Biology 301 - Exam 4

Which of the following are effects of insulin? 1. inhibition of lipolysis in adipocytes 2. enchancement of gluconeogenesis 3. insertion of Glu-T 4 transporter into skeletal muscle cells 4. stimulation of protein synthesis 5. enhancement of glycogenolysis 6. enhancement of amino acid uptake by body cells A. 1, 3, 4, 6 B. 1, 2, 3, 4 C. 2, 3, 4, 6 D. 1, 3, 5, 6 E. 3, 4, 5, 6

A. 1, 3, 4, 6

In the EEG lab, _____ waves were measured at the _____ lobe of the brain. 1. alpha 5. frontal 2. beta 6. parietal 3. delta 7. temporal 4. theta 8. occipital A. 1, 6, 8 B. 1, 3, 6, 8 C. 2, 5, 6, 7 D. 1, 2, 7, 8 E. 2, 3, 6, 8

A. 1, 6, 8

Which of the following is true of a preganglionic fiber? A. It is myelinated. B. It is always short. C. It lies entirely outside the CNS. D. It terminates at a visceral effector. E. All of the above.

A. It is myelinated.

An activist has been fasting for ten days to protest a violation of civil rights. His blood glucose level has fallen to 50 mg/dL. Which of the following effects will the fast have on his endocrine system? A. Less GHIH will be released from the hypothalamus. B. Less GHRH will be released from the hypothalamus. C. Less GH will be released from the anterior pituitary gland. D. Less IGF will be released from the liver and other tissues. E. Do not choose this answer.

A. Less GHIH will be released from the hypothalamus.

The presence of delta waves in an adult indicates _____. A. Sleeping state B. Joy C. Frustration D. Epilepsy E. Satisfaction

A. Sleeping state

Cyclic AMP and cGMP are common 2nd messengers. What is the 1 st messenger? A. a water soluble hormone B. a lipid soluble hormone C. adenylate cyclase D. G protein E. phosphodiesterase

A. a water soluble hormone

_____ found in relaxed adults A. alpha B. beta C. delta D. theta

A. alpha

_____ normal wave pattern for infants A. alpha B. beta C. delta D. theta

A. alpha

Hair cells in the spiral organ (organ of Corti) are directly activated by vibrations and movement of the ____ membrane. A. basilar B. otolithic C. tectorial D. tympanic E. vestibular

A. basilar

Gluconeogenesis is stimulated by _____. A. cortisol and glucagon B. glucagon and epinephrine C. triiodothyronine and insulin D. epinephrine and calcitriol E. growth hormone and melatonin

A. cortisol and glucagon

Which of the following is the main mediator of blood pressure changes that occur due to changes in the diameter of blood vessels? A. norepinephrine B. acetylcholine C. human growth hormone D. glucagon E. thyroid hormones

A. norepinephrine

Alpha block _____. A. occurs when the person opens their eyes and attention is drawn to an object B. is caused by moving your head C. occurs during deep sleep D. is when the alpha wave pattern changes to theta wave pattern E. is a symptom of brain damage

A. occurs when the person opens their eyes

Sympathetic ganglia that lie some distance anterior to the spinal cord are called _____ ganglia. A. prevertebral B. frontal C. abdominal D. paravertebral E. terminal

A. prevertebral

A postganglionic neuron _____. A. releases neurotransmitter at the effector cell B. has myelinated axons C. is the first part of an autonomic motor pathway D. has its cell body in the brain or spinal cord E. has its axons exiting the CNS through cranial nerves

A. releases neurotransmitter at the effector cell

In the EEGs of children, _____ waves are normal and _____ waves are absent. A. theta, alpha B. delta, beta C. alpha, delta D. beta, theta E. alpha, theta

A. theta, alpha

The _____ was used in lab to conduct Weber's test. A. tuning fork B. ophthalmoscope C. otoscope D. More than one of the above. E. Do not choose this answer.

A. tuning fork

This lies between the lens and the retina. A. vitreous chamber B. pupil C. iris D. cornea E. aqueous chamber

A. vitreous chamber

The ciliary body is involved, directly or indirectly, in which of the following functions? 1. Accommodation 2. Aqueous humor production 3. Contributes to intraocular pressure 4. Provides nourishment to the lens and cornea 5. Vitreous humor production 6. Absorbs scattered light A. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 B. 1, 2, 3, 4 C. 2, 3, 4, 5 D. 2, 4, 6 E. 2, 5, 6

B. 1, 2, 3, 4

What is the normal range of blood calcium concentration? A. 1-3 mg/dl B. 9-11 mg/dl C. 40-45 mM D. 100-200 mM E. None of the above.

B. 9-11 mg/dl

Which of the following lists include only water-soluble hormones? A. aldosterone, cortisol, vasopressin, and corticotropin releasing hormone(CRH) B. ACTH, thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH), insulin, and oxytocin C. nitric oxide, insulin, oxytocin, and ACTH D. thyroxine, cortisol, calcitriol, and nitric oxide E. estrogen, glucagon, prolactin, and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

B. ACTH, thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH), insulin, and oxytocin

_____ occurs when a subject opens there eyes and devotes their attention to an object and the EEG rhythm changes to fast, irregular, shallow waves. A. Beta conversion B. Alpha block C. NREM D. An EEG flatline E. Nothing

B. Alpha block

Propranolol is used to treat hypertension. It has the following characteristics: A. It is an adrenergic receptor agonist. B. It decreases heart rate. C. It increases the force of contraction of the heart. D. All of the above. E. Only A and B.

B. It decreases heart rate.

The three hormones that promote protein synthesis are _____. A. epinephrine, T 3 , human growth hormone B. T 3 , insulin, IGFs C. human growth hormone, T 3 , glucagon D. human growth hormone, insulin, glucagon E. cortisol, insulin, epinephrine

B. T 3 , insulin, IGFs

Because the principal active ingredient in tobacco is nicotine, you might expect smoking to enhance the effects of: A. acetylcholine on parasympathetic visceral effectors. B. acetylcholine on any postganglionic neurons. C. norepinephrine on the heart and blood vessels. D. norepinephrine on the limbic system. E. norepinephrine on most sympathetic visceral effectors.

B. acetylcholine on any postganglionic neurons.

The middle ear includes the _____. A. tympanic membrane B. auditory ossicles C. auditory tube D. All of the above. E. Only B and C.

B. auditory ossicles

_____ high frequency waves in mentally active adults A. alpha B. beta C. delta D. theta

B. beta

Which type of receptor is present in the cardiac wall and responds to stimulation by the vagus nerve? A. nicotinic receptors B. muscarinicreceptors C. α 1 receptors D. β 1 receptors E. β 2 receptors

B. muscarinicreceptors

The part of the ear labeled X indicates the _____ and functions in _____. A. cochlea; maintaining equilibrium B. semicircular canals; maintaining equilibrium C. cochlea; hearing D. semicircular canals; hearing E. vestibule; maintaining equilibrium

B. semicircular canals; maintaining equilibrium

The output of the ANS does NOT control ___. A. exocrine glands B. skeletal muscle C. cardiac muscle D. smooth muscle E. endocrine glands

B. skeletal muscle

The cell bodies of sympathetic preganglionic neurons that regulate heart rate are located in ____. A. the heart B. the lateral gray horn of thoracic spinal cord segments C. the anterior roots of the spinal cord D. sympathetic trunk ganglia E. the medulla of the brain stem

B. the lateral gray horn of thoracic spinal cord segments

Which of the following parts of the internal ear transmits information about static equilibrium? A. the semicircular canals B. the vestibule C. auditory ossicles D. the cochlea E. spiral organ of Corti

B. the vestibule

Right now, hair cells in this structure are providing sensory input to the brain regarding the orientation of your head in space. This structure is the _____. A. spiral organ B. vestibule C. choroid D. semicircular canal E. cochlea

B. vestibule

The outermost layer of the adrenal cortex is called the _____ and secretes _____. A. zona reticularis; androgens B. zona glomerulosa; aldosterone C. zona fasciculate; cortisol D. zona reticularis; aldosterone E. zona glomerulosa; cortisol

B. zona glomerulosa; aldosterone

Which of the following occur when there is an increase in activity of the parasympathetic branch of the ANS? 1. slowing of heart rate 2. increased secretion of digestive enzymes 3. constriction of the pupils of the eyes 4. increased glycogenolysis A. 1, 2 B. 2, 3 C. 1, 2, 3 D. 2, 3, 4 E. 1, 2, 3, 4

C. 1, 2, 3

Place the following events in correct sequence to describe the effect of antidiuretic hormone on a kidney tubule cell. 1. Insertion of Aquaporin-2 in cell membrane 2. Production of c-AMP 3. Binding of ADH to integral membrane protein 4. Activation of specific protein kinases 5. Activation of G-protein A. 3, 1, 4, 2, 5 B. 3, 2, 4, 5, 1 C. 3, 5, 2, 4, 1 D. 5, 1, 2, 4, 3 E. 1, 4, 5, 2, 3

C. 3, 5, 2, 4, 1

A. calcitonin B. aldosterone C. ADH (antidiuretic hormone) D. ACTH (adrenocorticotrophic hormone) E. parathormone _____ 15. Released by the posterior pituitary

C. ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

_____ waves exhibit the lowest frequency of all of the brain waves at 3 cycles per second. A. Alpha B. Beta C. Delta D. Theta E. Do not choose this answer.

C. Delta

A patient has a tumor causing excessive production of parathyroid hormone (PTH). How will his body attempt to compensate for excessive amounts of PTH? A. His body will up regulate the receptors for PTH to become less sensitive to that hormone. B. His body will up regulate the receptors for PTH to become more sensitive to that hormone. C. His body will down regulate the receptors for PTH to become less sensitive to that hormone. D. His body will down regulate the receptors for PTH to become more sensitive to that hormone. E. His body will make hormone blockers to prevent PTH from binding to receptors.

C. His body will down regulate the receptors for PTH to become less sensitive to that hormone.

A patient suffers from hyperproduction of parathyroid hormone. A. His body will up-regulate the receptors for PTH to become less sensitive to that hormone. B. His body will up-regulate the receptors for PTH to become more sensitive to that hormone. C. His body will down-regulate the receptors for PTH to become less sensitive to that hormone. D. His body will down-regulate the receptors for PTH to become more sensitive to that hormone. E. His body will make hormone blockers that prevent PTH from binding to receptors.

C. His body will down-regulate the receptors for PTH to become less sensitive to that hormone.

Which of the following occurs during the fight- or-flight response? A. Increased constriction of the pupils of the eyes. B. Increased production of glycogen in the liver. C. Increased ATP production. D. Increased bronchoconstriction. E. Increased urine formation.

C. Increased ATP production.

Find the false statement. A. All somatic motor neurons release acetylcholine. B. The autonomic motor neuron pathway is a two neuron pathway. C. Skeletal muscles are effectors in the ANS. D. The somatic nervous system receives information from the special senses.

C. Skeletal muscles are effectors in the ANS.

_____ indicate frustration in adults and are normal in children. A. Alpha waves B. An absence of brain waves C. Theta waves D. Beta waves E. Delta waves

C. Theta waves

The autonomic nervous system neurotransmitters epinephrine and norepinephrine are also released by the _____ of the endocrine system. A. pancreatic islets B. adrenal cortex C. adrenal medulla D. parafollicular cells E. zona reticularis

C. adrenal medulla

The autonomic nervous system neurotransmitters epinephrine and norepinephrine are also released by the _____ of the endocrine system. A. zona reticularis B. adrenal cortex C. adrenal medulla D. pancreatic islets E. parafollicular cells

C. adrenal medulla

The hypophyseal portal veins connect the primary plexus in the hypothalamus with the secondary plexus in the _____ and contain high levels of _____. A. anterior pituitary; oxytocin and vasopressin B. posterior pituitary; oxytocin and vasopressin C. anterior pituitary; releasing and inhibiting hormones D. posterior pituitary; releasing and inhibiting hormones E. anterior pituitary; anterior pituitary hormones

C. anterior pituitary; releasing and inhibiting hormones

Calcitonin _____. A. is synthesized by the parathyroid glands B. acts primarily on osteoblasts C. decreases blood Ca 2+ levels D. acts synergistically with calcitriol E. directly up regulates PTH

C. decreases blood Ca 2+ levels

Phenylephrine, an alpha agonist, is used as a decongestant nasal spray because it _____. A. causes vasodilation B. narrows the airways C. dilates the airways D. Both A and B. E. Both A and C.

C. dilates the airways

When the ciliary muscle contracts, the lens becomes _____. A. rounder for focusing on a distant object B. flatter for focusing on a distant object C. rounder for focusing on a near object D. flatter for focusing on a near object E. Do not choose this answer.

C. rounder for focusing on a near object

Iodinated tyrosines are part of ____. A. thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) B. thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) C. thyroglobulin (TGB) D. thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) E. insulin-like growth factors

C. thyroglobulin (TGB)

Iodinated tyrosines are part of _____. A. thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) B. thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) C. thyroglobulin(TGB) D. thyrotropin releasing hormone(TRH) E. IGFs

C. thyroglobulin(TGB)

The ciliary body is involved, directly or indirectly, in which of the following functions? 1. Accommodation 2. Aqueous humor production 3. Contributes to intraocular pressure 4. Provides nourishment to the lens and cornea 5. Vitreous humor production 6. Absorbs scattered light A. 2, 4, 6 B. 2, 5, 6 C. 2, 3, 4, 5 D. 1, 2, 3, 4 E. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

D. 1, 2, 3, 4

Which of the following describes the central fovea? 1. Area of greatest visual acuity 2. Contains rods and cones 3. Contains only rods 4. Contain only cones 5. Region where the optic nerve and blood vessels exit the eye 6. Blind spot A. 1, 2, 5, 6 B. 1, 3, 6 C. 2, 5 D. 1, 4 E. 5, 6

D. 1, 4

Which of the following statements are TRUE regarding the releasing hormones of the hypothalamus? 1. They can be stored in the posterior pituitary. 2. They are released into a portal system to prevent dilution in the blood plasma. 3. They cause hypertrophy of their target tissues. 4. Their only target tissue is the anterior pituitary. 5. Their target tissues are in both the anterior and posterior pituitary. 6. They are produced by neurosecretory cells whose axon terminals are in the posterior pituitary. A. 1, 6 B. 1, 2, 4 C. 1, 3, 5, 6 D. 2, 4 E. 2, 3, 4, 5

D. 2, 4

A. calcitonin B. aldosterone C. ADH (antidiuretic hormone) D. ACTH (adrenocorticotrophic hormone) E. parathormone _____ 13. Its target tissue is the zona fasciculata.

D. ACTH (adrenocorticotrophic hormone)

A kidney transplant patient was put on a high dose of Prednisone. This will result in _____. A. more susceptibility to infections B. higher gluconeogenesis C. increased lipolysis D. All of the above. E. Only A and C.

D. All of the above

Prolonged stress causes an increase in blood pressure by _____. A. decreasing blood flow to kidneys B. increasing secretion of aldosterone C. increasing sodium and water retention D. All of the above E. Only B and C.

D. All of the above

During stress the body promotes the following activities: A. Protein breakdown B. Gluconeogenesis C. Lipolysis D. All of the above. E, Only A and C.

D. All of the above.

If an organ receives only sympathetic innervation, such as blood vessels, how is its function regulated? A. It can be regulated by changing the level of sympathetic stimulation it receives. B. It can be regulated by acetylcholine. C. It can be regulated by the somatic nervous system. D. All of the above. E. Only A and B.

D. All of the above.

Melatonin _____. A. is made by the pineal gland B. is derived from serotonin C. secretion is regulated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus D. All of the above. E. Only A and C.

D. All of the above.

The following situations will cause the release of insulin both directly and indirectly: A. An increase in blood glucose levels B. Release of human growth hormone C. Release of ACTH D. All of the above.

D. All of the above.

Which of the following are true regarding alpha brain waves? A. The alpha pattern can be slowed by high levels of CO 2 . B. They are absent in children under 8 years old. C. Appear in relaxed adults with eyes closed. D. All of the above. E. Only A and B.

D. All of the above.

Purdue pharmacologists have developed a new drug that blocks cortisol receptors so that endogenous cortisol cannot exert its normal effects. Which of the following would be an effect of this drug? A. Increased protein breakdown B. Increased gluconeogenesis C. Increased lipolysis D. No decrease in inflammation E. All of the above.

D. No decrease in inflammation A drug that limits cortisol's effects would not allow an increase in blood glucose, which is evident in other answers.

Which hormone listed below would most likely alter gene expression in its target cells? A. ADH B. oxytocin C. insulin D. T 3 E. glucagon

D. T3

In the EEG experiments performed in lab, we recorded _____ waves from the _____ and _____ regions of the brain. A. theta; temporal, parietal B. delta; occipital, frontal C. beta; parietal, occipital D. alpha; occipital, frontal E. alpha; parietal, occipital

D. alpha; occipital, frontal

Which of the following is an action of calcitonin hormone? A. stimulating osteoclasts in bone B. promoting reabsorption of filtered calcium by kidney tubule cells C. increasing synthesis of calcitriol D. building stronger bones E. enhancing resorption of bone

D. building stronger bones

Activation of β 2 receptors would _____. A. increase the heart rate B. increase secretions of GI tract organs C. constrict blood vessels in skeletal muscle tissue D. dilate the airways E. cause lipolysis in adipose tissue

D. dilate the airways

Albuterol, a beta agonist, is used as a treatment for asthma, because it _____. A. causes vasoconstriction B. causes vasodilation C. marrows the airways D. dilates the airways E. None of the above.

D. dilates the airways

The thyroid gland _____. A. lies above the kidneys B. contains follicular cells that secrete calcitonin C. contains parafollicular cells that secrete T 3 /T 4 D. helps regulate metabolism and Ca 2+ levels E. is embedded within the parathyroid gland

D. helps regulate metabolism and Ca 2+ levels

The major control and integration center for the autonomic nervous system is the _____. A. anterior pituitary B. posterior pituitary C. superior cervical ganglion D. hypothalamus E. parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex

D. hypothalamus

The major control center for the endocrine system is the _____. A. anterior pituitary B. posterior pituitary C. superior cervical ganglion D. hypothalamus E. parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex

D. hypothalamus

The only hormone that promotes synthesis of glycogen, proteins, and triglycerides is _____. A. epinephrine B. T3 C. human growth hormone D. insulin E. cortisol

D. insulin

Which of the following neurotransmitters bind to autonomic receptors? A. nicotine and adrenaline B. muscarine and acetylcholine C. norepinephrine and muscarine D. norepinephrine and acetylcholine E. somatin and nicotine

D. norepinephrine and acetylcholine

Sympathetic ganglia that lie parallel to the spinal cord are called _____ ganglia. A. prevertebral B. frontal C. abdominal D. paravertebral E. terminal

D. paravertebral

A pharmaceutical company has developed five new molecules that bind to receptors on neurons. Which of these would be the best candidate for a new medication to stop excessive perspiration? A. product 115: binds to β 2 receptors, blocks effects of norepinephrine B. product 230: binds to β 1 receptors, mimics effects of norepinephrine C. product 345: binds to nicotinic receptors, mimics effects of acetylcholine D. product 460: binds to muscarinic receptors; blocks effects of acetylcholine E. product 575: binds to α 1 receptors, blocks effects of norepinephrine

D. product 460: binds to muscarinic receptors; blocks effects of acetylcholine

Which of the below structures converts vibrations to action potentials? A. cochlea B. pinna C. tympanic membrane D. spiral organ of Corti E. vestibulocochlear nerve

D. spiral organ of Corti

In general (ignoring any exceptions), all of the following neurons release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine EXCEPT _____. A. somatic motor neurons B. parasympathetic preganglionic neurons C. sympathetic preganglionic neurons D. sympathetic postganglionic neurons E. parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

D. sympathetic postganglionic neurons

_____ normally found in awake children A. alpha B. beta C. delta D. theta

D. theta

The hypothalamus regulates the following: A. body temperature B. salt intake C. emergency responses D. winter attire E. All of the above

E. All of the above

Where do sympathetic preganglionic neurons synapse with postganglionic neurons? A. In the first ganglion they enter. B. In a prevertebral ganglion C. In a higher or lower ganglion D. In the adrenal medulla. E. All of the above are correct.

E. All of the above are correct.

ADH _____. A. is also called vasopressin B. inhibits loss of water via urination C. decreases loss of water via perspiration D. helps regulate blood pressure E. All of the above.

E. All of the above.

Glycogenolysis is stimulated by _____. A. cortisol and glucagon B. glucagon and norepinephrine C. triiodothyronine and insulin D. epinephrine and calcitriol E. Both A and B.

E. Both A and B.

A person who has a hypersecreting tumor of the parathyroid gland would probably _____. A. tend to form calcium containing kidney stones B. have hypocalcemia C. exhibit demineralization of his bones D. Both A and B. E. Both A and C.

E. Both A and C.

The circadian clock _____. A. is located in the supraoptic nucleus B. is located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus C. has receptors for melatonin D. Both A and C are true. E. Both B and C are true.

E. Both B and C are true.

Which of the following statements about autocrine substances is correct? A. They travel through blood to target cells. B. Helper T cells can produce them. C. Interleukin 2 is an example of an autocrine substance. D. All of the above. E. Both B and C.

E. Both B and C.

Hypoglycemia stimulates the release of _____. A. glucagon B. GHRH C. insulin D. All of the above. E. Only A and B

E. Only A and B

Which of the following are true of the autonomic nervous system? A. It operates via reflex arcs. B. It controls contractions of smooth and cardiac muscle and secretion by many glands. C. It functions independently, without control from the central nervous system. D. All of the above. E. Only A and B are correct.

E. Only A and B are correct.

Cholera toxin acts by _____. A. keeping the G protein in the activated state B. increasing the concentration of cAMP C. causing the Ca + pump to pump out more Ca + D. All of the above. E. Only A and B are true.

E. Only A and B are true.

How can hormone secretion be regulated? A. By the nervous system. B. By other hormones. C. By changes in blood composition. D. All of the above. E. Only A and B.

E. Only A and B.

The binding of Norepinephrine to β 1 receptors _____. A. will cause the heart rate to go up B. will increase the strength of contraction of the heart C. will dilate coronary blood vessels D. All of the above. E. Only A and B.

E. Only A and B.

Which of the following hormones is effective when taken orally? A. estrogen B. cortisone C. insulin D. All of the above. E. Only A and B.

E. Only A and B.

The hypothalamus _____. A. is a link between the endocrine and the nervous systems B. produces oxytocin and aldosterone C. regulates the anterior pituitary gland via releasing and inhibiting hormones D. All of the above. E. Only A and C.

E. Only A and C.

Thyroid hormone _____. A. stimulates synthesis of Na+/K+ ATPase B. promotes glycogenesis C. promotes cholesterol excretion D. All of the above. E. Only A and C.

E. Only A and C.

The following events happen in the thymus gland during T cell maturation: A. T cells migrate there from the lymph node. B. The self recognizing T cells are destroyed. C. Other T cells mature which recognize thousands of antigens D. All of the above. E. Only B and C.

E. Only B and C.

Accommodation _____. A. occurs when viewing an object that is close to you B. causes the lens to become more flat C. is when the ciliary muscles relax allowing the lens to become rounder D. More than one of the above is correct. E. Only one of the above is correct.

E. Only one of the above is correct.

What are the main target cells of the hormone glucagon? A. neurons B. adipocytes C. the pancreatic islet cells D. somatotrophs in the anterior pituitary E. hepatocytes

E. hepatocytes

Parasympathetic stimulation of the liver will cause _____, whereas sympathetic stimulation will cause _____. A. gluconeogenesis; glucose release B. glycogen synthesis; glycogenolysis C. glucose release; glycogen synthesis D. glycogen synthesis, glucose release E. no effect; glucose release

E. no effect; glucose release

A. calcitonin B. aldosterone C. ADH (antidiuretic hormone) D. ACTH (adrenocorticotrophic hormone) E. parathormone _____ 14. Increases blood Ca 2+ levels

E. parathormone

Hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones enter the bloodstream by diffusing into the _____. A. posterior hypophyseal veins B. middle cerebral artery C. hypophyseal portal veins D. secondary plexus E. primary plexus

E. primary plexus

Which of the following would be an effect of phenylephrine, an alpha agonist? A. increased sweating B. increased heart rate C. constriction of the pupils of the eyes D. decreased heart rate E. vasoconstriction

E. vasoconstriction