Biology
Plasmids
A plasmid is a small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that is distinct from a cell's chromosomal DNA. Plasmids naturally exist in bacterial cells, and they also occur in some eukaryotes. Often, the genes carried in plasmids provide bacteria with genetic advantages, such as antibiotic resistance.
Electrophoresis
An electric current is used to separate DNA fragments according to the size of the fragments in a process called gel electrophoresis
Selective breeding
Breeding 2 animals for desired traits
Inbreeding
Breeding of two closely related organisms in order to have a pure bread
Genomes
Contain millions of nucleotides
Restrictive enzymes
Contain powerful defenses against viruses
EcoRI
EcoRI specifically cuts DNA containing the sequence GAATTC. The ends of the DNA fragments created by EcoRI are called sticky ends because they contain single-stranded DNA that is complementary.
Gene therapy
Gene therapy is an experimental technique that uses genes to treat or prevent disease. In the future, this technique may allow doctors to treat a disorder by inserting a gene into a patient's cells instead of using drugs or surgery.
Cloning
In biology, cloning is the process of producing similar populations of genetically identical individuals that occurs in nature when organisms such as bacteria, insects or plants reproduce asexually.
Role of mutatuions in breeding
Mutations allow for differences
Transformation
Process by which one type of bacterium takes up the DNA from another source
Plasmids
Small circular double stranded DNA molecules that occur naturally in bacteria and yeast cells
Human genome project
The Human Genome Project (HGP) was an international scientific research project with the goal of determining the sequence of chemical base pairs which make up human DNA, and of identifying and mapping all of the genes of the human genome from both a physical and functional standpoint.
Transgenic organisms
This process is also known as "genetic engineering." Genes of one species can be modified, or genes can be transplanted from one species to another. Genetic engineering is made possible by recombinant DNA technology. Organisms that have altered genomes are known as transgenic.
Hybridization
crossing parent organisms with different forms of a trait to produce offspring with specific traits results in hybrids
Genetic engineering
technology that involves manipulating the DNA of one organism in order to insert exogenous DNA (the DNA of another organism).