be performed? a. ttgg x ttgg b. tt x tt c. TT x TT d. TTGG x TTGG e. Tt x Tt

e. Tt x Tt

If you had found an organelle that clearly showed that were looking at a plant cell, rather than an animal cell, you might be looking at a. a centriole. b. a ribosome. c. a cell membrane. d. a lysosome. e. a chloroplast.

e. a chloroplast.

To inherit an autosomal recessive disorder requires the person receive the disease causing allele from a. the father only. b. the mother only. c. only the parent having the disease. d. only one parent who is homozygous recessive for the disease. e. both parents.

e. both parents.

What do a pine tree, an octopus, and a bacterium have in common at the microscopic level? a. nothing in common b. nuclei c. blood supply d. cancerous tissues e. cellular composition

e. cellular composition

The primary pigment molecule needed for photosynthesis is a. sunlight. b. oxygen. c. carbon dioxide. d. glucose. e. chlorophyll a.

e. chlorophyll a.

One of two identical attached copies of a replicated chromosome defines the term a. centromere. b. chromatin. c. chromosome. d. nucleosome. e. chromatid.

e. chromatid.

Genes A and B are on the same chromosome. If a person has one chromosome with the alleles AB and a second chromosome with the alleles ab, how could they produce a gamete with a chromosome containing the alleles Ab or aB? a. independent assortment b. random fertilization c. mitosis d. fragmentation of the chromosome e. crossing over

e. crossing over

Simple diffusion a. requires energy. b. utilizes proteins to move molecules across a membrane. c. moves molecules against a concentration gradient. d. cannot occur without a membrane present. e. does not require energy.

e. does not require energy.

If an atom has a valence shell that is full, then it a. is highly reactive. b. is chemically unstable. c. is highly likely to combine with other atoms. d. is found only in a gas form. e. is inert.

e. is inert.

The electron transport chain occurs in the a. lysosome. b. nucleus. c. cytoplasm. d. ribosome. e. mitochondrion.

e. mitochondrion.

The double helix of DNA is composed of building blocks called a. amino acids. b. monosaccharides. c. phospholipids. d. disaccharides. e. nucleotides.

e. nucleotides.

Organisms that extract energy from nonliving environmental resources are called a. heterotrophs. b. decomposers. c. parasites. d. consumers. e. producers.

e. producers.

Meiosis is a process used for a. repair of damaged cells. b. growth of an organism. c. asexual reproduction. d. production of stem cells. e. production of gametes.

e. production of gametes.

The correct sequence for the phases of mitosis is a. interphase—prophase—metaphase—anaphase—telophase—cytokinesis. b. interphase—prophase—metaphase—anaphase—telophase. c. metaphase—anaphase—prophase—telophase. d. prophase—metaphase—cytokinesis—anaphase—telophase. e. prophase—metaphase—anaphase—telophase.

e. prophase—metaphase—anaphase—telophase.

The electron transport chain produces a(n) _____________ gradient. a. electron b. ATP c. NADH d. oxygen e. proton

e. proton

If you were looking at diagrams of the human body and were asked to locate the germ cells, you would point to the a. bone marrow. b. blood. c. brain. d. spleen. e. testes and ovaries.

e. testes and ovaries.

What type of RNA carries amino acids to the ribosome? a. complementary RNA b. messenger RNA c. ribosomal RNA d. double-stranded RNA e. transfer RNA

e. transfer RNA

What process converts the mRNA "message" into a sequence of amino acids? a. transcription b. replication c. mitosis d. amino acid synthesis e. translation

e. translation