Biology C3

The chemical unit or building block of protein amino acid 2. Having two layers protein 3. A chemical substance coming from an organism cytokinesis 4. Rod-shaped structure contains the genes bilayer 5. Causes the separation of the cytoplasm biochemical 6. Segments of DNA contained on chromosomes polar 7. Blood sugar used by the cells in the production of energy genes 8. A group of biochemicals including DNA and RNA phospholipid 9. Makes up the plasma membrane together with protein glucose 10. Having slightly negative and positive charged ends chromosome 11. A long chain molecule made up of amino acids nucleic acid

1 11 5 2 3 10 6 9 7 4 8

Robert Hooke was the first to use the term to describe tiny compartments in the cork.

cell

higher salt concentration than inside the cell: lower salt concentration than inside the cell: same salt concentration as inside the cell: cell bursts: cell shrinks: cell stays the same: allows all substances to pass through: allows some substances to pass through; excludes others:

hypertonic solution hypotonic solution isotonic solution hypotonic solution hypertonic solution isotonic solution permeable membrane semipermeable membrane

Galileo used to examine the principles of lenses, thus improving on previous attempts at magnification.

math

kidney, heart, stomach, liver: amoeba, paramecium, euglena: colonial organisms: respiratory, digestive: groups of cells performing a common function: body systems working together for the good of the whole: muscle, fat, bone: organs grouped to perform a common process: tissues arranged into units to perform a function: algae, frog, rabbit:

organ cellular cellular system tissue organism tissue system organ organism

cell engulfs molecules in cell "drinking" molecules helped by protein, move insoluble molecules across plasma membrane molecules move in and out freely from high to low concentration cell engulfs microorganisms in cell "eating" molecules "pumped" in or out from low to high concentration oxygen, carbon dioxide transports sodium, potassium transports proteins, nucleic acids transports glucose, amino acids

pinocytosis facilitated diffusion passive diffusion phagocytosis active transport passive diffusion active transport pinocytosis facilitated diffusion

1. organisms at this level are either unicellular or colonial cellular level 2. work being divided up into specialized tasks division of labor 3. the limiting of the function of a cell to a specific function specialization 4. cells working together to perform a particular task tissue 5. a very, long contracting cell muscle fiber

1 2 3 4 5

1. sends message from brain to move up neuron 2. keeps tissues involved alive, provides oxygen for energy for motion erythrocyte 3. keeps the tissues involved free of disease muscle fiber 4. causes the actual contraction of muscles to raise leg leukocyte

1 2 4 3

1. supply the cell with energy (ATP) lysosomes 2 2. digest foods mitochondria 1 3. contain starch and oil or plant pigments plastids 3 4. store glucose as glycogen vacuoles

2 1 3 4

1. stable iso 2. same hypo 3. less than, low stasis 4. greater than, high hyper

2 3 1 4

ability to tell two points apart monocular 4 2. magnifies an object using light and lenses resolving power 1 3. magnifies using streams of electrons ocular lens 5 4. single body tube objective lens 7 5. lens found in the eyepiece optical microscope 2 6. two eyepieces binocular 6 7. magnifying lens closest to the specimen electron microscope

4 1 5 7 2 6 3

1. molecules helped by protein, move from high to low concentration active transport 2. cell engulfs particles in cell "eating" pinocytosis 3. transports oxygen, carbon dioxide phagocytosis 4. transports sodium, potassium passive diffusion 5. transports proteins, nucleic acids facilitated diffusion

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1. The maintenance of a constant internal body environment hypotonic 2. A higher salt concentration than inside the cell isotonic 3. A lower salt concentration than inside the cell semipermeable membrane 4. The same salt concentration as inside the cell homeostasis 5. Not having a charge or partial charge osmosis 6. The diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane hypertonic 7. Any molecule can pass through without hindrance permeable membrane 8. Allows some molecules to pass through but excludes others nonpolar

3 4 8 1 6 2 7 5

_____ was/were the first to carefully document observations of blood cells, sperm cells, and other microorganisms. Anton van Leeuwenhoek

_____, sixteenth century eyeglass maker(s), experimented with glass lenses and a tube and found that objects could be magnified greatly. Hans and Zaccharias Janssen

binocular Having two body tubes with corresponding eye pieces (bi = two, ocular = eye). bright-field microscope Microscope which creates a magnified image against a bright background. Most common variation of the light (optical) microscope. body tube The tube-like part of the microscope between the eyepiece and the objective. cell Basic unit of structure and function of a living organism. compound microscope Microscope which uses two or more lenses to create a magnified image. coverslip Small, thin sheet of glass placed over a specimen on a microscope slide to create a barrier between the specimen and the objective. Also helps to flatten the specimen to a consistent thickness before viewing. depression slide Microscope slides with an indentation in the middle to hold a drop of water or more liquid. dry-mount Specimen prepared for viewing on a microscope slide without the use of water or another liquid. electron microscope A microscope that uses beams of electrons instead of beams of light, of much higher power than an ordinary microscope. light microscope (optical) Microscope which focuses visible light through a series of lenses to create a magnified image. microorganisms Living organisms too small to see without the aid of a microscope. microscope slide Thin sheet of glass used to hold specimens for observation using a microscope. monocular (mono = one, ocular = eye) Having one body tube with a corresponding eyepiece. objective lens Magnifying lens closest to the specimen. The lower of two lenses on a compound microscope. ocular lens Magnifying lens in the eyepiece of a microscope. resolving power The ability to clearly distinguish between two points. scanning electron microscope Electron microscope capable of producing three dimensional images. staining Addition of a specific stain to a specimen to enhance the visibility of a specific structure before viewing it under a microscope. wet-mount Specimen prepared for viewing on a microscope slide using water or another liquid.

1

Place the order (First, Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth) next to the object in the order that it occurs in a microscope, beginning with the eye to the specimen on the stage. 1. First ocular lens 1 2. Second coverslip 5 3. Third revolving nosepiece 3 4. Fourth body tube 2 5. Fifth objective lens 4

1 5 3 2 4

1. production of needed energy mitochondrion 2. production of protein endoplasmic reticulum 3. production of ribosomes Golgi bodies 4. production of secretions ribosome 5. store foods or pigments nucleolus 6. tubes serving as transportation channels centrioles 7. form fibers to separate chromosomes evenly plastids 8. contain digestive enzymes lysosomes 9. contain genes for traits chromosomes

1 6 4 2 3 7 5 8 9

1. tiny structures which synthesize proteins ribosomes 2. round structure within the cell centrioles 3. contain genes with the information controlling cell Golgi bodies 4. produce and package cell secretions chromosomes 5. channel through which molecules move in cytoplasm nucleolus 6. produce the spindle fibers for cell division nucleus 7. produce r-RNA to make ribosomes endoplasmic reticulum

1 6 4 3 7 2 5

an outer covering of cells epidermis 2. controls what comes into and goes out of the cell cell wall 3. control center of the cell organismal theory 4. large storage structures cytoplasm 5. all cellular material outside the nucleus vacuole 6. functional plant or animal nucleus 7. each cell possesses a life of its own cell theory 8. outer covering around plant cell made of fibrous material plasma membrane 9. a functioning organism represents life nucleolus 10. small structure(s) within nucleus organism

1 8 9 5 4 3 7 2 10 6

1. An organism that only has one cell for its body organism 2. The basic unit of life according to the cell theory cell theory 3. The internal spherical structure in a cell which serves as the central control acellular organism 4. Serves to give strength and rigidity to the plant cell nucleus 5. The living substance of a cell, excluding the nucleus unicellular organism 6. The outer layer of cells of the stems, roots, and leaves of plants nucleolus 7. The stages of a plant or animal's life matter 8. Fluid filled sacs within the cytoplasm of a cell which are bound by a membrane vacuole 9. The semipermeable membrane surrounding the cell plasma membrane 10. An organism not divided into cells epidermis 11. That which occupies space and has mass organismal theory 12. They are thought to make r-RNA to construct the ribosomes cytoplasm 13. A functional plant or animal cell wall 14. The basic unit of life is the organism itself slime mold 15. A type of protist which has a stage in its life cycle when it is not divided into cells cell 16. The basic unit of life is the cell life cycle

13 16 10 3 1 12 11 8 9 6 14 5 4 15 2 7

1. The intercellular material that holds plant cells together mother cell 2. A septum which forms to separate the two new plant cells endoplasmic reticulum 3. Material which makes up the structure of the cell wall chlorophyll 4. play a role in the formation of the spindle during cell division cleavage furrow 5. Serves to trap the sun's energy for photosynthesis cellulose 6. A packet of chlorophyll arranged in stacks within a plant cell chloroplast 7. The pinching in of the animal cell during cell division Golgi bodies 8. The new cells resulting from the division of the mother cell secretion 9. channels for transporting molecules within the cell meiosis 10. The reproductive cells in sexual reproduction mitosis 11. Involved in producing and packaging secretions cell cement 12. The process involving the division of the nucleus in a reproductive cell gametes 13. The process involving the division of the nucleus of a body cell spindle 14. The cell that is about to undergo binary fission cell plate 15. Makes up the structure of the ribosomes daughter cell 16. Substances produced by the Golgi bodies centrioles 17. The fibers which direct the even distribution of chromosomes r-RNA

14 9 5 7 3 6 11 16 12 13 1 10 17 2 8 4 15

1. a dog being dragged into a bathtub against its will passive diffusion 2. a child eating a doughnut pinocytosis 3. a dog pulled on a wagon through a spring loaded door active transport 4. a woman drinking tea facilitated diffusion 5. a crowded roomful of people gradually standing up, wandering around, and leaving the room phagocytosis

5 4 1 3 2

1. Organisms in this level are either unicellular or colonial. organ 2. Organisms that live in a group called a colony muscle fiber 3. The work being divided up into specialized tasks cellular level 4. A very long, contracting cell organ level 5. A group of tissues working together as a unit colonial 6. A degree of organism complexity. Organisms at this level have their cells arranged into organs. system 7. The highest level of complexity of a living thing organism level 8. The limiting of the function of a cell to a specific function tissue 9. A group of organs working together for a common purpose tissue level 10. Organisms at this level have their cells arranged into systems specialization 11. Cells working together to perform a particular task system level 12. Organisms at this level have their cells arranged into tissues. division of labor

5 4 1 6 2 9 7 11 12 8 10 3

1. Chain molecule made of many glucose molecules linked together lactic acid 2. It serves as an energy source for the cell fermentation 3. A molecule which serves to make reactions work pyruvic acid 4. Involves the production of ethyl alcohol from glucose plastid 5. A process in green plants which involves the use of the sun's energy enzyme 6. The first step in the chemical breakdown of glucose adenosine triphosphate 7. The substance produced by body cells when there is not enough oxygen photosynthesis 8. The end product of glycolysis in the breakdown of glucose organelle 9. Tiny sacs in the cell which may contain starch adenosine diphosphate 10. Converted into ATP during glucose breakdown glycolysis 11. Packets within the cell cytoplasm that contain digestive enzymes mitochondria 12. Structure within the cell responsible for the production of energy glycogen 13. A small structure within the cell which serves specialized functions lysosome

7 4 8 9 3 2 5 13 10 6 12 1 11

1. food vacuoles and lysosome cell wall 2. all cellular material outside the nucleus Golgi bodies 3. transportation routes in cell ribosome 4. phagocytosis endoplasmic reticulum 5. ribosome production digestion 6. production of protein centrioles 7. passive diffusion ingestion 8. produce and package secretions cellular respiration 9. plant cell cytoplasm 10. spindle production for cell division nucleolus

9 8 6 3 1 10 4 7 2 5

Very little has changed in the structure of light microscopes since the 1840's, when an American, _____, was able to significantly improve the quality of the magnified images with his microscopes. Charles Spencer

The electron microscope was invented in Germany during the 1930's by Max Knott and Ernst Ruska

no cell wall, only plasma membrane: no large vacuole, only small ones: no chlorophyll or chloroplasts: cell plate and no centrioles in cell division: cleavage furrow plus centrioles in cell division: presence of cell wall: large hypertonic vacuole: chloroplasts and plastids:

animal cell animal cell animal cell plant cell animal cell plant cell plant cell plant cell