Biology ch.4
The purpose of cellular respiration is the production of _____.
ATP
The eyepiece of a light microscope has a magnification level of 10x. If you were looking at a paramecium under the lowest-power objective (4x), what would be the total magnification of the microscope at this setting?
40x
Which is a typical function of lysosomes?
BREAKDOWN of damaged organelles, such as chloroplasts. Lysosomes do break down damaged organelles; lysosomes are rarely found in plant cells.
A researcher made an interesting observation about a protein made by the rough endoplasmic reticulum and eventually used to build a cell's plasma membrane. The protein in the membrane was actually slightly different from the protein made in the ER. The protein was probably altered in the _____.
Golgi apparatus
Which of the following organelles is found only in an ANIMAL cells?
Lysosome. This organelle is found only in animal cells. Plant cells have a similar organelle called the central vacuole.
Phospholipid bilayer membranes are semipermeable. Which of the following can move across the membrane without assistance?
O2
What is the relationship between the Golgi apparatus and the plasma membrane?
The FINISHED products of the Golgi apparatus may LEAVES the cell through vesicles that FUSE with the Plasma Membrane.
Which of the following is the most likely consequence for a cell lacking functional lysosomes?
The cell becomes crowded with undigested wastes.
Your intestine is lined with individual cells. No fluids leak between these cells from the gut into your body. Why?
The intestinal cells are bound together by tight junctions.
What do the rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes have in common?
They are constructed of interRELATED membranes.
A certain cell has a dense nucleoid region, ribosomes, but no membrane-enclosed organelles. Based on this information, it could be _____.
an archaean
Peroxisomes are organelles that are involved in the _____.
breakdown of fatty acids
Which of the following would be found in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell?
centrioles
Which cellular organelle is required for photosynthesis to occur in eukaryotic cells?
chloroplast
What are the inner folds of the mitochondria called?
cristae
The contractile vacuole _____.
eliminates excess water from the cytoplasm of freshwater protists
Mitochondria and chloroplasts are similar in that they both _____; they are different in that chloroplasts, but not mitochondria, _____.
have a double membrane ... carry out photosynthesis
Primary ciliary dyskinesia is a genetic disorder in which the cilia of the respiratory tract become immobile. As a result, these individuals suffer respiratory illnesses. This is because the cells _____.
lack dynein arms
The rough endoplasmic reticulum is considered to be in which general functional category of organelle?
manufacturing
A plant cell was grown in a test tube containing radioactive nucleotides, the monomers from which DNA is built. Later examination of the cell showed the radioactivity to be concentrated in the _____.
nucleus
Most of the DNA in a eukaryotic cell is in the _____.
nucleus
You have identified a new organism. It has ribosomes, plasmodesmata, and cell walls MADE of Cellulose. This new organism is most likely a(n) _____.
plant
Which plant structure is most like gap junctions in animal cells?
plasmodesmata. Plasmodesmata form channels between adjacent plant cells which have a similar function to gap junctions in animal cells.
Which of the following are found in prokaryotic cells?
ribosomes
Which of the following structures is/are found in prokaryotic cells?
ribosomes
What are the limits on which maximum cell size depends?
surface-to-volume ratio
Lysosomes are derived from _____ and function in _____.
the Golgi apparatus and rough endoplasmic reticulum ... digestion of worn-out organelles
The term resolving power refers to _____.
the clarity of the image in showing two objects as separate
During a bacterial infection, signals are produced that communicate with the nucleus via molecules found on the surface of specific cells. This allows for the recruitment of white blood cells. What molecules are communicating with the nucleus?
integrins
Bacterial cells are prokaryotic; unlike a typical eukaryotic cell, they _____.
lack a nucleus
The cells of a person with adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) swell with a buildup of fatty acids. Which organelle is most likely failing to function correctly?
lysosome
Mitochondria appear in the greatest numbers in cells that are _____.
metabolically active
The protein actin is a component of a(n) _____.
microfilament
Chloroplasts are found in _____.
plant cells and some protists
Dye injected into a plant cell might be able to enter an adjacent cell through a(n) _____.
plasmodesma
The cell junctions in PLANT cells that provide CHANNEL between adjacent cells are generally _____.
plasmodesmata
Protein synthesis requires several components, several of which are constructed in the nucleus. Which is the only macromolecule involved that ENTERS the nucleus, is modified, and then LEAVES via the Nuclear Pores?
ribosomal proteins
Basal bodies are most closely associated with which of the following cell components?
cilia
What changes would you expect to see in the liver cells of someone SUFFERS from chronic alcoholism?
INCREASED levels of endoplasmic reticulum activity
What mitochondrial feature enhances cellular respiration?
cristae
Where are the ribosomes that produce enzymes responsible for the first steps of sugar metabolism found?
cytoplasm
Which of the following structures is directly involved in the passage of electrical signals between cells as, for example, in the vertebrate heart?
gap junctions
When isolated liver cells are combined with toxins, initial processing in the _____ increases the solubility of those compounds as an initial step in their excretion. ( Module 4.8)
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Which tissue would likely contain large amounts of anchoring junctions?
stomach tissue Stomach tissue is muscle tissue that initiates movement (churning of food) and expansion.
The plasma membrane would fit into which general function category?
support, movement, and communication
Which of the following structures is essential for the successful operation of the endomembrane system?
transport vesicles
A normal size range for a typical eukaryotic cell is _____.
10 to 100 micrometers
A 100 mm x 100 mm x 100 mm cell has a surface area that is _____ and a volume that is _____. A second cell, that is 10 mm x 10 mm x 10 mm, has a _____ surface-to-volume ratio when compared to the first cell.
60,000 mm2 ... 1,000,000 mm3
In a disease called primary ciliary dyskenisia, microtubules are disrupted, which results in abnormal ciliary movements. This disease could be caused by _____.
lack of dynein proteins
Which cell structure is responsible for metabolism?
mitochondrion. Mitochondria are involved in the process of converting the chemical energy of food to ATP.
Which of these is a function of the endomembrane system?
molecule export
In human females, an ovum (egg cell) is not released directly from the ovary into the oviduct. Which mechanism below is the best explanation for how the ovum makes it into the oviduct? (
Cilia located at the opening of the oviduct capture the ovum in a sweeping motion
Many researchers think that the first eukaryotic cells consumed the organic compounds needed for life-sustaining functions. Given this information, which of the following organelles most likely appeared last in eukaryotic cells?
chloroplast If the earliest eukaryotic cells had contained chloroplasts, they would not have had to obtain organic compounds through food.
Under a light microscope, which substance becomes visible as the cell divides?
chromatin
Where are chlorophyll molecules located within plant cells?
embedded in the thylakoid membrane
If you wished to observe a white blood cell as it engulfed a viral particle, which type of microscope would you choose?
light microscope
Integrins are proteins that are responsible for integrating changes that are occurring outside and inside the cell. They are able to do this because of _____.
microfilaments
When elongated, tube-shaped cells from the lining of the intestine are treated with a certain chemical, the cells sag and become rounded. The internal structures disrupted by this chemical are probably _____.
microtubules
The internal skeleton of a cell is composed of _____.
microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments
Digestive cells produce many enzymes that break down ingested food. These cells have a large number of ribosomes _____.
on the rough endoplasmic reticulum
The general function of _____ is the BREAKDOWN of Substances.
peroxisomes
Which of the following would distinguish a bacterial cell FROM an animal cell?
presence of a CELL WALL
Of the following organelles, which group is involved in manufacturing the substances needed by the cell?
ribosome, rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum
The architecture of cell SURFACE can be viewed in the most detail using a _____.
scanning electron microscope
You would expect a cell with an extensive Golgi apparatus to _____.
secrete a lot of material
How are cell surface proteins EXPORTED out of the cell?
The protein is Folded, then Packaged for Transport to the Golgi apparatus.
Which of the following cytoplasmic structures functions in the transport of vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus?
microtubules Vesicles travel along microtubules as they move from one part of the cell to another.
One function of the central vacuole in plants is growth. The central vacuole grows larger when there is an increase in the amount of stored material. An animal cell does not grow by this method. What is the essential difference between animals and plants that requires the central vacuole?
The plant cell wall provides a more rigid structure.
In muscle cells, the _____ is/are specialized for the storage and release of calcium.
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Where would you expect to find contractile proteins in a cell?
cytoskeleton
Cilia and flagella move due to energy provided by the enzymatic breakdown of ATP by _____.
dynein arms
The maximum size of a cell is limited by _____.
its need for enough surface area to make exchanges with its environment
The nucleolus _____.
manufactures ribosomes
Pancreatic cells produce large amounts of protein. About how many ribosomes would you expect there to be in a pancreatic cell?
several million. There are several million ribosomes in cells, such as the cells in the pancreas that produce digestive enzymes.
Membrane proteins are synthesized by ribosomes that are attached to _____.
the endoplasmic reticulum
To enter or leave any cell, substances must pass through _____.
the plasma membrane
