Biology 151 Chapter 5 Review

B. This is what is meant by conservation of energy.

"Conservation of energy" refers to the fact that _____. a. the entropy of the universe is always increasing b. energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be converted from one form to another c. no chemical reaction is 100 percent efficient d. the net amount of disorder is always increasing e. if you conserve energy you will not be as tired

C. In facilitated diffusion, molecules use a transport protein to move across the plasma membrane. There is a net movement of molecules down the concentration gradient -- that is, there is a net movement of molecules from where they are more concentrated to where they are less concentrated.

A molecule moves down its concentration gradient using a transport protein in the plasma membrane. This is an example of a. diffusion. b. endocytosis c. facilitated diffusion. d. exocytosis. e. active transport.

metabolic pathway

A series of chemical reactions that either builds a complex molecule or breaks down a complex molecule into simpler compounds.

noncompetitive inhibitor

A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing its conformation so that it no longer binds to the substrate.

Inhibitor

A substance that slows down or stops a chemical reaction

Coenzyme

A(n) ______ , which is often a vitamin, binds to an enzyme and plays a role in catalysis.

Adenosine Triphosphate. It is what gives the cell energy to function normally

ATP is what?

A. Enzymes are proteins that behave as catalysts.

An enzyme _____. a. is an organic catalyst b. is am inorganic catalyst c. is a source of energy for endergonic reactions d. increases the the activation energy of a reaction e. can bind to nearly any molecule

catalyst

An enzyme is considered a(n) ___ because it speeds up a chemical reaction without being used up.

Activation energy

An enzyme speeds up reactions by lowering the _______ _____ .

Coenzymes

An organic molecule that is a necessary participant in some enzymatic reactions; helps catalysis by donating or accepting electrons or functional groups; e.g., a vitamin, ATP, NAD+.

Cofactors

Any nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme. Cofactors can be permanently bound to the active site or may bind loosely with the substrate during catalysis

E. Enzymes are not changed as a result of their participation in a reaction.

As a result of its involvement in a reaction, an enzyme _____. a. loses energy b. permanently alters its shape. c. is used up d. loses a phosphate group e. is unchanged

Names of Enzymes

Based on their substrates, ends in "-ase" EX: lipid-lipase, protein-protease, lactose-lactase

Endocytosis

Cell consumes

Exocytosis

Cell excretes waste

Phagocytosis

Cell ingests solid, non dissolved particles, pseudopods wrap around particles, create Phagosomes

Remains Unchanged

Characteristics of an enzyme after catalyzing a chemical reaction

A. Chemical energy is a form of stored energy.

Chemical energy is a form of _____ energy. a. potential b. heat c. motion d. entropic e. kinetic

passive transport

Diffusion across a biological membrane is called ______ _______.

Usually ends in -ase

Enzymes

Lock-and-Key Model

Enzymes and substrates fit together based on their specific shapes like a key fits a lock

D. Enzymes work by reducing the energy of activation.

Enzymes work by _____. adding energy to a reaction decreasing the potential energy difference between reactant and product increasing the potential energy difference between reactant and product reducing activation energy adding a phosphate group to a reactant

Part 1, More concentrated Part 2, Less concentrated

Fill in the blank When molecules move down their concentration gradient, they move from where they are ________ _______ to where they are ________ ______.

Denature

High temperatures or changes in pH can _____ an enzyme, causing it to lose its shape and biological activity.

Concentration

How much of a substance is present

C. Structure A is composed of both a carbohydrate and a protein.

Identify Structure A. The figure shows a model of a cell membrane with the cytoplasm and extracellular fluid. Different parts of it are labeled with letters. Some big molecules embedded in lipid bilayer and bound with oligosaccharides outside the cell are marked A. Some molecules of lipid bilayer are bound with oligosaccharides outside the cell; this oligosaccharide part is marked B. Thick long filaments outside the cell are marked C. A part of the membrane which consists of 2 layers of molecules, is labeled D. Molecules which are a part of lipid bilayer and have different effects on the membrane fluidity at different temperatures are found only in animals and are marked E. Large molecules which are embedded in lipid bilayer and protrude on both sides of it are labeled F. a. phospholipid b. protein c. extracellular matrix d. cholesterol e. glycoprotein

E. Molecules move against their concentration gradient in active transport.

In active transport, a. a vesicle inside the cell fuses with the plasma membrane and releases its contents outside the cell. b. no energy input is required from the cell. c. the plasma membrane forms a pocket that pinches inward, forming a vesicle that contains material from outside the cell. c. molecules move across the plasma membrane by crossing the lipid bilayer directly, rather than by using a transport protein. e. molecules move across the plasma membrane against their concentration gradient.

B. This is the name given to the process by which the body converts food energy to energy stored in ATP.

In your body, what process converts the chemical energy found in glucose into the chemical energy found in ATP? a. digestion b. cellular respiration c. redox d. potentiation e. anabolism

energy of motion and heat and light

Kentic energy is what? and what is an example of it?

E. Most enzymes are proteins.

Most enzymes are _____. a. lipids b. nucleic acids c. minerals d. carbohydrates e. proteins

D. Phospholipids can be recognized by the presence of a head and two tails.

Part complete Identify Structure D. The figure shows a model of a cell membrane with the cytoplasm and extracellular fluid. Different parts of it are labeled with letters. Some big molecules embedded in lipid bilayer and bound with oligosaccharides outside the cell are marked A. Some molecules of lipid bilayer are bound with oligosaccharides outside the cell; this oligosaccharide part is marked B. Thick long filaments outside the cell are marked C. A part of the membrane which consists of 2 layers of molecules, is labeled D. Molecules which are a part of lipid bilayer and have different effects on the membrane fluidity at different temperatures are found only in animals and are marked E. Large molecules which are embedded in lipid bilayer and protrude on both sides of it are labeled F. a. glycoprotein b. protein c. extracellular matrix d. phospholipid bilayer of membrane e. cholesterol

A. The protein is allowing solute molecules to enter the cell.

Part complete Structure A in the figure is a(n) _____. Molecules of solute, shown in the figure, can pass through the plasma membrane due to the structure A, which is placed on the surface of the membrane. The structure A has two openings - one to the extracellular fluid, another - to the cytoplasm. a. transport protein b. structural protein c. antibody d. enzyme e. receptor molecule

D. There is a greater concentration of solute outside the cell.

Part complete This cell is in a(n) _____ solution. The figure shows a cell membrane, the extracellular fluid, and the cytoplasm. The concentration of the solute is higher outside the cell. The figure shows 2 states of the cell: when it was just placed in this solute and over the time. hypotonic hypotonic and isotonic hypertonic or isotonic hypertonic isotonic

A. Kinetic energy is energy of motion.

Part complete Which of these is exhibiting kinetic energy? a. a space station orbiting Earth b. an archer with a flexed bow c. a rock on a mountain ledge d. the high-energy phosphate bonds of a molecule of ATP e. a person sitting on a couch while watching TV

receptor-mediated endocytosis

Receptor-mediated endocytosis, also called clathrin-mediated endocytosis, is a process by which cells absorb metabolites, hormones, proteins - and in some cases viruses - by the inward budding of the plasma membrane

Active Site

Specific part of an enzyme where a substrate fits

Usually ends in -ose

Substrates

Optimal temperature

Temperature at which an enzyme works the best

induced fit

The _____ ___ between an active site and its substrate often strains bonds and helps the reaction proceed.

E. In endocytosis, the plasma membrane forms a pocket that pinches inward, forming a vesicle that contains material from outside the cell.

The plasma membrane forms a pocket that pinches inward, forming a vesicle that contains material from outside the cell. This describes the process of a. passive transport. b. active transport. c. exocytosis. d. diffusion. e. endocytosis.

D. The sodium-potassium pump moves ions across the plasma membrane against their concentration gradients. This requires energy and is an example of active transport.

The sodium-potassium pump uses energy from ATP to move sodium ions out of the cell, and potassium ions into the cell. This is an example of a. passive transport. b. diffusion. c. exocytosis. d. active transport. e. facilitated diffusion.

Substrate

The substances enzymes act upon

pH, Temperature & Concentration

Three factors that affect enzyme activity

Protein

Type of biomolecule an enzyme is

B. Water can cross the plasma membrane through the process of facilitated diffusion. However, water molecules can also cross the lipid bilayer directly.

Water crosses the plasma membrane View Available Hint(s) a. through active transport. b. through facilitated diffusion or diffusion. c. using a process that requires energy from the cell. d. against its concentration gradient. e. through cotransport.

B. The energy of activation must be overcome in order for a reaction to proceed.

What is the correct label for "A"? The figure shows a bar chart of energy for reactants and products. The potential energy of reactants is much higher than that of products. The curve of energy starts from the energy level of reactants and increases, reaching its maximum, and then falls to the level of products. The difference between the energies of the maximum point of the curve and the energy of the reactants is labeled as A. a. substrate energy b. energy of activation c. ATP d. enzyme energy e. uphill

C. Cholesterol helps to stabilize the structure of the plasma membrane.

What is the function of Structure E? The figure shows a model of a cell membrane with the cytoplasm and extracellular fluid. Different parts of it are labeled with letters. Some big molecules embedded in lipid bilayer and bound with oligosaccharides outside the cell are marked A. Some molecules of lipid bilayer are bound with oligosaccharides outside the cell; this oligosaccharide part is marked B. Thick long filaments outside the cell are marked C. A part of the membrane which consists of 2 layers of molecules, is labeled D. Molecules which are a part of lipid bilayer and have different effects on the membrane fluidity at different temperatures are found only in animals and are marked E. Large molecules which are embedded in lipid bilayer and protrude on both sides of it are labeled F. a. detection of environmental change b. cell-cell communication c. stabilization of the phospholipids d. structural support of the cell e. transport across the plasma membrane

E. Osmosis is the passive transport of water.

What name is given to the process by which water crosses a selectively permeable membrane? a. phagocytosis b. passive transport c. diffusion d. pinocytosis e. osmosis

B. This is the name given to the reactants in an enzymatically catalyzed reaction.

What name is given to the reactants in an enzymatically catalyzed reaction? a. active sites b. substrate c. products d. reactors

Pinocytosis

When the cell takes in small amounts of fluid, vesicles are much small than phagosomes

A. Active transport involves moving solutes against their concentration gradient. Facilitated diffusion moves solutes down their concentration gradient. Active transport requires the use of ATP, whereas facilitated diffusion does not.

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of active transport and facilitated diffusion? a. Active transport moves solutes against their concentration gradient; facilitated diffusion moves substances down their concentration gradient. b. Active transport requires membrane proteins; facilitated diffusion does not require membrane proteins. c. In both types of movement, phosphate groups alter the shape of transport proteins. d. Facilitated diffusion requires the use of ATP; active transport does not require ATP.

E. These are the by-products of cellular respiration.

Which of these are by-products of cellular respiration? a. glucose and water b. ATP and water c. ATP d. water e. heat and water

D. Lipid soluble molecules are hydrophobic.

Which of these is hydrophobic like the interior of the plasma membrane? The figure shows the structure of a cell membrane. There are a lipid bilayer, the cytoplasm, and the extracellular fluid. Several molecules are placed in the extracellular fluid, and they are labeled from A to D. Lipid soluble molecule is labeled as A, water as B, glucose as C, and a hydrogen ion as D. a. C and D b. C c. B d. A e. D

E. A cell will lose water when placed in a hypertonic solution.

You know that this cell is in a(n) _____ solution because it _____. The figure shows a cell placed in a solution with a higher concentration than inside the cell. The movement of the water is directed outside the cell, and the cell is shrunken. a. hypertonic ... lysed b. hypotonic ... is turgid c. hypotonic ... lysed d. hypertonic ... gained water e. hypertonic solution ... lost water

C. A cell will gain water when placed in a hypotonic solution.

You know that this cell is in a(n) _____ solution because the cell _____. The figure shows a cell membrane, the extracellular fluid, and the cytoplasm. The concentration of the solute is higher inside the cell. The figure shows 2 states of the cell: when it was just placed in this solute and over the time. a. hypertonic ... gained water b. isotonic ... neither lost nor gained water c. hypotonic ... swelled d. hypertonic ... lost water e. hypotonic ... shrunk

Semi permeable

allows certain particles in and out

Prokaryote

bacteria, no nucleus, no membrane bound organelles

Isotonic

concentration of a solute is equal inside and outside

DNA

contains the instructions for the development and function of living things

Osmosis

diffusion of water molecules only through a membrane

Hypertonic

higher concentration of solutes outside the cell than inside the cell, water flows out of the cell in order to balance the concentration of the solutes

Hypotonic

lower concentration of solutes outside the cell than inside the cell,water will rush into the cell, and an cause it to burst

Facilitated diffusion

molecules pass through a cell membrane using special proteins called transport proteins

Concentration Gradient

movement of a solution or gas from an area of higher number of particles to an area of lower number of particles, the areas are typically separated by a membrane

Cell Transport

movement of molecules across a cell membrane from an area of lower concentration to one of higher concentration

Diffusion

movement of substances from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

active transport

movement of substances through a cell membrane only by using the cell's energy

Passive Transport

movement of substances through a cell's membrane without using the cell's energy

Competitive inhibition of enzymes

occurs when a substance other than the substrate binds to the active site of an enzyme

Eurkaryote

organized membrane bound organelles, nucleus

Optimal pH

pH at which an enzyme works best

Acid

pH between 0-7

Base

pH between 7-14

Neutral

pH of 7

location or structure and chemical energy

potential energy is what and what is an example of it?

exogonic reaction

releases energy

Selectively Permeable Membrane

selectively permeable membrane allows small, soluble molecules to pass through it, but prevents large insoluble molecules from passing through.

Vacuoles

storage of nutrients

Energy

the ability to do work or cause change, such as moving an object some distance

energy coupling

the use of energy released from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction

Chemical work (involves synthesis of molecules, energy of ATP), Transport work (most active transport is powered by ATP) and Mechanical: (like muscle cells, can be powered by ATP)

three main types of work in a cell are?

energy can not be created nor destroy, only change and engery spreads from high concentration to low concerntration, (entropy)

what is the first and second law of thermalsynamics.

endogonic reaction

when a chemical reaction requires more energy to break bonds than is released when new ones are formed