Biology Chapter 10

Identify the four basic blood types in the ABO group.

A, B, AB, O

What are the functions of albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen in the blood?

*Albumin regulates the amount of water in the blood. *Globulins help transport fats throughout the body and help fight infections. *Fibrinogen is involved in blood clotting.

Explain the difference between external, internal, and cellular respiration.

*External respiration is breathing (inhaling and exhaling) *Internal respiration is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood cells and tissue cells. *Cellular respiration is the process of releasing energy by combining oxygen and food molecules within the cells.

Why is proper blood typing important for safe blood transfusions? Under what circumstances is it safe for a person to receive blood of a different type than his own?

*Proper blood typing is important for safe blood transfusions because a person's immune system will attack red blood cells recognized as foreign (possibly with fatal consequences). *Type O blood can be given to anyone, and a person with type AB blood can receive any type of blood.

Identify the function of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

*Red blood cells carry oxygen *White blood cells fight infections and other foreign antibodies. *Platelets initiate blood clotting.

What are the functions of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets?

*Red blood cells carry oxygen. *White blood cells produce antibodies and fight infections. *Platelets are responsible for beginning the blood-clotting process.

Describe the path of blood through the heart and lungs, from leaving the venae cavae to entering the aorta

*The venae cavae return oxygen-depleted blood from the body to the right atrium of the heart. The blood flows from the right atrium into the right ventricle through the open tricuspid valve; the atrium contracts to squeeze the last of the blood into the ventricle. The right ventricle pumps the oxygen-depleted blood to the lungs via the pulmonary arteries. *The left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins. The blood flows into the left ventricle, with the last of the blood being pumped into the ventricle by contraction of the left atrium. The left ventricle pumps the blood to the rest of the body through the aorta.

Using what you know about inhalation and exhalation, explain why a puncture wound to the chest cavity that allows air to pass through can cause a lung to collapse.

*When a person inhales, muscles attached to the ribs and breastbone contract and lift the ribs and breastbone up and out. At the same time, the diaphragm contracts and moves down. The result is a larger chest cavity and a reduced pressure around the lungs. Air rushes into the lungs to equalize the pressure. Ordinarily, this causes the lungs to expand with the chest cavity so that there is no air gap between the outer wall of the lung and the innver wall of the chest. *When a person with a puncture wound to the chest cavity inhales, the chest cavity expands as usual, causing the pressure within the chest cavity to drop. However, instead of flowing into the chest cavity through the lungs, air can now be sucked into the chest cavity directly through the wound, bypassing the lungs and forming an air space between the outside fo the lung and the inside of the chest. If this process is allowed to continue, the lung will eventually be hanging deflated in an air-filled chest cavity; it is then said to have collapsed. (A collapsed lung is very serious but can be treated with prompt medical attention.)

Describe the regulation of heart activity by the autonomic nervous system

Answers should include the following ideas: *The autonomic nervous system transmits signals directly to the sinoatrial, or S-A, node (the heart's pacemaker). *Signals from the sympathetic division, which increase the heart rate, are transmitted by a pair of accelerator nerves that link the heart to the spinal cord.

How is speech produced?

Speech is produced with air is forced out of the lungs and passes over the vocal cords, producing steady sounds. These tones are modified into articulate speech by the mouth, throat, nasal cavity, and tongue.

Briefly describe the path of blood as it circulates through the heart.

The right side of the heart receives oxygen-depleted blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs. The left side of the heart receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it to the rest of the body.

Name three important functions of the liver

any three of the following: *cleanses the blood of used hormones, excess calcium, protein fragments, and toxic substances *destroys any bacteria that escape from the intestines into the bloodstream *stores carbohydrates (as glycogen) and some vitamins and minerals *act as as a chemical factory to produce several blood proteins and various other substances (such as lipoproteins and bile salts) *supplies body cells with food when food supplies run low by converting amino acids into glucose and carbohydrates into fats

Name three factors that commonly contribute to cardiovascular disease

any three of the following: *obesity and /or a high-fat diet *lack of exercise *emotional stress (including bitterness and guilt) *smoking (nicotine) *alcohol abuse

What type of blood vessels carries blood away from the heart?

arteries

Name the primary components of the cardiovascular system.

heart, blood vessels, blood

What is another name for high blood pressure?

hypertension

What structure of the brain regulates the rate of breathing?

medulla oblongata

What is the purpose of capillaries?

to link arteries and veins; to allow an exchange of materials between the blood and the body's cells

What is the basic purpose of the respiratory system?

to supply the body with oxygen and to rid it of excess carbon dioxide

What type of blood vessels carries blood towards the heart?

veins