Biology 2 exam
A normal event in the process of blood clotting is the _____.
activation of prothrombin to thrombin
Septic shock, a systemic response including high fever and low blood pressure, is a response to _____.
certain bacterial infections
Most types of communication between cells utilize _____.
chemical or electrical signals
Most of the carbon dioxide produced by humans is _____.
converted to bicarbonate ions by an enzyme in red blood cells
The hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells, and the organ where this hormone is synthesized, are _____.
erythropoietin and kidney
When a woman has her gallbladder removed, she should probably reduce her consumption of _____.
fats
If, during protein starvation, the osmotic pressure on the venous side of capillary beds drops below the hydrostatic pressure, then _____.
fluids will tend to accumulate in tissues
The function of mechanical digestion is to break down large chunks of food into smaller pieces. Why is this important? Smaller pieces of food _____.
have more surface area for chemical digestion than do larger pieces of food
A relatively long cecum is characteristic of animals that are_____.
herbivores (to digest cellulose)
The temperature-regulating center of vertebrate animals is located in the _____.
hypothalmus
Inflammatory responses typically include _____.
increased activity of phagocytes in an inflamed area
Small swollen areas in the neck, groin, and axillary region are associated with _____.
increases activity of the immune system
In a healthy person, after a large meal, the production of _____ will increase. After fasting, the production of _____ will increase.
insulin; glucagon
In a cool environment, an ectotherm is more likely to survive an extended period of food deprivation than would an equally sized endotherm because the ectotherm _____.
invests little energy in temperature regulation
Innate immunity _____.
is activated immediately upon infection
Blood is best classified as connective tissue because _____.
its cells are separated from each other by an extracellular matrix
Some human infants, especially those born prematurely, suffer serious respiratory failure because of _____.
lung collapse due to inadequate production of surfactant
Vaccination increases the number of _____.
lymphocytes with receptors that can bind to the pathogen
If a patient is missing B and T cells, what would be absent from the immune response?
memory
As the size of some animals has evolved to greater sizes, the effectiveness of their adaptations that promote exchanges with the environment have also increased. For example, in many larger organisms, evolution has favored lungs and a digestive tract with _____.
more branching or folds
The absorption of fats differs from that of carbohydrates in that _____.
most absorbed fat first enters the lymphatic system, whereas carbohydrates directly enter the blood
An immunoglobulin (Ig) molecule, of whatever class, with regions symbolized as C or V, H or L, has a light chain made up of _____.
one C region and one V region
The Bohr shift on the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is produced by changes in _____.
pH
Mucus occurs in both the respiratory and digestive tracts. What is its main immunological function?
physically trapping pathogens
Naturally acquired passive immunity can result from the _____.
placental transfer of antibodies
Which of the following is crucial to activation of the adaptive immune response?
presentation of MHC (major histocompatibility complex)-antigen complex on a cell surface
A woman standing and watching the stars on a cool, calm night will lose most of her body heat by _____.
radiation
Clonal selection and differentiation of B cells activated by antigen exposure leads to the production of _____.
short-lived plasma cells that secrete antibodies for the antigen
In the digestive system, peristalsis is _____.
smooth muscle contractions that move food along the esophagus
atria contract during
systolic
Penguins, seals, and tuna have body forms that permit rapid swimming, because _____.
the shape is a convergent evolutionary solution, which reduces drag while swimming
The velocity of blood flow is the lowest in capillaries because _____.
the total cross-sectional area of the capillaries is greater than the total cross-sectional area of the arteries or any other part of the circulatory system
Jenner's successful use of cowpox virus as a vaccine against the smallpox virus was due to the fact that _____.
there are some epitopes (antigenic determinants) common to both pox viruses
Certain nutrients are considered "essential" in the diets of some animals because _____.
these animals are not able to synthesize these nutrients
Hummingbirds are small birds that require a regular food supply. When hummingbirds are faced with a situation that decreases their food supply, such as a storm, which of the following adaptations would be most useful for the bird to survive such an unpredictable and short-term absence of food resources?
torpor
Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow in birds and mammals?
vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary artery
Damage to the sinoatrial node in humans _____.
would disrupt the rate and timing of cardiac muscle contractions