Biology - Carbohydrates, Lipids and Proteins

The shape of proteins is critical to their function proteins can be _______ which destroys their shape and function. How?

denatured Agents of denaturization: Heat pH changes metals

Four Functions of Lipids

1.) Long term energy storage - lipids have twice the storage capacity of carbohydrates 2.) Insulation (fat) 3.) Waterproofing (wax) 4.) "Compartmentalization" of organism's cells (phospholipid membrane.)

Typical polypeptide chain consists of __(#)___ amino acids.

10 to 30

Carbohydrate molecular structure (ratio) _________

1:2:1 Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen (C6H12O6 is Glucose)

There are____ known amino acids that may be used to construct proteins. The _______ is what makes them different. Are all synthesized by the bodies cells?

20 R group No. Certain (9) essential amino acids must come from diet.

Proteins have a highly ____________ structure which allow them to perform different roles Example:

3 dimensional Hemoglobin: Sickle cell anemia - protein is the wrong shape.

What is a fatty acid? (composition)

A hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group on the end. (non-polar) (polar)

What is a polymer?

A large molecule consisting of multiple monomers (strung together.)

What is gycerol? (composition)

A molecule made up of a hydrocarbon chain and three hydroxyl groups. (-OH) "Sugar Alcohol" "Glycerine"

Why is the presence of an enzyme import for hydrolysis. Old representation of an enzyme? Contemporary representation?

Adding water is not sufficient to start the reaction. Must be catalyzed by an enzyme. Lock and key - very rigid - "Pacman" Induced Fit - More flexible

Proteins: Monomer? _____________ Linkage? _____________ Examples? _______________

Amino Acids Peptide bonds Structural Proteins, Enzymes

Functional Group: (-NH2) ________ Found in _____?

Amino Group. Found in Amino Acids. (Make up Proteins)

What is a macromolecule?

An extremely large molecule often consisting of thousands or hundreds of thousands of atoms.

What are the four main types of organic macromolecules associated with living organisms?

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins and Nucleic Acids.

Organic molecules are made up of _______ atoms with ________ and functional groups.

Carbon, Hydrogen

Functional Group: (-COOH) _________ Found in___?

Carboxyl Group, Found in Fatty Acids, Amino Acids.

What are the four main types of functional groups found in organic molecules?

Carboxyl, Hydroxyl, Amino and Phosphate

What is an isomer?

Compounds that have the same molecular formula (# and type of atoms) but a different structural formula. (same composition, different shape.) (e.g. glucose and fructose) May change chemical properties (Butane and Isobutane)

What is a monounsaturated fatty acid?

Has one double carbon bond (and only one) Molecule is "bent." Doesn't stack. Liquid at room temperature. (plant fat)

What does the term "amphipathic" mean? Example?

Having both polar and non-polar ends. Phospholipids are amphipathic

Glucose + Glucose becomes __________ ? What type of bond ___________ ?

Maltose (+ H2O) (Found in beer) Glycosidic

Four Levels of Protein Structure:

Primary structure (1°) Secondary structure (2°) Tertiary structure (3°) Quaternary structure (4°)

What is the function of waxes:

Protective covering Can aid in water conservation Defense from invaders (ear wax) Waterproofing

Importance of Functional Groups: eg: Ethane is a hydrocarbon, a gas, is non-polar and is hydrophobic. What happens if you add a hydroxyl group?

You get Ethenol which is a liquid, is polar and hydrophillic

Waxes are composed of ____________.

a single fatty acid and a long chain alcohol The most non-polar/hydrophobic of all lipids.

Amino acid - the monomer of proteins- composed of ?

a single hydrocarbon, with an amino group and a carboxyl group, with a variable side chain.

The suffix "ine" indicate a(an) _____________ .

amino acid

Proteins are organic molecules that are formed from polymers of ____________ .

amino acids

What are Glycoproteins What do they do?

macromolecules made of a combination of proteins and carbohydrates - form cell receptors which receive signals from outside the cell membrane - may serve as binding sites for other proteins (points of attachment) mucus - infectious bacteria

Carbohydrates: Monomer?________ Linkage?____________ Example? ___________

monosaccharides glycosidic bonds sugars, starches and cellulose

What are the characteristics of LDL

more fat than protein ("unhealthy") - carry fat and cholesterol "TO" heart and tissues, where they may accumulate

What are the characteristics of HDL

more protein than fat ("healthy") - carry fat and cholesterol away "FROM" heart and tissues to liver

Name the four types of Lipids.

1.) Glycerides (fats and oils) 2.) Steroids (Cholesterol, Testosterone) 3.) Phospholipids 4.) Waxes

Lipids: Monomer? ______ Linkage? _________ Examples? _______

Fatty Acid Ester Fats, Oils and Waxes

What is the structural composition of a steroid? Examples?

Four carbon rings and a side chain. Cholesterol, testosterone, estrodiol

Name several monosaccharides. (5)

Glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, xylose

What is the most common form of lipid? How is it made up (Composition)

Glycerides (fats & oils) glycerol head (polar) + one or more fatty acid chains. (non-polar)

What is the composition of a triglyceride?

Glycerol head + 3 fatty acids. Formed by dehydration synthesis. Looks like a tripod. - Stored in fat cells. (adipose)

The _______ of polypeptide chains is the most important key to a protein's function

shape

What are Lipoproteins? What do they do? What are the 2 types?

- macromolecules made of a combination of proteins and lipids - transport cholesterol and fat throughout body - 2 types: LDL and HDL

Describe the Quaternary structure of a protein.

- more than one polypeptide chain linked together - forms a functional protein

Describe the Primary structure of a protein.

- specific sequence of amino acids - long chain - determines everything about a protein's shape. ala-leu-ser-glu-glu-etc...... (n0n-functional)

Describe the Secondary structure of a protein.

- the shape of the polypeptide chain as determined by the hydrogen bonds formed between neighboring amino acids - may form pleated beta-sheet or cylindrical alpha-helix. (non-functional)

Describe the Tertiary structure of a protein.

- three dimensional folding and coiling that occurs as pleats and helices interact with one another. R-Groups are interacting. Can have ionic bonds, covalent bonds, hydrophobic interactions, etc. (non-functional)

Functional Groups affect compounds in what four ways?

1. Change the physical properties of a molecule. 2. Change the polarity and the way the molecule bonds. 3. Allows organic molecules to have various properties and play important biological roles in life. 4. Determines what category (Carbohydrate, Lipid, Protein) a molecule belongs in.

Carbon readily forms ______ bonds with Hydrogen and other non-metals.

Covalent

Process by which single sugars combine to form disaccharides and polysaccharides ____________ ?

Dehydration Synthesis Remaining oxygen molecule holds monomers together Glycosidic bond

What are the three functions of carbohydrates? ____

Energy Storage Structure (plants, fungi, arthropods) Cell recognition on the cell membrane

Protein: Type - Role - Example Enzyme Hormone Transport Contractile

Enzymes catalyze reactions - sucrase, amylase Hormones are chemical messengers - insulin, HGH Transport proteins move other molecules - Hemoglobin transports oxygen and CO2 Contractile proteins promote movement - myosin

Protein Type - Role - Example Protective proteins Structural proteins Storage proteins Toxins Communication proteins

Healing and immune system - antibodies bind to antigens, Fibrin promotes clotting Mechanical support - Keratin, collagen Stores nutrients - egg whites (ovalbumin) Defense, predation - bacterial toxins Cell signaling, communication - glycoproteins

In cellulose, the rigid structure is formed by _______ between cellulose strands.

Hydrogen bonds.

How are disaccharides broken down to form monosaccharides?

Hydrolysis - disaccharides are broken down by the addition of a water molecule. - breaks the glycosidic bond.

Functional Group: (-OH) __________ Found in ____?

Hydroxyl Group. Found in Alcohols and Carbohydrates.

Glucose + Galactose becomes __________?

Lactose (+ H2O) (Found in milk)

What is the function of cellulose?

Main component of cell wall structure in plants. Provides support structure in plants. When consumed by animals, helps move food through the digestive tract (AKA insoluble fiber) The most abundant carbohydrate on Earth Indigestible; can only be digested by bacteria

What is the function of glycogen? Where is it stored?

Main energy storage in animals. Stored in the liver and in muscle for energy needs. Highly branched polysaccharide.

What is the function of starch?

Main energy storage in plants. e.g. potatoes, seeds (corn), grains, roots, (carrots, beets)

What is the monomer for carbohydrates?

Monosaccharide - Glucose

Nucleic Acids: Monomer? ________ Linkage? _______ Examples? _________

Nucleotide Phosphodiester DNA, RNA

What does a competitive blocker do?

Occupies a portion of the active site thereby blocking the substrate from seating correctly. Doesn't fit, doesn't work.

What does a non-competitive inhibitor do?

Occupies a site other than the active site. Induces a "conformational change." Changes the shape of the enzyme, changes it's chemical properties. No longer works.

________ are the bonds holding amino acids together in a polypeptide chain. How? (Structure)

Peptide bonds Carboxyl group of one end bonds to amino group of another. Dehydration synthesis. Nitrogen bridge.

Functional Group: (-PO4) ______ Found in _______?

Phosphate Group. Found in DNA, ATP (Phospholipids)

What is the composition of a phospholipid?

Phosphate group Glycerol head Two fatty acid chains

Lipids: Polar of Non-Polar? Hydrophobic or hydrophillic? Monomer?

Polar Hydrophobic No monomer - not a true polymer - no repeating structure, just carbon and hydrogen.

Many monosaccharides strung together make a ____ ? Another name is _________ ?

Polysaccharide Complex Carbohydrate

What is a saturated fatty acid?

Saturated with hydrogen atoms. No double bonding between carbon atoms Straight chain allows it to crystallize. Solid at room temperature. (butter, animal fats)

List the four types of polysaccharides. (Complex Carbohydrates)

Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose and Chitin

What is the function of Chitin?

Structure. Forms the Exoskeleton of arthropods (Crabs, insects, octopus beaks.) Found in the cell walls of fungi (mushrooms.)

Glucose + Fructose becomes _________ ? What type of bond __________ ?

Sucrose (table sugar) (+ H2O) Glycosidic

1 glucose monomer + 1 fructose monomer = ________?

Sucrose. a "disaccharide." Held together by Oxygen molecule after dehydration synthesis

What is a monomer?

The simplest unit of a larger molecule. A subunit of a polymer and macromolecule.

Describe the "Induced Fit" model of an enzyme and substrate.

The substrate fits into the enzyme like a missing puzzle piece (jigsaw or child's toy) Like a mold.

What is polyunsaturated fat?

Two or more carbons double bonded. Several bends. Doesn't stack Liquid oils at room temperature (plant fats)

What is a glycosidic bond?

type of covalent bond that joins a carbohydrate (sugar) molecule to another group, which may or may not be another carbohydrate.

What is an aqueous solution?

water-based