Biology 2 - Unit 1 (McGraw Hill Q's)

Which of the following is not an example of convergent evolution?

Muscles that wiggle the ears of humans and other mammals

How are traits produced by convergent evolution different from homologies? a) Traits produced by convergent evolution have not evolved from a common ancestral trait, while homologies have. b) Traits produced by convergent evolution have evolved from a common ancestral trait, which is not always true for homologies. c) Traits produced by convergent evolution are always present in very closely related organisms, while that is not necessarily true for homologies.

a

The allele for the sickle cell mutation is most common in

central africa

Regarding a particular trait in a population of painted turtles (Chrysemys picta), 14% of the turtles have the homozygous dominant genotype, 70% are heterozygous, and 16% are homozygous recessive. What is the value of q2?

.16

The most fit phenotype is assigned a fitness value of ______.

1

Process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments

convergent evolution

Structures that have evolved separately but look very similar exhibit _____ evolution; in contrast, structures that evolved through modification from a common ancestral trait are _____ structures.

convergent; homologous

Two types of structures in adult organisms that provide anatomical evidence for evolution are...

homologous and vestigial

What is the ultimate source of all new alleles?

mutations

Which evolutionary mechanism causes beneficial traits that are heritable to become more common in a population?

natural selection

In ____ frequency-dependent selection, individuals whose resource requirements are rarer have fewer competitors for resources than individuals whose resource requirements are more common

negative

rare phenotypes are favored by selection

negative frequency dependent selection

The teeth of early members of the horse family (for example, Hyracotherium) were

small and relatively simple

What is the preferred food of the Galápagos medium ground finch?

small, tender seeds

If the frequency of allele A is 0.6 and the frequency of allele a is 0.4, what is the probability that an individual will receive two a alleles?

.16

Why is it that some organisms do not appear to be perfectly adapted to their environment?

Because natural selection can only work on the variation present in a population.

How does artificial selection contradict the claim that selection can only produce minor evolutionary change?

Differences between breeds can be larger than differences between different genera of animals or plants.

Selection against intermediate-sized beaks in African black-bellied seedcracker finches is an example of which of the following?

Disruptive selection

How did Bernard Kettlewell test Tutt's hypothesis about peppered moths?

He released marked dark and light moths in polluted and unpolluted woods and determined their survival.

How did Peter and Rosemary Grant show that the beak size of finches on Daphne Major is affected by natural selection?

In dry years, fewer small seeds were produced on the island and the average beak size of finches increased.

Why are giraffe necks not perfectly suited for their function?

Like all mammals, giraffes only have 7 vertebrae in their necks which limits their flexibility.

Evolutionary change within a population can result from which of the following? Multiple select question. a) Natural selection b) Experience c) Migration d) Mutations

Natural selection Migration Mutations

How can the founder effect cause a previously rare genetic disorder to become common in the new population? Multiple choice question. a) The allele frequencies in the founding members of the population differ from the allele frequencies in the original large population. b)Natural selection affects large populations more dramatically than it affects small populations. c) New mutations are more likely to arise in small populations than in large populations. d) Natural selection affects small populations more dramatically than it affects large populations.

The allele frequencies in the founding members of the population differ from the allele frequencies in the original large population.

How does the climate drive evolution in the medium ground finch?

The climate impacts the size of seeds, which acts as a selective force for beak size.

Which evolutionary mechanism changes genotype frequencies but does not change allele frequencies?

Assortative mating

In certain areas of the world, populations of moths have been shown to change over the years with dark forms becoming more abundant than light forms; this phenomenon is called

industrial melanism

The phenomenon, where dark forms of moths become more prevalent than light forms in industrialized areas, is known as ___ ___

industrial melanism

The phenotype frequency is calculated by dividing the total number of individuals with a particular phenotype by which of the following?

The total number of individuals in that population

Which of the following statements about marsupials in Australia is true? a) For many types of placental mammals found throughout the world, there is a strikingly similar marsupial mammal in Australia. b) A marsupial mouse is more closely related to a placental mouse than to a marsupial mole. c)Marsupial animals are unique and bear no similarities to any other mammals in the world.

a

Which of the following are reasons why island trees belong to plant families that typically do not have tree members (for example the sunflower family)? a) Tree seeds rarely make it to isolated islands b) Tree seeds reach isolated islands but it has been shown that they cannot germinate and grow c) The tree niche is empty and so a flower can evolve through natural selection to be tree-like

Tree seeds rarely make it to isolated islands The tree niche is empty and so a flower can evolve through natural selection to be tree-like

Which are correct about pseudogenes? a) They are also known as fossil genes. b) They are made inactive by mutation. c) They are genes that likely never functioned to direct the production of a protein. d) They are uncommon except in insects.

a and b

A population bottleneck could be caused by...

a natural disaster

Natural selection results in ______ in a population.

adaptations

The term heterozygote ____ refers to situations in which heterozygotes are more fit then either homozygotes.

advantage

The founder effect results in a new population which differs in ____ frequencies from its source population.

allele

Genetic variation in a population results from evolutionary forces that cause changes in

allele frequencies

The number of copies of an allele in a population divided by the total number of all alleles for that gene in a population is the....

allele frequency

How does artificial selection contradict the claim that selection can only produce minor evolutionary change? a) Industrial melanism can be reversed within 20 generations. Artificial selection has produced many new species of plants and animals. b) Variation in bristle numbers among different populations of artificially selected fruit flies does not overlap after about 35 generations. c) Differences between breeds can be larger than differences between different genera of animals or plants.

c

Artificial selection clearly shows that selection ______ evolutionary changes, such that over millions of years, selection can produce the diversity of life on earth.

can produce significant

_____ evolution happens when two species from different lineages independently evolve similar characteristics because they occupy similar environments.

convergent

___ selection favors individuals at one extreme of a phenotypic range. Those individuals usually have greater reproductive success in a particular environment

directional

Suppose that a population of finches migrates to a small island where most of the seeds are large. On the island, birds with large beaks are more likely to survive, and over time, the mean beak size of the population increases. This is an example of a type of natural selection known as _____ selection.

directional selection

Which type of selection favors individuals at one extreme of a phenotypic range who have greater reproductive success in a particular environment?

directional selection

when two or more species sharing a common ancestor become more different over time

divergent evolution

both extremes are favored, medium is not

diversifying selection (disruptive selection)

Genetic _____ can likely play a role in large populations that were small at some point in their existence.

drift

Which of the following is the most direct evidence for evolution?

fossils

Changes in allele frequencies that result from the colonization of a new location by a small group of individuals from a larger population. what is this?

found effect

In _____-_____ selection, the fitness of a phenotype depends on the proportion of individuals in the population that have that phenotype.

frequency dependent

Homologous structures are _____, while vestigial structures have ______ ___

functional; no function

The evolutionary process that prevents the elimination of less fit alleles by reintroducing these alleles into populations is

gene flow

Many fishes that inhabit the sub-freezing Arctic and Antarctic waters posses antifreeze proteins; we now know that there are at least five different kinds of antifreeze protein genes that have evolved independently in different species to perform the same function. This is an example of:

convergent evolution

Random changes in allele frequencies in small populations are known as...

genetic drift

Random changes in the allele frequencies of a population over time. what is this?

genetic drift

What evolutionary mechanism results in random changes in allele frequencies from one generation to the next?

genetic drift

Many 19th century scientists believed that natural selection always favored an optimal form, and therefore would tend to reduce or eliminate which of the following? Multiple choice question.

genetic variation

Assortative mating changes ______ frequencies but does not change ______ frequencies.

genotype; allele

Evolutionary changes in the horse family can be related to changes in their habitat in North America (where most of the horse evolution has occurred); in particular, horse evolution was related to the widespread appearance of

grasslands

In the early 1850s, scientists noticed that the frequency of light colored peppered moths in polluted areas

decreased

Scientists have observed that when air pollution is significantly reduced, the frequency of the melanic form of peppered moths

decreases

What type of evidence for evolution is provided by fossils?

direct

Even though there are gaps in the fossil record, some of the most direct evidence for evolution comes from fossils called ______ fossils that illustrate how certain major transformations in life forms occurred. a)punctuated b)isotopic c) intermediate d) transitional e) keystone

intermediate and transitional

Selection whereby individuals of one sex (usually females) are choosy in selecting their mates from individuals of the other sex; also called mate choice.

intersexual selection

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium requires that the population size is ____ and mating is ____.

large; random

Changes in allele frequencies within a population may result from _____, which are changes in the nucleotide sequences of an organism's DNA.

mutations

If individuals with rare phenotypic variants tend to have the highest fitness for a particular trait, the trait is likely subject to Multiple choice question. a) sexual selection. b) negative frequency-dependent selection. c) stabilizing selection. d) negative heterozygote advantage. e) diversifying selection.

negative frequency-dependent selection

Natural selection results in a population better adapted to its environment because a)it decreases genetic diversity. b) it causes new mutations to occur that result in better adaptation to the environment. c) it increases genetic diversity. d) only individuals who are well adapted to the environment contribute their alleles to the next generation.

only individuals who are well adapted to the environment contribute their alleles to the next generation.

Natural selection results in a population better adapted to its environment because Multiple choice question. a) it decreases genetic diversity. only individuals who are well adapted to the environment contribute their alleles to the next generation. b) it causes new mutations to occur that result in better adaptation to the environment. c) it increases genetic diversity.

only individuals who are well adapted to the environment contribute their alleles to the next generation.

Ground finches with large bills are favored during times of drought, while ground finches with small bills are favored during times when water is abundant. This is an example of...

oscillating selection

selection favors one phenotype at one time and another phenotype at another time

oscillating selection

Which is a correct version of the Hardy-Weinberg equation for genotype frequencies in a population in equilibrium? a) p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 b) p2 + q2 = 1 c) p/q = 1 d) p x 2pq x q = 1

p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1, so A

For a gene with two alleles, B and b whose frequencies are p and q respectively, the probability that an individual receives a B allele from its mother and a B allele from its father is which of the following?

p^2

The type of selection demonstrated in the figure showing a fish with a rare phenotype attracting the attention of a predator is called ___ frequency-dependent selection.

positive

the fitness of a phenotype increases as it becomes more common

positive frequency dependent selection

Sexual selection favors traits that give males greater ability in mate competition, therefore males and females within the same species may exhibit different traits. This difference between the sexes of the same species is known as...

sexual dimorphism

What type of selection affects traits that influence an individual's chances to find a mating partner or be chosen as a mating partner?

sexual selection

Natural selection that favors intermediate variants by acting against extreme phenotypes

stabilizing selection

Attempts to domesticate silver foxes by artificial selection resulted in the ____ selection of traits which produced silver foxes that were as tame as domestic dogs.

unintentional

Attempts to domesticate silver foxes by artificial selection resulted in the_____ selection of traits which produced silver foxes that were as tame as domestic dogs.

unintentional

Genetic drift is more likely to overwhelm natural selection when populations are large/ small?

very small

Some species have anatomical features that have no apparent function but resemble structures of their presumed ancestors; these anatomical features are called

vestigial structures

Which of the following are anatomical features that provide evidence for evolution?

vestigial, homologous, and early embryonic structures

he medium ground finch of the Galápagos islands feeds on small seeds, produced in abundance during ___ years.

wet

Aa is..

2pq

AA is..

p^2

Select the types of large populations that are more likely to experience genetic drift. Multiple select question. a) Two populations of garter snakes that begin to interbreed. b) A large population of garter snakes that has consistently been a large population. c) A large population of garter snakes in which only a few individuals contribute to the next generation. d) A large population of garter snakes that started from a few individuals.

A large population of garter snakes in which only a few individuals contribute to the next generation. A large population of garter snakes that started from a few individuals.

Why does selection occur? a) Because individuals must adapt to be able to survive in challenging environments. b) Because evolution strives to develop better traits. c) Because some individuals in a population possess more favorable phenotypes than others. d) Because individuals move between populations and mix their genes.

Because some individuals in a population possess more favorable phenotypes than others.

How does natural selection affect allele frequencies? (mult. answers) a) It causes beneficial alleles to become more common. b) It causes detrimental alleles to become less common. c) It increases the frequency of all new alleles. d) It eliminates all new mutations.

It causes beneficial alleles to become more common. It causes detrimental alleles to become less common

Select the conditions that must be met for a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (mult. answers) a) natural selection occurs b) mating is random c) no new mutations occur d) the population is very large

Mating is random. No new mutations occur. The population is very large.

Early horses had four toes on the front feet and three toes on the hind feet, all encased in fleshy pads. What statement correctly describes how the toes have changed during the evolution of modern horses?

Modern horses have a single toe enclosed in a bony hoof.

Natural selection is expected to counter the effects of genetic drift when which condition is met? (Population size)

Populations are very large.

How has rock and fossil dating changed since Darwin's times?

Relative dating was used in the past; today we use absolute dating.

Select all of the following that can result from a population bottleneck. a) The genetic diversity of the surviving population is usually lower than the genetic diversity of the original population. b) New mutations have been introduced into the population, which may result in changes in allele frequencies. c) The surviving members of the population may have different allele frequencies than the original population.

The genetic diversity of the surviving population is usually lower than the genetic diversity of the original population. The surviving members of the population may have different allele frequencies than the original population.

Which of the following is true about transitional fossils (choose all that apply)? a) They are the most common type of fossil found in the fossil record. b) They contain all characteristics of two separate groups. c) They illustrate how major transitions in life occurred. d) They help to fill in the gap in the fossil record between two separate groups.

They illustrate how major transitions in life occurred. They help to fill in the gap in the fossil record between two separate groups.

What are some fossil findings in recent years that have bridged major gaps in our understanding of vertebrate evolution? a) Tiktaalik, a species that is transitional between fish and amphibians. b) A fossil snake with legs that links modern snakes to the lizards from which they descended. c) A four legged aquatic mammal that links marine mammals to their terrestrial ancestors. d) A glyptodont fossil demonstrating that South American armadillos have undergone a reduction in size.

Tiktaalik, a species that is transitional between fish and amphibians. A fossil snake with legs that links modern snakes to the lizards from which they descended. A four legged aquatic mammal that links marine mammals to their terrestrial ancestors.

The bottleneck effect occurs when allele frequencies change due to Multiple choice question. a)colonization of a new territory by a few members of the original population. b) an event that drastically reduces population size. c) increased survival and reproduction of individuals possessing certain alleles. d) mating between individuals with dissimilar phenotypes more than would be predicted by random chance.

an event that drastically reduces population size.

The great variety of breeds of cats, dogs and other domestic animals have arisen through

artificial selection

The odd proportions of dachshunds have resulted from

artificial selection for dogs that could enter narrow badger holes

According to some critics of evolution, natural selection can produce changes in a population, but it cannot cause substantial changes leading to a) higher frequencies of the dark forms of the peppered moth. differences between modern corn and its ancestor teosinte. b) the formation of an entirely new species. c) the formation of the different dog breeds.

b

natural selection that maintains two or more phenotypic forms in a population

balancing selection

Which of the following processes can be used to identify alternate forms of enzyme encoding genes?

electrophoresis

The S allele of the human β-globin gene causes sickle-cell anemia when homozygous. However, heterozygotes for this allele are resistant to malaria. This is an example of which of the following? Multiple choice question.

heterozygote advantage

Artificial selection has resulted in all of the following outcomes in agriculture except

higher susceptibility to disease in tomatoes

former genes that have accumulated mutations over a long time and no longer produce functional proteins

pseudogenes

aa is...

q^2

A deer's antlers, a ram's horns and the bright plumage of a male paradise bird are all examples of which of the following?

secondary sexual characteristics

Galapagos finches with powerful thick beaks typically eat large

seeds

In frequency-dependent selection Multiple choice question. a) the fitness of a phenotype depends on the frequency of matings between individuals with that phenotype. b) the fitness of a phenotype depends on its frequency in the population. c) the fitness of a phenotype depends on the frequency of mutations leading to that phenotype.

the fitness of a phenotype depends on its frequency in the population.

In E.coli, the alleles for the gene for the enzyme 6-PGD only have a selective advantage if Multiple choice question. a) competition for gluconate is high. b) the gene for the alternative enzyme is nonfunctional. gluconate is absent. c) the biochemical pathway for gluconate metabolism is interrupted.

the gene for the alternative enzyme is nonfunctional.

What can likely happen to uncommon alleles in small, isolated populations as a result of genetic drift?

they are likely to be lost

If a trait is subject to negative frequency-dependent selection, individuals with which form of the trait will have the highest fitness? a) Those with the rare form of the trait. b) Those with the common form of the trait. c) Those with the intermediate form of the trait.

those w/ the rare form of the trait

Fossils that contain characteristics of two separate groups of organisms are called _____ fossils.

transitional

In recent years, scientists have discovered remarkable fossils, such as a four-legged aquatic mammal and a snake with legs. These are examples of

transitional fossils