Biology 22:chapter 10

sensory receptors types

(1) chemoreceptors, which sense chemical stimuli in the environment or the blood (e.g., the taste buds, olfactory epithelium, and the aortic and carotid bodies). (2) photoreceptors—the rods and cones in the retina of the eye. (3) thermoreceptors, which respond to heat and cold. (4) mechanoreceptors, which are stimulated by mechanical deformation of the receptor plasma membrane (e.g., touch and pressure receptors in the skin and hair cells within the inner ear).

Olfaction (smell)

(chemical sense); scent molecules reach the olfactory epithelium deep in the nasal cavity, the scent molecules contact receptor cells at this location, which project to the olfactory bulbs of the brain. from there information travels to the olfactory cortex and the limbic system.

Which are cells found in the olfactory epithelium?

-olfactory receptors -supporting cells -stem cells

Which are considered cutaneous sensations?

-touch, pressure -heat, cold -nociception

List the pathway of electrical signals from the photoreceptors to the optic nerve.

1. rods and cones 2. bipolar cells 3. amacrine cells 4. ganglion cells 5. optic nerve

Where on the cerebral cortex is taste information sent?

A. prefrontal cortex, postcentral gyrus, and insula

The dissociation of rhodopsin in the rods in response to light causes the Na+ channels to become blocked. the rods to secrete less neurotransmitter. the bipolar cells to become either stimulated or inhibited. all of these.

All of these

conduction deafness

An inability to hear resulting from damage to structures of the middle or inner ear.

Each lateral geniculate nucleus receives visual signals from _____ eye(s).

Both

Which of the following cranial nerves conveys gustatory information?

Both the facial and glossopharyngeal are correct.

Semicircular canals

Cupula

In the absence of light there is movement of Na^ + in the photoreceptors causing a depolarization. This is called the

Dark current

The bleaching reaction of rhodopsin occurs when rods absorb _____ light. Multiple choice question.

Green

The tympanic membrane vibrates when sound waves hit it. This moves the malleus, which moves the ———— which then moves the stapes, which then presses on the oval window of the inner ear.

Incus

Which is true of lateral inhibition?

It enhances discrimination between very closely localized sensations

In the dark, photoreceptors release _____ neurotransmitter than they do in light.

More

A strong stimulus to a tonic receptor produces _____ action potentials, while a weaker stimulus produces _____ action potentials.

More frequent - fewer

Which describes the law of specific nerve energies?

No matter what the type of stimulus, a signal coming from a warm thermoreceptor will be perceived as "warm"

Utricle and saccule

Otolithic membrane

The receptive field is a region of ______ that can be stimulated to alter nerve activity.

Skin

Visual acuity is measured using a

Snellen eye chart

While several different types of stimuli may be capable of activating a particular sensory receptor, there is one type of stimulus that uses the least amount of energy to activate a stimulus. This is known as the law of

Specific nerve energies

cutaneous sensations

Temperature, touch, and pain

Does the elasticity of the lens increase, decrease, or stay the same with age?

it decreases

How does a tonic receptor respond differently to strong and weak stimuli?

it produces more frequent action potentials after a strong stimulus

When a pencil eraser is pressed to the skin, the sensory receptors stimulated in the center of the eraser inhibit the receptors that are stimulated at the outer edges of the eraser. This phenomenon is called

lateral inhibition

The utricle and saccule detect __

linear acceleration

Swelling and an increase in the growth of blood vessels of the choroid often cause a form of blindness called:

macular degeneration

Proprioceptors

monitor the position and movement of skeletal muscles and joints

During the bleaching reaction, rhodopsin dissociates into retinaldehyde and

opsin

The blind spot is located at

optic disk of the eye

In the utricle and saccule, the cilia on the hair cells are embedded in a gel called the

otolithic membrane

In the utricle and saccule, the cilia on the hair cells are embedded in a gel called the:

otolithic membrane

Which cells have the ability to re- isomerize the all- trans retinal back to the 11- cis form ?

pigment epithelial cells

Macular degeneration

progressive damage to the macula of the retina

The area of skin that is innervated by a specific sensory receptor is called the

receptive field

When light passes from air to water, it is bent, or:

refracted

cochlear chambers

scala vestibuli, scala media, scala tympani

Which structures are part of the fibrous tunic of the eye?

sclera and cornea

Gustation (taste)

sensation that results from action of chemicals on taste buds

somatesthetic senses

sensations from cutaneous receptors and proprioceptors

Nociceptors

sensory receptors that enable the perception of pain in response to potentially harmful stimuli

Pain, touch, pressure and thermoreception are all types of ______ senses.

somatesthetic

Which cell type of the olfactory epithelium functions to help break down lipid-soluble odorant molecules for sensing?

supporting cells

The lens is under tension from the zonular fibers of the

suspensory ligaments

The supporting cells of the olfactory apparatus are called

sustentacular cells

Which are considered somatesthetic sensors?

thermoreceptor proprioceptor root hair plexus

What is the function of rod cells?

they are photoreceptor cells that detect the amount of light but not colors.

What is the role of sustentacular cells in the olfactory epithelium?

to oxidize volatile hydrophobic odorant molecules to make them less soluble

The eardrum is also known as

tympanic membrane

Which taste modality involves membrane receptors that are coupled to G-proteins?

umami

The otolithic membrane is a gel-like structure found in the

utricle and saccule

difference in the firing rate between the right and left vestibulocochlear nerves causes:

vertigo

The structures that function in equilibrium are known as the

vestibular apparatus

The utricle, saccule and semicircular canals are collectively called

vestibular apparatus

Vertigo may result from viral infection to the

vestibulocochlear nerve

Reading an eye chart tests one's:

visual acuity

What is the name of the process that re-isomerizes the all-trans retinal back to the 11-cis form

visual cycle of retinal

The receptive field of a cutaneous receptor is:

where stimulation of that receptor occurs

To view close objects, the ciliary muscle will _____, the suspensory ligament will _____, and the lens will become more _______.

contract; loosen; rounded

How is the fovea centralis histologically different from the rest of the retina?

Unlike in most of the retina, light doesn't pass through several cell layers before reaching the photoreceptors

The vestibular apparatus includes the semicircular canals, the saccule, and the

Utricle

Retinaldehyde ( retinal ) is derived from

Vitamin A

Pressure and pain are considered types of

cutaneous sensations

Cochlear implants

electronic devices that enable the brain to hear sounds

Which situation would stimulate the utricle and saccule?

fall out of the tree

The three tunics of the eye

fibrous, vascular, nervous

The pitch of a sound is related to its ______, while the intensity, or volume, is related to its _____

frequency; amplitude

Types of tongue papillae do NOT include

glossoform papillae

Taste receptors are also called:

gustatory receptors

In the dark, photoreceptors ______ bipolar cells.

inhibit

Among chemoreceptors, the category that can detect changes in the extracellular fluid is considered

interoceptors

Chemoreceptors that sense chemicals present in the blood are: Multiple choice question.

interoceptors

vestibular apparatus (inner ear)

a bony labyrinth surrounding a membranous labyrinth, between the two is perilymph, within the membranous labyrinth is endolymph

The space between the cornea and the lens is filled with

aqueous humor

The main receptor type that senses the quantity of hydrogen ions in body fluids is:

chemoreceptor

Which structures are considered part of the vascular tunic of the eye, or the uvea?

choroid ciliary body iris

A genetic defect that prevents the normal function of cones is called

color blindness