biology ch. 12 & 13

In other words, Lamarck proposed that evolution occurs through the following basic steps:

1. Organisms are born with certain traits. 2. Over the course of an organism's life, these traits gradually change due to pressures in the environment. 3. The changes that occurred during an organism's life are passed on to its young.

What is a dimorphism?

A trait with two distinct forms originating from the interaction of two alleles of a single gene

Two species trying to obtain the same resource is an example of what kind of interaction?

Interspecific competition

Which of these outcomes are examples of reproductive isolation? Select all that apply.

Reproduction occurs at different times Hybrid individuals cannot produce offspring Mating occurs but fertilization does not occur

Which of the following are sources of nitrogen entering aquatic ecosystems? Select all that apply.

Runoff Rain Nitrogen fixation

In our lizard example, what are the lizards competing for?

Safe hiding places

Which of these processes is not a step of fossilization?

Sediments quickly accumulate on top of the remains, and resulting pressure quickly transforms the mineralized remains into rock.

A heritable change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism's gamete is an example of _____.

a mutation that can be passed on

Darwin's observation of vastly different species living in similar island environments led him to conclude that each population had arisen separately from existing species on these islands, since the geographic isolation prevented migration of species from the mainlands. This scenario is an example of ____.​

biogeography

Ecologists study how organisms, the ___________________ component of the environment, interact with the _______________________ components of the environment, such as energy and nutrient interactions.

biotic antibiotic

After a few years, octopuses disappear completely from this reef, and all of the crevices are occupied by eels. This result means that this scenario is an example of

competitive exclusion

​How are new combinations of alleles introduced into chromosomes?

crossing over in meiosis I

Typically, where would the oldest fossils be found?​

deep layer of the earth

​Alligators more closely resemble lizards than birds; however, alligators and birds have four-chambered hearts, which lizards do not have. In this example, the four-chambered heart is a ____, which indicates that alligators are ____ related to birds than to lizards.

derived character; more closely

Individuals with adaptive traits tend to survive longer and produce more offspring, leading to ___ of the species.​

evolution

Finding an abundance of iridium in the K-Pg boundary sequence worldwide pointed to evidence that this layer was of ____ origin.​

extraterrestrial

​_____ are hot spots for the evolution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and their spread to humans due to excessive use of antibiotics.

farms

____ is the degree of adaptation to a specific environment.​

fitness

​The movement of alleles among populations is called _____.

gene flow

All of the alleles in the population constitute the __________________________ for those interbreeding organisms.

gene pool

​The increased variability in the frequency of the b+ allele in the smaller flour beetle population in the graph above is an example of ____.

genetic drift

In _____________ the two interacting species both benefit, while in ___________________ both species are harmed because they have to work harder for the resource they are trying to get.

mutualism competition

Which of the following images is not an example of a vestigial structure?

peacock

select whether each of the species involved in this interaction has a positive, negative, or neutral experience: Pilot fish

positive

​The process of speciation always includes ____ isolation.

reproductive

​Which is an example of macroevolution?

the evolution of humans from primates

The feeding relationships of the organisms in a community is called the

trophic structure

​The branch points on a cladogram represent ____.

​a common ancestor of two lineages

​The emergence of hundreds of Hawaiian honeycreeper species from a single flock introduced to this island archipelago millions of years ago is an example of ____.

​adaptive radiation

​The graphs below show the frequency of the b+ allele over twenty generations in two populations of heterozygous flour beetles (data for a population of ten individuals is shown in graph A; data for a population of one hundred individuals is shown in graph B). Why does the frequency of the b+ allele increase in both populations?

​the b+ allele is adaptive

Which concepts characterized Lamarck's hypothesis about evolution? Select all that apply.

- Environmental pressures caused an internal requirement for change in an individual, and the individual would change to meet this pressure - Species gradually improved over generations due to an inherent drive toward perfection. - Changes acquired to meet environmental pressures during an individual's lifetime would be inherited by offspring.

Which of the following situations is a counterexample that disproves Lamarck's proposed pattern of how evolution occurs?

A person who is a championship bodybuilder does not have children who are naturally muscular at birth.

What are characteristics of sympatric speciation? Select all that apply.

Absence of a physical barrier Reproductive isolation necessary to end gene flow Divergence within a population leads to speciation

Which of the following is the study of patterns in the geographic distribution of species and communities?

Biogeography

What are homologous structures?

Body structures that are similar in different lineages because they are derived from a feature present in a common ancestor

A species interaction where both species are negatively impacted characterizes which of the following?

Competition

Which principle of Darwin's theory of natural selection comes from the study of economics?

Competition for resources

Which of the following happens in a food web?

Consumers eat many foods from different trophic levels.

Which of these observations about genetics influenced the principles of natural selection? Select all that apply.

Different forms of genes, alleles, give rise to variation in shared traits. Shared traits in populations are heritable in the form of genes.

Which of the following subfields of ecology most directly focuses on how communities interact with the abiotic and biotic components of the environment?

Ecosystem ecology

Which of the following are major mechanisms of microevolution? Select all that apply.

Migration Genetic drift Mutations Non-random mating

Which of the following factors can lead to microevolution within a population? Select all that apply.

Natural selection Mutation Gene flow Genetic drift

Which of these pairs are examples of analogous structures? Select all that apply.

Shark fins and whale flippers Butterfly wings and pterosaur wings

How much of the energy in one trophic level is stored in the bodies of the next trophic level?

about 10%

Morphological divergence ____.​

​is the change in body form from that of a common ancestor

Based on this discussion, red-tailed hawk populations exhibit

balanced polymorphism

Bat wings, human forearms, elephant legs, and cat forelimbs are collectively referred to as _____.​

homologous structure

Which of the following is not a factor that contributes to variation in a population?

chromosome number or structure

Hind leg bones in whales are an example of ____ structures.​

vestigial

How many total alleles are in the population's gene pool at timepoint B?

20

The following table lists several steps in a scenario in which change is occurring in a population due to natural selection. Based on the four principles of natural selection, choose the number of the natural selection principle in the right-hand column to match each of the given steps. - After a few years, almost all of the clover in the field is tall clover. - In a field of clover, a random mutation in one seedling allows it to grow taller than the other clover. - The tall clover's taller height means that it can collect more sunlight than the short clover around it. - The tall clover is able to produce more seeds and spread them farther than the short clover can.

4 1 2 3

A mass extinction, in which the dinosaurs disappeared from Earth, occurred approximately ____ years ago.​

65 million

Which of these is an example of a key innovation?

A founding population of honeycreepers evolves beaks capable of cracking the seed of a tree species in their new habitat.

What is adaptive radiation?

A lineage undergoes a burst of genetic divergences that gives rise to many species

Why might an evolutionary biologist use bacteria as a model system?

Bacteria have a short generation time.

Which of the following might cause reproductive isolation? Select all that apply.

Behavioral differences Being separated by major geographical features Hybrid sterility

Many branches of science contributed to Darwin's theory of natural selection. Which branch of science studies the distribution of physical traits in different geographical areas?

Biogeography

Which of the following naturalists came up with the idea of natural selection in their attempts to understand evolution?

Charles Darwin Alfred Russel Wallace

____ is the study of body plans and structures.​

Comparative morphology

Which of these geologic time periods have been defined by a major extinction event? Select all that apply.

Cretaceous Quaternary Permian

Which of these interactions are examples of sexual selection? Select all that apply.

Female flies prefer to mate with males that have longer eyestalks. These eyestalks provide no survival advantage, but longer eyestalks become more common over generations. Male seals compete for territory and access to clusters of female seals. The more aggressive male seals tend to secure the largest territories and clusters.

Which of the following is a change in allele frequency due to chance alone?

Genetic drift

Which factors are necessary for allopatric speciation to occur? Select all that apply.

Geographical isolation Genetic drift or natural selection Reproductive isolation

Based on the table Adaptive Traits in "Darwin Fish," which fish has the highest "fitness" for the new environment?

Gold fish with large eyes and short fins

Which of the following are considered biotic components of the environment? Select all that apply.

Microbes Plants

What is the name of the process by which nitrogen gas is converted into ammonia or ammonium by bacteria and lightning?

Nitrogen fixation

Which statement best describes the change in the T2 allele frequency between timepoint A and timepoint B?

The allele frequency of the T2 allele increased by 125 percent in 5 years.

Which of these scenarios is an example of disruptive selection?

The dark and light color morphs of a butterfly population are maintained, and the intermediate gray morph has been eliminated from the population.

What evidence supports the concept of continental drift? Select all that apply.

The discovery of large seafloor ridges and trenches formed via plate tectonics Magnetic poles of major rock formations do not always align with the Earth's magnetic poles Fossils of the same species found in similarly aged complex rock formations found across the globe

Fitness means that individuals are well adapted to which of the following?

The environment

What is a phylogeny?

The evolutionary history of a species or a group of species

​When a physical barrier separates a population, leading to the evolution of new species on either side of the barrier, ____ has occurred.

allopatric speciation

In __________________________ heterozygote genotypes have an adaptive advantage and are selected for, which keeps the proportion of alleles roughly equal, even when one of the alleles is potentially harmful.

balanced polymorphism

​Over evolutionary time, flowering plants have evolved colors, odors, and nectar that attract pollinating insects and the insects have evolved mechanisms that detect the changes in plants and to better collect pollen. This is an example of ____.

coevolution

The similar body shape and color of dolphins and sharks is an example of ____.​

convergent evolution​

To determine the dietary habits of dinosaurs, their _____ can be analyzed for the presence of undigested plant material or bones.​

coprolites

The result of independent assortment is gametes that each contain _____.

different combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes

This graph represents the result of one pattern of natural selection. The horizontal axis represents the range of values of a certain trait, and the red arrows above the graph indicate which values are selected against in the environment. The vertical axis, and the yellow curves on the graph, represent how many individuals in the population have that trait.

disruptive selection

​All of the alleles in a population make up the ____.

gene pool

Cactus spines are modified leaves adapted for dry climates, while the leaves of the Venus fly trap plant are adapted to capture insects. These structures are therefore ____.​

homologous

​Overhunting of the northern elephant seals left only twenty individuals, from which the modern population arose. As a result, each animal is most likely ____ for most alleles.

homozygous

Which of these geologic features are sites where magma ruptures from tectonic plates?

hotspots

​Peahens prefer to mate with peacocks that have the brightest and largest tail displays. The peacock's tail is a disadvantage to the males, because it is large and cumbersome and hinders them from escaping from predators. Given these facts, why isn't the peacock's tail selected against by natural selection?

in spite of the disadvantage, peacocks with larger tails leave more offspring

​A ____ is a structural modification that enables an individual to exploit their habitat more efficiently.

key innovation

​A major change in evolutionary patterns over long periods of time is best described as ____.

macroevolution

​In sexually reproducing species, genetic variations are not passed onto offspring via ____.

mitosis

A cladogram can be viewed as "sets within sets" of derived traits. Which features distinguish the clade containing mice and humans from the other clades in this cladogram?

multicellular with a backbone, legs and hair

​What is the original source of new alleles?

mutation

Studies of mitochondrial DNA among maternally related individuals allow recent____ to be identified.​

mutations

After the publication of On the Origin of Species, the idea of evolution was generally accepted. What part of Darwin's theory of evolution, however, was fiercely debated?​

natural selection

select whether each of the species involved in this interaction has a positive, negative, or neutral experience: Shark

neutral

​A ____ mutation changes the DNA sequence but has no impact on the fitness of the individual.

neutral

Plants are able to use nitrogen from the soil when it is in the form of _____________________ , which are formed by microbes capable of ___________________.

nitrates nitrification

any group of individuals of the same species that are theoretically able to interbreed with one another and share some defined area.

population

According to the figure, which of the following is the first (lowest) trophic level?

producer

The method that indicates the age of a substance by measuring the relative content of a radioisotope and its daughter elements is called ____ dating.​

radiometric

​A female horse can mate with a male donkey but they will produce a mule that is sterile. This is an example of what type of isolation mechanism?

reproductive

In _______________________ organismal behavior selects for specific phenotypic traits by deciding which individuals get to reproduce. Sometimes the phenotypic traits that are selected do not seem to have an adaptive advantage in the environment.

sexual selection

A year after cats were let loose with the lizards, most of the surviving lizards should be which of the following?

small

​Puppies born too large experience difficulties during birthing and tend to have respiratory and other problems. Puppies born too small often can't compete with their siblings for their mother's milk. Thus, puppies of intermediate size have a survival advantage. This is an example of ____ selection.

stabilizing

​A small Dutch population settled in South Africa in the 17th century and became known as Afrikaners. By chance, a few Dutch settlers carried the gene for Huntington's disease. Today, Huntington's disease occurs at a relatively high frequency in this population. This is an example of ____.

the founder effect

The genomes of closely related species are more similar than distantly related species because _____.​

the more time since the species diverged, the more neutral DNA mutations will accumulate​

The accepted explanation for the disappearance of the dinosaurs is _____.​

the result of an asteroid impact​

Missing links in the fossil record prevent scientists from determining evolutionary lineages until _____ are discovered.​

​fossils showing intermediate body forms

Based on the structural similarity of vertebrate limbs, we can conclude that these structures are examples of ____.​

​morphological divergence

​The use of phylogeny to determine evolutionary relationships has practical applications in ____.

​tracking infectious disease

Basic Principles of Natural Selection

- Populations show a variation in traits. - Under certain circumstances, some traits might be better adapted than others. - Organisms with the best-adapted traits survive to have more young. - Over time, the best-adapted traits become more and more common in the population.

Which are aspects of the geologic theory of uniformity? Select all that apply.

- The processes that shaped the Earth's surface took place over millions of years. - Everyday geologic processes like erosion and sedimentation gradually shaped Earth's landscapes.

What is a form of a heritable trait that enhances an individual's fitness?

Adaptation

What is the gene pool?

All of the alleles of all the genes in a population

Which event is least likely to lead to allopatric speciation?

An entire population migrates together from one side of a canyon to another

What are potential applications of cladistics and phylogenetics? Select all that apply.

Correlate evolutionary divergences among a species with the behavior and dispersal patterns of existing populations Assess the relatedness of different species and genera within a family of organisms Predict pathogen-host associations and potential disease risk in target populations Assess the diversity of target species or groups for conservation efforts

What is a mode of natural selection that favors a phenotype at one end of a range of variation?

Directional selection

What can result when a small group of related individuals forms a new, isolated population? Select all that apply.

Founder effect Inbreeding Bottleneck

The super continent _____ included the landmasses that are currently found in the southern hemisphere.​

Gondwana

Which of these factors influence the radioactive decay measured by radiometric dating?

Half-life

What geologic and biologic events defined the Carboniferous period?

High atmospheric oxygen levels foster giant arthropods and spore-forming plants such as lycophyte trees dominate.

Examine this picture, showing a population of horses. Which of the following traits appear to be variable traits in this population? Check all that apply.

Mane color White patterning on face and legs Coat color

What observation about Galapagos finches most likely contributed to Darwin's theory of natural selection?

On each island, finches had beak shapes that corresponded to the main food source on that island.

Which of the following is a major factor that helps scientists understand that two groups of organisms, such as tigers and lions, are two separate species?

The loss of the ability to interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

which of the following statements describes a habitat that sea otters have been removed from?

The population of purple sea urchins is high, and they have been feeding heavily on the kelp. The kelp forest is thin or nonexistent, and the species richness of the habitat is very low.

In a particular ecosystem, there are populations of two species of bees and four species of flowering plants. What would you predict is the set of relationships among these organisms?

There would probably be intraspecific and interspecific competition among the bees for nectar from the flowers, interspecific and intraspecific competition among the plants for resources like water and light. There would be mutualisms between the bees and flowering plants.

If all the lizards in our example had exactly the same traits, which of Darwin's principles would be directly eliminated?

Variation

Organisms are typically considered different species if they _____.

can no longer interbreed in nature to produce fertile offspring

What is the process in which two closely interacting species jointly act as selective agents of traits for each other?

coevolution

Based on the effects discussed, you would classify this interaction as an example of

commensalism

Master genes that affect development tend to be highly ____; therefore, similarities in patterns of embryonic development reflect shared ancestry that can be evolutionarily ancient.​

conserved

Which source of genetic variation creates individual chromosomes that are a combination of maternal and paternal genes?

crossing over

As the population of octopuses and eels on this reef increases, fewer and fewer suitable crevices are available. Since both the eels and the octopuses are predators that utilize reef crevices, they occupy the same

ecological niche

An example of morphological divergence is the wing of a bat and the ____.​

hand of a human

Biogeography is the study of the ____.​

​patterns in the geographical distribution of species

Fossilization most often occurs through the geologic process(es) of ____.​

​sedimentation and compaction

Which of the following scenarios is an example of the type of natural selection in the graph?

In a population of frogs that live in a river, there is a variation in the size of the webbing of their feet. The trait ranges from very small webbing with toes that stick out, to very wide webbing covering all the toes. Every year, this river floods, and fast-moving water threatens the frogs. Frogs with small webbing in their feet are able to grab on to rocks and branches and climb out of the water. Frogs with wide webbing are able to swim more powerfully and avoid being swept away by the river. Frogs with intermediate sizes of webbing are not able to do either of these things effectively, and many die every year in the flood.

_____ from _____ can be used to compare different individuals of a sexually reproducing animal species.

Nucleotide sequences, mitochondrial DNA

Within a diploid animal species, what are potential sources of variation in shared, heritable traits? Select all that apply.

Fertilization Mutations in the germ line Meiosis

What observations about populations shaped Darwin's principles of natural selection? Select all that apply.

- When resources are limited, the individuals of a population compete for those resources. - Natural populations have an inherent capacity to increase in size over time. - As a population expands, resources that are used by its individuals eventually become limited.

Which of the following terms is associated more with individuals than with populations?

fitness