Biology 2 Prokaryotes

Mutations (and Plasmids)

Methicilin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) are examples of what?

Transformation

Natural transformation (from the environment) DNA is released from a dead cell and is picked up by another live cell not an accident because bacteria has to engage in this

True, no sexual reproduction

True or False: Prokaryotes do not reproduce sexually

False, they have INTERNAL complex membranes

True or False: Prokaryotic cells often have complex external membranes

True

True or False: There is a relationship between microorganisms and diseases?

1. Conjugation 2. Transduction 3. Transformation

What do prokaryotes do to mix up there DNA? (three main horizontal gene transfer) -also observe in Archaea

spontaneous generation

What is Louis Pasteur refuted idea?

E. All of the above is correct

Which is correct about the relationship of microorganism and disease? A. The microorganism must be present in every case of the disease and from healthy individuals B. The putative causative agent must be isolated and grown in pure culture C. The disease must result when the cultured microorganism is used to infect a healthy host D. The microorganism must be isolated from the diseased host E. All of the above is correct

Biofilms

_____ are any group of micro or macro organism in which cells stick to each other on a surface.

Mutation

______ can arise spontaneously in bacteria as with any organism (Radiation and Chemicals)

Mutations

_______ (and plasmids) can rapidly spread in a population

Transduction

bacteria moved from one DNA to the next by bacteriophages transmit genetic material by Generalized/Specialized ________

prokaryotic cell structures

-Bacillus- Rod shaped -Coccus- Spherical or circular shaped -Spirillum- Helical or Spiral shaped these are three basic shapes of what?

Gram Stain Bacteria

-Gram-positive bacteria has a thicker peptidoglycan wall and stain purple color -Gram-negative bacteria contain less and stains a pink/red color

Prokaryotic Diversity

-Oldest, structurally simplest, and most abundant forms of life -Abundant for over a billion years before Eukaryotes -90 and 99% unknown and unsubscribed -fall into 2 domains: Bacteria and Archaea this is all characteristics of

Plasma Membrane

-in Bacteria, Bacterial lipids are unbranched and use ester bonds -in Archaea, they use ether linkages (not ester) this is what makes them have strong _____ ______

S-layer

-rigid paracrystalline layer -outside of pepidoglycan or outer membrane layers in gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria this is called the

newer classification of moleculars

1. Amino acid sequence of key protein 2. percent Guanine--Cytosine (G--C) content 3. Nucleic acid hybridization (closely related species will share more based pairs 4. Gene and RNA sequencing 5. Whole-genome sequencing this is ____ classifications of what?

early characteristics

1. photosynthetic or not 2. Move with flagella (motile) or nonmotile 3. unicellular, colony-forming, or filamentous 4. formation of spores or division by transverse binary fission 5. Importance of human infection or not these are ways to classify what?

Microbial (microbiology) life

Antony van Leeuwenhoek was the first to observe and accurately describe what?

-Plasma membrane -Cell walls -DNA replication -Gene expression

Bacteria and Archaea differ in four key areas known as

Eubacteria and Archaebacteria

Bacteria and Archaea were formerly called

DNA replication

Both, Bacteria and Archaea has a single ___ ______ origin but Archaea is more similar to that of eukaryotes

Virulence plasmids or transduction

Encode for pathogenic traits

thick wall

Endospores Develop a ____ ___ around their genome and a small portion of the cytoplasm bacteria causing tetanus, botulism, and anthrax

Plasmid

F+ cells contain the ____ but F- cells do not

F- cell

F+ cells produced F pilus that connects to ____

Cell wall

In the ___ ____ Bacteria have peptidoglyan (Protein and suger) but Archaea lacks it

Capsule

Gelatinous layer found in some bacteria is called

Girolamo Fracastoro

In 1546, an Italian physician named _________ suggested that disease was caused by unseen organisms

Archaea

In Gene expression, ______ transcription and translation are more similar to Eukaryotes (Enzymes are similar)

Flagella

Slender, rigid, helical (spiral) structure involved in locomotion is called

F' Plasmid

The movement from F+ to F- is not always _____, sometimes it may occur picking up some chromosomal DNA but not all.

Microscopy for visualization and Infectious disease investigations

The two technology strands that allows study of microbes (microbiology) are

R (resistance) plasmids

encode antibiotic resistance genes

Cell Wall

in the _____ -Peptidoglycan forms a rigid network -maintain shape -Archaea lack peptidolyan

Pili

short, hairlike structures found in gram-negative bacteria and aid in attachment and conjugation is called

Prokaryotic

single-cell organism that does not have organelles

Ribosomes

this is smaller than those of Eukaryotes, differ in protein and RNA content and Targeted by some antibiotics

Nucleoid region

this region contains the single, circular chromosome

Conjugation

tranfers DNA from one cell to another (cell-to-cell contact) -plasmids may encode advantageous info.

-Unicellular -Cell size -Nucleoid (circular chromosomes) -Cell division and -Genetic recombination - No Internal compartmentalization -Complex Membranes -most have Flagella -Metabolic diversity

what are characteristics that differ Prokaryotes from Eukaryotes?

they relied on staining characteristics and observable phenotypes

what did scientist rely on to classified characteristics in the early years?

Louis Pasteur

who had the idea that life was coming out of inorganic materials anytime you add food around life it will basically spontaneously generate?

Robert Koch

who studied anthrax and proposed four postulates to prove a causal relationship between a microorganism?