Biology 171 Exam 3

process of isolating bacteria with recombinant plasmids

1. ampicillin isolates bacteria with a plasmid of any kind because the plasmids have the amp^r (ampicillin resistance) gene 2. remaining bacteria that cannot process lactose have the recombinant plasmid because the DNA is inserted within the lacZ (lactose digestion) gene

recombinant DNA

DNA molecules formed by combining DNA segments from two different sources

gene cloning process

DNA of interest inserted into plasmid recombinant plasmid taken up by bacteria gene of interest is cloned as host bacteria replicates gene copies or the protein it encodes are harvested

In what forms can viral genomes exist?

DNA or RNA; double or single stranded

What can be said about genome size, phenotype, and number of genes?

No correlations exist.

retroviruses

RNA viruses that use reverse transcriptase to change the RNA into DNA

host range

a limited number of host cells that it can infect

lytic cycle

a phage replicative cycle that produces new phages released by lysis of the host's cell well

restriction site

a specific DNA sequence recognizable by a specific restriction enzyme where the DNA can be cut

gene therapy

alteration of an afflicted individual's genes

embryonic stem cells

are pluripotent (able to differentiate into many cell types)

restriction enzymes

bacteria enzymes that can cut DNA at specific restriction sites; may be used to protect against viruses

restriction fragment analysis

can compare DNA segments (like two alleles) by analyzing the way the segments were fragmented by restriction enzymes

"next-generation" sequencing

can sequence thousands of fragments in parallel; high-throughput technology

viral disease treatments

cannot be treated by antibiotics vaccines are harmless derivatives which teach immune system to defend against that virus antiviral drugs may treat, but not cure, vial infections

viral disease mechanisms

causes release of hydrolytic enzymes from lysosomes causes cells to produce toxins possess toxic molecular components

Viruses ______ the cell's __________________.

change; genetic instructions

genome library

collection of recombinant clones produced from DNA fragments of an entire genome

multigene families

collections of identical or very similar genes; may arise through unequal crossing over

pursuits that require DNA cloning

comparative DNA analysis locating gene expression in the body determination of gene function

concerns regarding GMOs

creation of "superweeds" or crops that cause allergies

process of inserting DNA into plasmid

cut plasmid and ends of DNA segment using same restriction enzyme leaving compatible sticky ends mix plasmids with segments to allow combination use DNA ligase to bind

whole-genome shotgun approach

developed by J. Craig Venter in 1992; skips genetic and physical mapping and sequences all the random DNA fragments directly

RFLPs (restriction fragment length polymorphisms)

differences within a population in restriction sites; can be used to help determine guilt of innocence

induced pluripotent cells (iPS cells)

differentiated cells transformed into pluripotent stem cells by using viruses

genetic engineering

direct manipulation of genes for practical uses

lysozyme

enzyme that helps protect animals against bacterial infection

epidemics

general outbreaks of viruses usually caused by the introduction of new strands e.g. H1N1 influenze virus in US and Mexico

linkage map

genetic map of a chromosome based on recombination frequencies

clones

genetically identical, but may be phenotypically different due to environment and gene expression; often exhibit unusual health problems

gene annotation

identification of protein coding genes within long DNA sequences

genetic profile

individual's unique DNA sequence

bacteriophages AKA phages

infect bacteria and have complex capsid structures that contain a tail piece which attached to the bacteria and injects the DNA

complementary DNA (cDNA) library

library of DNA derived from only mRNA using reverse transcriptase

biotechnology

manipulation of organisms or their components to make useful products

dideoxy chain termination method

method of DNA sequencing involving detection of fluorescent dideoxyribonucleotides

Ti plasmid

most commonly used vector for introducing new genes into plant cells

lactalbumin

nonenzymatic protein that plays a role in milk production in mammals

transgenic organism

organism whose genome has had foreign DNA inserted

prophage

phage DNA incorporated into host bacteria's genome

polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

produces exponentially many more copies of a segment of DNA with each cycle without the use of bacterial cells

gene cloning

production of identical copies of well-defined segments of DNA; usually involves construction of recombinant DNA

capsid

protein shell that encloses the viral genome

capsomere

protein subunits of capsids

stem cells

relatively unspecialized cells that can reproduce themselves indefinitely and differentiate into specialized cells of one or more type

short tandem repeats (STRs)

repeats of specific DNA sequences which vary in length between people and can be used to help determine guilt or innocence

lysogenic cycle

replicates phage genome without destroying host though incorporation into host genome

obligate intracellular parasites

require host cells to replicate

HIV

retrovirus that causes AIDS

gel electrophoresis

separates DNA segments by size using gel though which a current is applied

transposable elements

sequences that move from one site to another in the genome; may affect gene expression or regulation

metagenomics

sequencing of DNA from a whole group of species collected from an single environmental sample

physical map

shows absolute distance between genes; constructed by cutting a DNA molecule into many short fragments and arranging them in order by identifying overlaps

prions

slow-acting, virtually-indestructable infectious proteins that cause brain disease in mammals by converting normal proteins into aggregating prion versions

plasmids

small circular DNA molecules that replicate separately from the bacterial chromosome

viral envelope

surround the capsids of viruses derived from host cell's membrane common in animal viruses may enable the survival of the host cell

proteomics

systematic study of all proteins encoded by a genome and how they are regulated and interact in living organisms

bioinformatics

the application of computational methods to the storage and analysis of biological data

genomics

the study of whole sets of genes and their interactions

nuclear transplantation

transplantation of nucleus from donor cell to an enucleated recipient cell (must be capable of behaving like a zygote)

types of eukaryotic transposable elements

transposons, which move by means of a DNA intermediate, and retrotransposons, which move by means of an RNA intermediate

DNA microarray assays

used to compare patterns of gene expression

virus

very small infectious particle consisting only of nucleic acids enclosed in a protein coat and, in some cases, a membranous envelope

provirus

viral DNA integrated into host DNA (nonbacterial). unlike prophages in that its integration is permanent