Biology 6.1 and 6.2 Quiz Review

primary succession

occurs on bare rock without life such as lichens, occurs after a volcano erupts or a glacier retreats

secondary succession

often follows human disturbances, such as logging or farming, occurs where pieces of the old community remain, the faster of the two processes

parasitism, mutualism, commensalism

A flea and dog are an example of __________ , because the flea irritates the dog's skin and feeds on its blood. Certain bacteria live in the digestive tract of humans, and their relationship is an example of __________ because the bacteria help humans to break down the food they eat. Cattle egrets eat insects off the back of an elephant, which is an example of ____________ because the cattle egrets benefit without either harming or helping the elephants.

A. a grasslands ecosystem, very similar to the original

A wildfire burns a region of a healthy grasslands ecosystem. Which climax community will MOST LIKELY arrive in the burned region due to ecological succession? A. a grasslands ecosystem, very similar to the original B. a community of pioneer species, such as lichens C. a grasslands ecosystem of plants only, without animals D. a patchwork of grasslands, hardwood forest, and other ecosystems

A. The populations of many species increase and decrease in a similar pattern as the alligator.

Alligators are predators that live in the Florida Everglades. A scientist is using a computer model to determine whether the alligator is a keystone species in the Everglades. The graph shows the population of alligators in one of the computer simulations.The simulation also provides data for many other Everglades species. Which of these results would provide the strongest evidence that the alligator is a keystone species? A. The populations of many species increase and decrease in a similar pattern as the alligator. B. The populations of many species are always increasing, regardless of the changes to the alligator population. C. The populations of many species are always decreasing, regardless of the changes to the alligator population. D. The populations of other species are staying about the same, regardless of the changes to the alligator population.

habitat, niche, tolerance

Fungi, many birds, and a wide variety of insects all share the __________ of a tree in the forest. Part of the ______ of the fungi is to obtain energy from dead organic matter, such as dead wood. Temperatures above 0°C and sufficient water in the environment help define the range of _________ for fungi

C. The farmland is undergoing secondary succession, which may or may not restore the original climax community.

Horatio is studying an abandoned farm in his community. The land of the farm once supported fields of corn, beans, and spinach, as well as pastures for cattle and sheep. Today, the farmland is covered in a variety of grasses, shrubs, and small trees, and is home to rabbits, gophers, and other small animals.The evidence most strongly supports which of the following conclusions? A. The farmland is undergoing primary succession, which eventually will restore the original climax community. B. The farmland is undergoing secondary succession, which eventually will restore the original climax community. C. The farmland is undergoing secondary succession, which may or may not restore the original climax community. D. The farmland has undergone primary succession, and is now a stable climax community.

A. Only one population will thrive; the other population will decrease to zero.

In a science experiment, equal-sized populations of two species of earthworms are placed in a terrarium filled with soil. Abiotic factors such as temperature and water supply are kept constant in the terrarium, as is food in the form of bread scraps. The population of each species is observed and counted each day.In agreement with the competitive exclusion principle, what is the MOST LIKELY outcome of the experiment over time? A. Only one population will thrive; the other population will decrease to zero. B. Both populations will reach the same size, which is the carrying capacity of the terrarium for earthworms. C. One population will be about twice the size of the other. D. Both populations will reach the same size, which is about half the carrying capacity of the terrarium for earthworms.

C. Secondary succession may not restore the original climax community when the soil structure and microbiome is damaged.

Julie is studying the clearing of tropical rain forests in Brazil. The land is being cleared for farming, but the poor quality of the soil limits the productivity of the farms. Julie is trying to evaluate the claim that if one of the new farms is abandoned, an ecosystem that is similar to the original rain forest will return to the land.Which statement is MOST useful for Julie to cite in her evaluation of this claim? A. Secondary succession always restores the original climax community. B. Primary succession always restores the original climax community. C. Secondary succession may not restore the original climax community when the soil structure and microbiome is damaged. D. Primary succession never restores the original climax community, due to the local extinction of the original species.

D. Earthworms that tolerate low pH become more common in the population.

Soil pH is a measure of the acid content of the soil. The graph shows the tolerance of earthworms to soil pH.In a meadow where earthworms live in the soil, the pH gradually decreases from the optimum range into the zone of stress. What is the MOST LIKELY effect on the earthworm population? A. The size of the earthworm population increases, but otherwise the population is unchanged. B. The size of the earthworm population decreases, but otherwise the population is unchanged. C. Earthworms that tolerate high pH become more common in the population. D. Earthworms that tolerate low pH become more common in the population.

C. The animal communities become larger in population size and more diverse over time.

The diagram shows the communities of plants during a process of secondary succession. The process leads to a climax community of a forest of oaks, hickory, and other hardwood trees.What BEST describes the communities of animals that occur during this process? A. The animal communities remain about the same, and do not undergo succession. B. The animal communities become smaller in population size and less diverse over time. C. The animal communities become larger in population size and more diverse over time. D. The animal communities become larger in population size and keep the same diversity over time.

ecological succession, pioneer species

The somewhat-predictable series of changes to ecosystems over time is called __________ ____________. The first species to colonize barren areas are called _________ species, and may include lichens and some grasses.

C. Deer eat the stems of plants without thorns, allowing plants with thorny stems to thrive.

Which is an example of herbivory affecting an ecosystem? A. Tall trees block the sunlight from reaching plants on the forest floor. B. Coyotes catch slow-moving rabbits, but not the faster rabbits. C. Deer eat the stems of plants without thorns, allowing plants with thorny stems to thrive. D. Fungi break down dead organic matter, which returns nutrients to the soil.

B. ability to grow on hard, barren rock

Which property distinguishes pioneer species from those that arrive later in ecological succession? A. ability to grow very quickly B. ability to grow on hard, barren rock C. ability to grow in loose, wet soil D. defenses against herbivory

D. Tapeworms live inside a goat's body in a close relationship with the goat.

Yasmine states that tapeworms are common parasites of goats. Walter claims that the relationship between a tapeworm and goat should be classified as predator and prey. Which fact about tapeworms and goats is MOST useful for Yasmine to cite to refute Walter's claim? A. Tapeworms get their energy from food that they obtain from goats. B. Tapeworms benefit from their relationship with goats. C. Goats do not benefit from their relationship with tapeworms. D. Tapeworms live inside a goat's body in a close relationship with the goat.