Biology Ch 7

endo-

inside, inner

many cell organelles, most notably the nucleus, are anchored by ________ which are assembled from a diverse class of proteins

intermediate filaments

-phyll

leaf

Which of these are hollow rods that shape and support the cell?

microtubules

centrosomes are sites where protein dimers assemble into _________

microtubules

Which organelle carries out cellular respiration?

mitocondria

the location and structural organization of the circular chromosome is called the?

nucleoid

Ribosomal subunits are manufactured by the _____.

nucleolus

Which organelle that contains most of a cell's DNA.

nucleus

In receptor-mediated endocytosis, receptor molecules initially project to the outside of the cell. Where do they end up after endocytosis?

on the inside surface of the vesicle

ex-

out of

sym-

same

hyper-

above

-elle

small

micro-

small

A prokaryotic cell is distinct from a eukaryotic cell because a prokaryotic cell lacks _____. a nucleus a plasma membrane carbohydrates ribosomes

a nucleus

trans-

across

What three distinct elements make up the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells?

actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

SEM would provide the best detail on the

antennal structures.

What name is given to the rigid structure, found outside the plasma membrane, that surrounds and supports the bacterial cell?

cell wall

Which of the following cell structures is only found in algal and plant cells? Golgi apparatus chloroplasts a cytoskeleton cell walls

chloroplasts

The _____ is composed of DNA and protein.

chromatin

The most prominent structure inside a bacterial cell is the?

chromosome

chrom-

color

You are collecting information on Paramecium swimming motions in various solutions. Which type of microscope should you use?

compound light microscope

A scientist is studying the arrangement of neurons and glial cells in brain tissue. She labeled structures with specific fluorescent tags. Which technique would provide the best spatial images of the tissue?

confocal microscopy

Cell organelles are located within the ____ of the cell.

cytoplasm

Which organelle is the primary site of ATP synthesis in eukaryotic cells?

mitochondrion

X-ray crystallography provides information about

molecular structures

Which of the following is a correct match of cell type with structure?

muscle cell ... has proteins that slide back and forth

Which of these is the double membrane that encloses the nucleus?

nuclear envelope

Which organelle described in the table in part A would pellet first during centrifugation?

nuclei

Where is a bacterial cell's DNA found?

nucleiod region

Which of these organelles produces H2O2 as a by-product?

peroxisome

The _____ is a selective barrier, regulating the passage of material into and out of the cell.

plasma membrane

The _____ is the bacterial structure that acts as a selective barrier, allowing nutrients to enter the cell and wastes to leave the cell.

plasma membrane

The bacterial cell wall functions to _______.

protect the cell and provide shape and rigidity

What is the function of a bacterium's capsule?

protection

central vacuole

regulates cytoplasm composition, creates internal pressure, and stores cell compounds

In a bacterium, where are proteins synthesized?

ribosomes

_____ are the sites of protein synthesis.

ribosomes

Which of these manufactures cellular membranes by adding membrane proteins and phospholipids to its own membrane?

rough endoplasmic reticulum

An entomologist is comparing the minute surface structures on beetle antennae from various species. Which microscope would give him the greatest resolution?

scanning electron microscopy

Which type of organelle or structure is primarily involved in the synthesis of oils, phospholipids, and steroids?

smooth ER

Where is calcium stored?

smooth er

plant cell wall

strong, protective structure made from cellulose fibrils

With a compound light microscope

the Paramecium motions can be seen.

mito-

thread

Confocal microscopy is used to produce

three-dimensional images of tissues.

during muscle contractions, mysoin motor proteins move across tracks of ________

microfilaments

Which of these provides the cell with structural support?

microfillaments

The cilia and flagella of eukaryotic cells are composed of _____.

microtubules

in eukaryotic flagella, the fibers that slide past one another due to the activity of dynein proteins are

microtubules

Mitochondria convert the chemical energy of organic molecules to chemical energy in the form of ____.

ATP

The Golgi apparatus has a polarity, or sidedness, to its structure and function. Which of the following statements correctly describes this polarity? A) Transport vesicles fuse with one side of the Golgi and leave from the opposite side. B) Proteins in the membrane of the Golgi may be sorted and modified as they move from one side of the Golgi to the other. C) Lipids in the membrane of the Golgi may be sorted and modified as they move from one side of the Golgi to the other. D) Soluble proteins in the cisternae (interior) of the Golgi may be sorted and modified as they move from one side of the Golgi to the other. E) All of the above correctly describe polar characteristics of the Golgi function

All of the above correctly describe polar characteristics of the Golgi function

Which of the following statements is true? (a) As cells get larger, the volume increases more than the surface area. (b) Larger cells have less volume than smaller cells. (c) As cells get larger, the surface area increases more than the volume. (d) Larger cells have less surface area than smaller cells.

As cells get larger, the volume increases more than the surface area. As cells increase in size, the volume of cytoplasm increases at a faster rate than the surface area of the plasma membrane.

Which of the following contains hydrolytic enzymes? A. Golgi apparatus B. lysosome C. mitochondrion D. vacuole E. peroxisome

B. lysosome

For eukaryotic cells, which answer best describes the function of the indicated component? (a) Endomembrane system: administrative/information hub (b) Peroxisome: detox center (c) Golgi apparatus: waste-processing and recycling center (d) Lysosome: protein finishing and shipping line

Peroxisome: detox center

Which of the following accurately describes a difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Prokaryotic cells have nucleoids and eukaryotic cells have nuclei.

For prokaryotic cells, which statement is correct concerning how the structure of a particular cell component correlates with its function? (a) Photosynthetic membranes contain magnetite that allows the cell to convert magnetic field energy into chemical energy. (b) The cell wall is a tough, fibrous layer that protects the cell and gives it shape and rigidity. (c) Photosynthetic membranes are composed of crosslinked polymers like peptidoglycan that provide extensive surface area for photosynthesis. (d) The cell wall represents infoldings of the plasma membrane that protect the cell and give it shape and rigidity.

The cell wall is a tough, fibrous layer that protects the cell and gives it shape and rigidity.

Cellular homogenization is often incomplete, and the mixture has unbroken cells. These cells are found in _____.

The first pellet has the largest components, such as nuclei and whole cells.

A researcher was interested in the histones, which are DNA-associated proteins. Which pellet should he keep? (See the figure.)

The first pellet has the nuclei, which contain the DNA.

Which statements are true for chloroplasts? Select the three that apply.

They are the sites of reactions that convert solar energy into chemical energy. They contain the green pigment chlorophyll. They have membranous sacs called thylakoids that are surrounded by a fluid called stroma.

In plant cells, why are toxins like nicotine, cocaine, and caffeine stored in vacuoles instead of the cytosol? Toxins are synthesized in the vacuoles. Toxins are degraded in the vacuoles, preventing them from harming the cell. Toxins in vacuoles are sequestered from the rest of the cell, where they could do harm. The high concentration of toxins in vacuoles allows them to function more efficiently within the cell.

Toxins in vacuoles are sequestered from the rest of the cell, where they could do harm. Vacuoles serve as storage depots that keep noxious compounds like toxins separate from the rest of the cell. If released into the cytosol, toxins would poison the cell.

_____ is/are identical in structure to centrioles.

basal bodies

hypo-

below

-some/soma

body

-cyte

cell

-phago

eat

_____ are surface appendages that allow a bacterium to stick to a surface.

fimbriae

-plasm

formed substance

lipids that contain carbohydrate groups are called

glycolipids

Which organelle stores, modifies, and packages products?

golgi apparatus

chloro-

green

the only cytocskeletal fibers not associated with intracellular movement or whole cell locomotion are the _________

intermediate filaments

Which of the following most accurately summarizes the (1) structural and (2) functional properties of actin filaments, intermediate filaments, or microtubules?

intermediate filaments: (1) many subunit types; (2) one cellular role

What two organelles cannot be separated easily by centrifugation? (See the table.)

lysosomes and mitochondria These organelles are very similar in size and density; therefore, they cannot easily be separated by centrifugation.

chloroplast

makes sugar by converting light energy into chemical energy

The extension of pseudophodia in amoeba is due to the regulated assembly and destruction of _________

microfilaments

The preparation of liver mitochondrial enzymes begins by placing liver and a buffered solution in a blender. What is the purpose of the blender?

to prepare a cell homogenate; to break open the liver cells and to release the organelles

The endoplasmic reticulum functions to:

transport materials

eu-

true, good

aqu-

water

a-

without, lack of, not

Teeth and bones are made up of calcium phosphate crystals. Sometimes, fluoride ions interact with these crystals. The best way to determine the three-dimensional arrangement of the crystals and fluoride ions is to use _____.

x-ray diffraction