Biology

Commensalism

A relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected

Parasitism

A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed

5. Which statement best describes how organisms use DNA and amino acids to synthesize a protein?

A. DNA is transcribed into mRNA, which is translated by the ribosome to produce an amino acid chain.

11. How does a mitochondrion facilitate the movement of some materials between cells?

A. It supplies the energy needed for moving molecules through membranes.

12. Plants are dependent on water. In most plants, water is absorbed by the roots and then moves up the stem of the plant and into the leaves by capillary action. Which properties of water are most responsible for the capillary action in plants?

A. adhesion and cohesion

12. Horizontal gene transfer can occur naturally in the wild but can also be accomplished in a laboratory setting. Which laboratory procedure most closely resembles the process of HGT?

A. inserting DNA from a bacterium into a corn plant

7. Two closely related shrimp species have habitats and niches that partially overlap. Which factor most likely caused the divergence of the shrimp into separate species?

A. reproductive isolation

4. Which property of water is most responsible for plants being able to transport water from their roots to their leaves?

A. the attraction between molecules

Telophase

After the chromosome separates, the cell seals off, Final Phase of Mitosis.

Predation

An interaction in which one organism kills another for food.

1. Which of the following is essential to proper functioning of all prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms?

B. ATP

6. Which process best describes the assembly of proteins from amino acids?

B. Monomers are linked to form a polymer.

8. Each cell in the human body contains thousands of different enzymes responsible for regulating reactions within the cell. Which statement explains why a single enzyme is unable to regulate a variety of reactions?

B. The binding of a substrate and an enzyme is specific.

7. Which statement best compares a carbohydrate and a nucleic acid?

B. The bonds in a carbohydrate store energy, and the sequence of nucleotides in a nucleic acid stores genetic information.

10. Which statement best describes a function of the proteins embedded in the plasma membrane of cells?

B. They selectively allow certain particles into and out of the cell.

3. Lungs and capillaries both have porous linings that allow certain substances to move into or out of the structures. Which function do these porous linings most likely serve in living organisms?

B. gas exchange

9. Which sequence best orders ecological categories from the one with the fewest number of individuals to the one with the greatest number of individuals?

B. population, community, ecosystem, biome

3. Which statement best explains how organisms accomplish passing on traits to their offspring?

C. Traits are inherited by the transfer of genetic material from parent to offspring.

Energy pyramids describe food and energy relationships within an ecosystem. Which factor most likely limits the number of levels an energy pyramid can have?

C. energy loss between each level of organisms

Explain why the backbone of large macromolecules is made of carbon atoms rather than hydrogen atoms.

Carbon is able to form more bonds

Interphase

Cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division; consists of G1, S, and G2 phases

4. During a cell division cycle, chromosome segments from two homologous chromosomes exchange places. Which result is most likely to occur following this cycle?

D. A change in gene location will occur on both chromosomes.

5. The element carbon has multiple bonding patterns. Which bonding pattern cannot be formed by carbon?

D. C≡C≡C

2. Before cellular division, the cell must duplicate its DNA so that daughter cells will contain complete copies of the DNA. Which characteristic of DNA makes it most suitable as a molecule for this role?

D. DNA is made of two strands of complementary nucleotides.

2. Which statement best compares eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells?

D. Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles, and prokaryotic cells do not.

11. Orchids living in tropical rainforests often grow on the branches of trees to access sunlight. The trees are not affected by the orchids. Which term best classifies the relationship between the orchids and the trees?

D. commensalism

13. What is the main purpose for initiating the production of folding helpers in a cell?

D. maintaining homeostasis

How are electrons are involved in the formation of biological macromolecules?

The same amount of protons and neutrons used is the same amount to the number of electrons used

Anaphase

after the process of metaphase, when replicated chromosomes are split and the newly-copied chromosomes are moved to opposite poles of the cell.

telokinesis

cytoplasm divides; cell wall forms in plant cells

Prophase

first and longest phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate and take up positions on the opposite sides of the nucleus

biotic factors

living parts of an ecosystem

abiotic factors

nonliving parts of an ecosystem

Evolution

the process of change over a long period of time

competition

the struggle between organisms to survive in a habitat with limited resources