Biology chapter 1 mastery

Use the following information to answer the following question(s): You wake up one morning feeling slightly under the weather. A close family member enthusiastically suggests that you take some Echinacea, an herb commonly used as a cold remedy. You then decide to design an experiment to test Echinacea and see if this claim is true. You think, "If taken at the beginning of a cold, Echinacea will reduce cold symptoms." You decide to test the effects of Echinacea on 100 people who are experiencing similar cold symptoms. Which of the following groups would represent an appropriate control in your experiment?

100 sick people given tablets similar to Echinacea but with no herb

Use the following study to answer the following question(s): A current trend among professional baseball players is to wear braided titanium necklaces. The titanium reportedly regulates the flow of energy through the body. The player wearing the necklace then improves strength, tires less, and recovers more quickly. Which of the following would be the strongest evidence for or against the necklace's effectiveness?

A bar graph comparing batting averages of the players who wear the official titanium necklace and those who were unknowingly wearing a fake titanium necklace

What does the term theory mean to a scientist

A broad hypothesis that has been supported by a large number of experiments

What is the difference between a primary and a secondary source?

A primary source is the original material published by the scientists, whereas a secondary source is a description of the original material.

Use the following table to answer the following question. Table 1: Cookie parameters with varying fat levels Dough fat level (%) Cookie weight (g) Cookie diameter (mm) Cookie height (mm) Cookie moisture (%) 15.8 23.5 90.1 7.1 2.7 13.1 22.8 86.8 8.2 2.1 10.2 24.6 82.8 8.9 3.5 8.7 25.2 79.6 9.9 3.9 Data from Pareyt, Bram, Faisal Talhaoui, Greet Kerckhofs, Kristof Brijs, Hans Goesaert, Martine Wevers, and Jan A. Delcour, "The Role of Sugar and Fat in Sugar-Snap Cookies: Structural and Textural Properties." Journal of Food Engineering 90, 3 (Feb. 1, 2009): 400-408. Based on the table above, which type of cookie was the heaviest

Cookies with the least fat

Use the following table to answer the following question. Table 1: Cookie parameters with varying fat levels Dough fat level (%) Cookie weight (g) Cookie diameter (mm) Cookie height (mm) Cookie moisture (%) 15.8 23.5 90.1 7.1 2.7 13.1 22.8 86.8 8.2 2.1 10.2 24.6 82.8 8.9 3.5 8.7 25.2 79.6 9.9 3.9 Data from Pareyt, Bram, Faisal Talhaoui, Greet Kerckhofs, Kristof Brijs, Hans Goesaert, Martine Wevers, and Jan A. Delcour, "The Role of Sugar and Fat in Sugar-Snap Cookies: Structural and Textural Properties." Journal of Food Engineering 90, 3 (Feb. 1, 2009): 400-408. Based on the table above, which of the following statements is not correct?

Cookies with the most fat were the cookies that were not only the thickest but also the largest in diameter.

Which of the following is the correct organizational hierarchy, from largest to smallest, in the hierarchical order of life?

Ecosystem → Community → Population → Organ → Tissue → Cell → Molecule → Atom

Fire can move, grow, reproduce, use energy, consume oxygen, and interact with its environment. Why is it not alive?

It does not consist of complex, well-ordered structures. It does not pass on genes for traits to its offspring. It does not have cell

Which of the following statements cannot be tested by science?

It is wrong that male lions kill baby lions when taking over a new pride.

A recent commercial advertised for a wristband that claimed to restore health and balance by taking advantage of natural frequencies of your biofield. It supports its claim by showing several people first struggling to balance without the wristband and then balancing fine with the wristband. Why should you be skeptical of the claims made in this ad?

It was not a controlled experiment.

How is life defined?

Life is defined through a set of shared characteristics that all living things display.

You want to know whether cookies made with unbleached flour taste better than cookies made with bleached flour; which of the following has the strongest experimental design to test this question?

Make two batches of cookies, one with bleached flour and one with unbleached flour; twenty tasters try both types without knowing which ones they are eating and rank which type they like best.

Which of the following represents a double-blind study

Neither the test group nor the researchers know whether the test group is receiving a placebo or the actual treatment until all the data are collected.

Use the following table to answer the following question. Table 1: Cookie parameters with varying fat levels Dough fat level (%) Cookie weight (g) Cookie diameter (mm) Cookie height (mm) Cookie moisture (%) 15.8 23.5 90.1 7.1 2.7 13.1 22.8 86.8 8.2 2.1 10.2 24.6 82.8 8.9 3.5 8.7 25.2 79.6 9.9 3.9 Data from Pareyt, Bram, Faisal Talhaoui, Greet Kerckhofs, Kristof Brijs, Hans Goesaert, Martine Wevers, and Jan A. Delcour, "The Role of Sugar and Fat in Sugar-Snap Cookies: Structural and Textural Properties." Journal of Food Engineering 90, 3 (Feb. 1, 2009): 400-408. Based on the table above, which of the following statements is correct?

No information is provided on the table regarding the effects of sugar on cookies, so only conclusions regarding the effects of fat can be drawn.

Is a virus alive?

No, it does not possess all of the requirements for life.

What should one do if the results of the experiment consistently do not support the original hypothesis?

Reject the original hypothesis and formulate a new hypothesis.

Skin is sometimes referred to as the largest organ of the body. Why is skin considered to be an organ and not a tissue or some other structure?

Skin consists of multiple tissue types that cooperate to perform a specific task.

Certain parasites, such as intestinal tapeworms, cannot survive outside of the host. Why are they still considered alive?

Survival outside of a host is not a requirement for life.

Which of the following represents a blind study?

The test group does not know whether they are receiving a placebo or the actual treatment, but the researchers do.

What does it mean when we say, "This scientific study was published in a peer-reviewed journal"?

This study was evaluated by qualified and impartial experts before being published.

What is misleading about commercials that show "scientific proof" that laundry detergent X is better than another leading brand?

We are shown only one tee-shirt becoming whiter in each detergent, not 20 tee-shirts in each detergent. We do not know whether the same amount of each detergent was used for washing. We do not know if everything besides the detergents was the same (machine used, type of stains, etc.). all of above

Use the following study to answer the following question(s): A researcher applies varying amounts of fertilizer (0, 2, 4, 8, 10 units) to 50 potted tomato plants. All other variables that may affect the outcome (watering, temperature, sunlight, plant size, etc.) are kept the same from pot to pot. At the end of the growing season, the tomatoes grown on each plant are weighed to determine which fertilizer level produces the largest tomato yield. Is the study presented above a controlled experiment?

Yes, because only the amount of fertilizer was changed, everything else was kept the same.

What is the smallest unit of life?

a cell

A population consists o

a group of interacting individuals of one species

Use the following graph to answer the following question. The figure shows the frequency of occurrence of a particular cell size in a cookie. Cell sizes were measured for cookies of different fat content, but the overall tendency is identical. Cells with the size of 100 micrometers have a frequency of 0.2 percent, cell size of 270 micrometers has the frequency of 10 percent, 400 micrometers - 13 percent, 600 micrometers - 8.4 percent, 800 micrometers - 8 percent, 1100 micrometers - 3.8 percent, 1500 micrometers - 0.8 percent, 2000 micrometers - 0 percent. What type of graph is this?

a line graph

Use the following information to answer the following question(s): You wake up one morning feeling slightly under the weather. A close family member enthusiastically suggests that you take some Echinacea, an herb commonly used as a cold remedy. You then decide to design an experiment to test Echinacea and see if this claim is true. You think, "If taken at the beginning of a cold, Echinacea will reduce cold symptoms." If you give 100 sick people tablets similar to Echinacea but with no herb, what kind of control would this be?

a negative control

Use the following graph to answer the following question. The figure shows the frequency of occurrence of a particular cell size in a cookie. Cell sizes were measured for cookies of different fat content, but the overall tendency is identical. Cells with the size of 100 micrometers have a frequency of 0.2 percent, cell size of 270 micrometers has the frequency of 10 percent, 400 micrometers - 13 percent, 600 micrometers - 8.4 percent, 800 micrometers - 8 percent, 1100 micrometers - 3.8 percent, 1500 micrometers - 0.8 percent, 2000 micrometers - 0 percent. Regardless of the amount of fat contained in cookies, the most common cell size in a cookie was

between 280 and 500 μm

If you were to combine all of the ecosystems on the planet, you would have the

bioshere

Use the following table to answer the following question. Table 1: Cookie parameters with varying fat levels Dough fat level (%) Cookie weight (g) Cookie diameter (mm) Cookie height (mm) Cookie moisture (%) 15.8 23.5 90.1 7.1 2.7 13.1 22.8 86.8 8.2 2.1 10.2 24.6 82.8 8.9 3.5 8.7 25.2 79.6 9.9 3.9 Data from Pareyt, Bram, Faisal Talhaoui, Greet Kerckhofs, Kristof Brijs, Hans Goesaert, Martine Wevers, and Jan A. Delcour, "The Role of Sugar and Fat in Sugar-Snap Cookies: Structural and Textural Properties." Journal of Food Engineering 90, 3 (Feb. 1, 2009): 400-408. Based on the table above, which cookies were the moistest?

cookies with the least fat

A current trend among professional baseball players is wearing braided titanium necklaces. The titanium reportedly regulates the flow of energy through the body. The player wearing the necklace then improves strength, tires less, and recovers more quickly. If you were to evaluate these claims using the scientific method, what would be the first step?

develop a hypothesis

Gathering information just to add to the knowledge base, such as measuring the beak length of various bird species is known as

discovery science

A college campus-including the students, birds, trees, sidewalks, and air-makes up one complete ________.

ecosystem

What is the unifying or "core" theme of biology?

evolution

Use the following graph to answer the following question. The figure shows the frequency of occurrence of a particular cell size in a cookie. Cell sizes were measured for cookies of different fat content, the least amount of fat was 8.7 percent, the most - 15.8 percent. Cells with the size of 100 micrometers have a frequency of 0.2 percent for both fat contents, cell size of 400 micrometers has the frequency of 13 percent for fat content of 8.7 percent and 10.5 percent for fat content of 15.8 percent, 600 micrometers - 9.3 and 8.7 percent, respectively, 800 micrometers - 8.5 and 8.5 percent, respectively, 1100 micrometers - 3.5 and 4.5 percent, respectively, 1500 micrometers - 0.2 and 1.6 percent, respectively, 2000 micrometers - 0 percent for both fat content. The amount of fat does not affect the frequency of the size of cells found in cookies.

false

A well-substantiated explanation of some aspect the natural world, based on a body of facts that have been repeatedly confirmed through observations and experiments, is referred to as a(n) ________ what is the independent variable

fertilizer amount

Use the following information to answer the following question(s): You wake up one morning feeling slightly under the weather. A close family member enthusiastically suggests that you take some Echinacea, an herb commonly used as a cold remedy. You then decide to design an experiment to test Echinacea and see if this claim is true. You think, "If taken at the beginning of a cold, Echinacea will reduce cold symptoms." Your statement, "If taken at the beginning of a cold, Echinacea will reduce cold symptoms," is called a(n)

hypothesis

The scientific method

is a rough recipe for answering questions, but the steps need not be performed in the same order as outlined

Which property or properties of life does a virus possess?

it has order

What is typically the first step in the scientific method?

observation

"There are 628 squirrels living on campus." I have just described the

population

Beginning with an atom and working up to the entire planet, biologists view life as ar

small and simple to large and complex

Many medical studies include a control group in which patients receive a medically ineffective treatment that resembles the treatment tested. What do we call the ineffective treatment?

the placebo

Many medical studies show that patients who receive a treatment feel better even if the treatment was an ineffective sugar pill. What is this phenomenon called?

the placebo effect

A well-substantiated explanation of some aspect the natural world, based on a body of facts that have been repeatedly confirmed through observations and experiments, is referred to as a(n) ________.

theory

A controlled experiment is one in which

there are at least two groups, one of which does not receive the experimental t

Use the following graph to answer the following question. The figure shows the frequency of occurrence of a particular cell size in a cookie. Cell sizes were measured for cookies of different fat content, the least amount of fat was 8.7 percent, the most - 15.8 percent. Cells with the size of 100 micrometers have a frequency of 0.2 percent for both fat contents, cell size of 400 micrometers has the frequency of 13 percent for fat content of 8.7 percent and 10.5 percent for fat content of 15.8 percent, 600 micrometers - 9.3 and 8.7 percent, respectively, 800 micrometers - 8.5 and 8.5 percent, respectively, 1100 micrometers - 3.5 and 4.5 percent, respectively, 1500 micrometers - 0.2 and 1.6 percent, respectively, 2000 micrometers - 0 percent for both fat content. The cookies with the least amount of fat had more cells around 500 μm in size than did the cookies with the most amount of fat.

true

Use the following table to answer the following question. Table 1: Cookie parameters with varying fat levels Dough fat level (%) Cookie weight (g) Cookie diameter (mm) Cookie height (mm) Cookie moisture (%) 15.8 23.5 90.1 7.1 2.7 13.1 22.8 86.8 8.2 2.1 10.2 24.6 82.8 8.9 3.5 8.7 25.2 79.6 9.9 3.9 Data from Pareyt, Bram, Faisal Talhaoui, Greet Kerckhofs, Kristof Brijs, Hans Goesaert, Martine Wevers, and Jan A. Delcour, "The Role of Sugar and Fat in Sugar-Snap Cookies: Structural and Textural Properties." Journal of Food Engineering 90, 3 (Feb. 1, 2009): 400-408. To obtain large, flat cookies, one should use more fat in a recipe.

true

Use the following study to answer the following question(s): A researcher applies varying amounts of fertilizer (0, 2, 4, 8, 10 units) to 50 potted tomato plants. All other variables that may affect the outcome (watering, temperature, sunlight, plant size, etc.) are kept the same from pot to pot. At the end of the growing season, the tomatoes grown on each plant are weighed to determine which fertilizer level produces the largest tomato yield. Which variable is the dependent variable?

yield

Use the following information to answer the following question(s): You wake up one morning feeling slightly under the weather. A close family member enthusiastically suggests that you take some Echinacea, an herb commonly used as a cold remedy. You then decide to design an experiment to test Echinacea and see if this claim is true. You think, "If taken at the beginning of a cold, Echinacea will reduce cold symptoms." You conduct the experiment and gather the data presented in the figure below. Given the results, you can say that ________. There is a bar chart for the number of cold symptoms present. The bar chart shows that if a person uses Echinacea, the number of symptoms would be 3, if he uses vitamin C, the number of symptoms would be 6, and if he uses no Echinacea, the number of symptoms would be 9.

your hypothesis is supported