Biology: 8.1 Energy and Life Study Guide

True or False: Autotrophs do not need to eat food because they make food.

True

True or False: It is more efficient for cells to keep only a small supply of ATP on hand.

True

True or False: No organism can creat energy -organisms can only use energy from other sources.

True

What happens during the process of photosynthesis?

In the process of photosynthesis, plants convert the energy of sunlight into chemical energy stored in the bonds of carbohydrates.

How much ATP do cells contain and where do cells regenerate ATP?

Cells contain only a small amount of ATP at any one-time. They regenerate ATP from ADP as they need it, using energy stored in food.

How do cells store and release energy?

Cells store energy by adding a phosphate group to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) molecules. Cells release energy from ATP molecules by subtracting a phosphate group.

What are consumers?

Heterotrophs are consumers.

Define heterotrophs and give examples

Heterotrophs are organisms that obtain energy from the food they eat. Examples: cheetahs, hares, and mushrooms.

How do heterotrophs obtain energy? How is this different from how autotrophs obtain energy?

Heterotrophs obtain energy from consuming other living organisms whereas autotrophs obtain energy from the sun. Autotrophs do not eat food because they make their own food.

How much ATP do most cells store?

Most cells only store enough ATP for a few seconds of activity.

Define heterotroph and give examples

Organisms also known as "consumers" that obtain energy by consuming other organisms (living things). Some heterotrophs get their food by eating plants such as grasses (example: Cows and hares). Other heterotrophs obtain food from plants indirectly by feeding on plant-eating animals (example: cheetah) . Still other heterotrophs obtain food by absorbing nutrients from decomposing organisms in the environment. (Example: mushrooms)

Define energy

Energy is the ability to work

Which part of the structure depicted in the image contains important bonds that store energy?

three phosphate groups

Which part of the structure depicted in the image is a type of sugar?

Ribose

Visual Analogy: Describe the concepts shown in the diagram.

When a phosphate group breaks off an ATP molecule, the remaining ADP molecule stores very little energy. When a phosphate group is added to ADP, the resulting ATP molecule stores a great deal more energy., like a recharged or new battery.

Define obtain

Obtain is a verb and means "to get" or "to gain". Example: Organism must obtain energy in order to carry out life functions.

What are the two different types of autotrophs and which one is more common on our planet?

Photoautotrophs and chemoautotrophs. Photoautotrophs are more common on our planet because they use sunlight as a source of energy by photosynthesis. Chemoautotrophs use chemicals as a source of energy and are found only near vents on the ocean floor.

Define photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is the process by which photoautotrophs convert light energy into chemical energy. It is the process by which autotrophs use the energy of the sunlight to produce high-energy carbohydrates - sugar and starches- that can be used as food.

How do photosynthetic organisms convert the sun's energy into chemical energy?

Photosynthetic organisms use the energy in sunlight to make sugars that store chemical energy. Light-dependent reactions use light to produce high-energy electrons that are used to make energy carriers (Example: ATP and NADPH). Light-independent reactions use the energy carriers to make food molecules.

Define ribose

Ribose is a 5-carbon sugar molecule that is part of an ATP molecule.

Big Idea: Suppose you ate a hamburger on a kaiser roll with lettuce, tomatoes, pickles, and onions for lunch. Yum! As you ate, you took in food molecules from plants and animals, Please explain why all the energy in the food molecules of this hamburger could be traced back to the sun.

The bread, lettuce, tomatoes, pickles, and onions in a hamburger all come from plants. The food molecules in those plants were made as a result of the process of photosynthesis, using the energy in sunlight. The hamburger meat comes from a cow, which ate grass and other plants to obtain food. The cow made the molecules in the meat by using the energy in the food molecules from the plants, which originally came from the sun.

What are two ways in which cells use the energy temporarily stored in ATP?

1. Active transport 2. Cell movements of cilia and flagella 3. Powering bioluminescience (blink of a firefly) 4. Making proteins and other macromolecules

Visual analogy: What are two ways in which the diagram shows an increase in energy? (See diagram)

A brighter flashlight beam and a sunburst background represent energy.

How does ADP get converted to ATP?

ADP converts to ATP by adding a phosphate group as needed by using the energy in sugars and starches also known as high-energy carbohydrates.

Explain how ADP and ATP are each like a battery. Which one is "partially charged" and which one is "fully charged"? Why?

ADP is like a partially charged battery. ADP can store more energy. In the case of ADP, when a third phosphate group is added, it stores this energy in the form of a chemical bond. ATP is a fully charged battery. ATP can release energy when the bond between the second and third phosphate groups is broken,

Why is ATP useful to cells?

ATP can easily release and store energy by breaking and re-forming the bonds between its phosphate groups. This characteristic of ATP makes it exceptionally useful as a basic energy source for all cells.

How does the structure of ATP make it an ideal source of energy for the cell?

ATP can easily release and store energy by breaking and re-forming the bonds between its phosphate groups. This characteristic of ATP makes it exceptionally useful as a basic source for all cells.

What is ATP and what is its role in the cell?

ATP consists of adenine, a 5-carbon sugar called ribose, and three (3) phosphate groups. ATP is a chemical compound cells use to store and release energy. ATP provides the energy that keeps the sodium-potassium pump working, maintaining a carefully regulated balance of sodium ions (Na+) and potassium ions (K+) on both sides of the cell membrane, synthesizes proteins and responses to chemical signals at the cell surface, produces light (example: the blink of a firefly comes from an enzyme that is powered by ATP).

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

ATP consists of adenine, a 5-carbon sugar called ribose, and three phosphate groups. ATP is a chemical compound cells use to store and release energy.

Which molecule has a higher potential energy, ADP or ATP?

ATP has a higher potential energy because it has three phosphate groups whereas ADP has two phosphate groups.

When does ATP release energy?

ATP releases energy when it breaks bonds between its phosphate groups.

Label each part of the pictured diagram of an ATP molecule.

Adenine( green), ribose(gray), three phosphate groups(blue)

Visual Analogy: what chemical is represented by the low battery? (See diagram)

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) represents a low battery, which has been discharged.

What is the main chemical compound cells use for energy?

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the main chemical compound cells use for energy.

Define autotroph and give examples

Autotrophs are organisms that can make their own food. Examples: grass, algae, and some bacteria.

Define autotrophs and give examples.

Autotrophs are organisms that make their own food using an external source of energy. Most autotrophs use sunlight as a source of energy and are known as photoautotrophs. Examples of autotrophs: Algae, certain bacteria, grasses and plants.

What are primary producers?

Autotrophs are primary producers.

How do organisms store energy?

Cells store in energy in macromolecules. Cells store energy mostly in the form of food molecules such as glucose. They briefly store small amounts of energy from food molecules in ATP molecules.

What cellular structures and molecules are involved in photosynthesis?

Chloroplasts are where photosynthesis occurs in eukaryotic cells. Molecules of chlorophyll absorb light. Molecules of ATP and NADP+ are also involved in photosynthesis, which uses molecules of water and carbon dioxide to make carbohydrates.

How do cells use the energy provided by adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?

Energy provided by ATP is used in active transport, to contract muscles, to make proteins, power wavelike movement of cilia and flagella, responses to chemical signals at the cell surface, and keeps the sodium-potassium pump working.

True or False: The energy in food originally came from ATP.

False: the energy originally came from the sun.

True or False: The term photosynthesis means" pulling apart with light" in Greek.

False: the term photosynthesis means putting together with light in Greek.

Energy is needed to add a third phosphate group to ADP to make ATP. What is a cell's source of this energy?

Food molecules such as sugars provide energy for making ATP.

What are other example of heterotrophs (consumers)?

Herbivores, omnivores, detritivores, carnivores, scavengers, and decomposers (mushrooms are fungi).

What is the hey to ATP's ability to store and supply energy?

The phosphate groups of ATP are the key to its ability to store and supply energy

Recall that energy flows and that nutrients cycle through the biosphere. How does the process of photosynthesis impact both the flow of energy and the cycling of nutrients?

The process of photosynthesis impacts both the flow of energy and the cycling of nutrients through primary producers also known as autotrophs which are the first producers of energy-rich compounds that are later used by other organisms. Primary producers are essential to the flow of energy through the biosphere. Autotrophs (self feeders) use chemical or solar energy to produce "food" by assembling inorganic compounds into complex organic molecules. Energy and nutrients move through ecosystems from primary producers (autotrophs) to various consumers (heterotrophs) through feeding relationships. Feeding relationships often don't express the real complexity of nature because organisms do not stay inside the tidy categories ecologists have placed heterotrophs in. Feeding relationships within food webs are more complicated because heterotrophs eat more than one kind of food. (Example: most producers (autotrophs) die without being eaten. Decomposers convert dead material to detritus, which is eaten by detritivores( heterotrophs) and at the same time the decomposition process releases nutrients that can be used by primary producers (autotrophs).

What is the ultimate source of energy for plants?

The sun is the ultimate source of energy for plants through a process called photosynthesis.

True or False: ATP is a great molecule for transferring energy, it is not a good one for for storing large amounts of energy over the long term.

True

True or False: ATP is the basic energy source used by all types of cells.

True

True or False: All animals obtain the chemical energy they need from the food they consume.

True

True or False: All heterotrophs must eat food to get energy.

True

True or False: Photosynthesis comes from the Greek words photo, meaning "light" and synthesis, meaning "putting together". Therefore photosynthesis means "using light to put something together."

True

True or False: The energy of sunlight is stored in the chemical bonds of carbohydrates.

True