Biology Chapter 13

Which one of the following was an assumption of Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection? Organisms cooperate for limited resources. Traits are inherited as discrete particles. Earth is very young. Populations produce more offspring than their environment can support. Organisms are similar in many ways.

Populations produce more offspring than their environment can support.

Which of the following is a true statement? The genetic language of DNA and RNA provides evidence that contradicts evolution of finches and other birds. Adaptation to the environment is not related to the origin of new species. Species with nucleotide sequences that match closely share a common ancestor. Molecular biologists have suggested that bacteria are more closely related to eukaryotes than are members of the domain Archaea.

Species with nucleotide sequences that match closely share a common ancestor.

The human immune system cannot effectively suppress the HIV virus on its own. What key feature of HIV makes it so hard to beat? The HIV virus can survive harsh conditions for years as a dormant particle. The HIV virus has an extremely high rate of mutation. The HIV virus replicates its genome with a great deal of precision (i.e., has a low mutation rate). The HIV virus has a special protein coat that protects it from attack by all known human immune defenses.

The HIV virus has an extremely high rate of mutation.

Natural selection is best described as _____. a creative force that efficiently develops the best and simplest solutions for all problems in nature a forward-looking process that anticipates future problems and designs the necessary tools to solve them through mutation a filtering process that fine-tunes the traits of populations by sorting among existing, randomly produced variations a completely random and unpredictable process of change, or evolution

a filtering process that fine-tunes the traits of populations by sorting among existing, randomly produced variations

Natural selection results in ______. a population that is better adapted to a future environment increased genetic variation an increase in the size of a population a population that is adapted to its current environment

a population that is adapted to its current environment

Gene flow is accomplished by ______. mutation natural selection sexual recombination migration

migration

The population of American bison used to number in the millions of animals. Hunting and other problems greatly decreased the number of bison to about 1,000 animals. But today, the numbers are recovering to estimates of more than 200,000 animals. This crash in the population of bison and recent recovery is a good example of _____. the founder effect gene flow stabilizing selection genetic drift the bottleneck effect

the bottleneck effect

Imagine that a new population of humans is established on a new planet from ten randomly selected people in your biology class. Over thousands of years, the descendants of those ten people reproduce and prosper, but do not reflect well the diversity of humans on Earth. This change in the diversity of people on the new planet is an example of _____. stabilizing selection gene flow the founder effect genetic drift the bottleneck effect

the founder effect

In recessive lethal diseases such as Tay-Sachs disease, carriers have one copy of the normal allele and one copy of the allele for the disease. Carriers are represented in the Hardy-Weinberg formula by __________. the frequency of homozygous dominants plus frequency of heterozygotes plus the frequency of homozygous recessives the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium 2pq 1 - q

2pq

Imagine that four people are infected with HIV from a common source (an infected blood sample). Initially, the patients' HIV populations are genetically identical. By the time they develop full-blown AIDS, how would the viral populations of the four patients compare? Each patient's viral population would be unique, specifically adapted to deal with—and overcome—his or her unique immune system responses. The viral populations would still be genetically identical to each other and would be unchanged from the time of infection. The viral populations would have evolved to a new and more dangerous strain, but that strain would be identical across all four patients. This is the strain of virus found in every person suffering full-blown AIDS.

Each patient's viral population would be unique, specifically adapted to deal with—and overcome—his or her unique immune system responses.

Which of the following events could NOT be caused by a population bottleneck? Loss of alleles Increased population size Reduction in genetic variability Changes in allele frequency

Increased population size

Natural selection ______. prepares organisms for future changes in the environment is a very rare phenomenon results in evolutionary adaptation does not affect allelic frequencies

results in evolutionary adaptation

According to the Hardy-Weinberg formula, the frequencies of alleles in a population will remain constant if _____ is the only process that affects the gene pool. mutation genetic drift microevolution sexual reproduction

sexual reproduction

Which of the following is most likely to decrease genetic variation? directional selection diversifying selection mutation stabilizing selection

stabilizing selection

The founder effect differs from a population bottleneck in that the founder effect ______. can only occur on an oceanic island colony is a type of natural selection requires a small population involves the isolation of a small colony of individuals from a larger population

involves the isolation of a small colony of individuals from a larger population

Which of the following is a requirement for natural selection? nonheritable traits low numbers of individuals a long period of time greater numbers of offspring from those that do not survive variation in individuals

variation in individuals

Which of the following are homologous? the forelimb of a dog and the forelimb of a cat the mouth of a mosquito and the beak of a hummingbird the forelimb of a dog and the hindlimb of a cat wings of a butterfly and wings of a sparrow

the forelimb of a dog and the forelimb of a cat

"Differential success in reproduction" is just another way of saying _____. mutation variation recombination natural selection genetic drift

natural selection

The smallest unit that can evolve is a _____. morph gene species genotype population

population

What does evolutionary fitness measure? relative reproductive success longevity population size physical health

relative reproductive success

A process in which organisms with certain inherited characteristics are more likely to survive and reproduce than are individuals with other characteristics is called _____. natural selection descent with modification evolution evolutionary adaptation homology

natural selection

Which of the following is the study of the geographic distribution of species on Earth? paleontology comparative anatomy biogeography microevolution comparative embryology

biogeography

Evidence from molecular biology supports the theory of evolution by showing that __________. closely related organisms have similar physical characters closely related animal species have similar geographic distributions closely related organisms have more similar DNA and proteins closely related organisms have similar stages of development homologous proteins have arisen separately in many different animal groups

closely related organisms have more similar DNA and proteins

Homology is evidence of ______. biogeography convergent evolution common ancestry natural selection

common ancestry

The similarity of the embryos of fish, frogs, birds, and humans is evidence of ______. convergent evolution common ancestry analogy genetic drift

common ancestry

In the Hardy-Weinberg formula, what does 2pq represent? frequency of the homozygous dominants frequency of the dominant allele frequency of heterozygotes frequency of the recessive allele

frequency of heterozygotes

The total collection of alleles in a population at any one time make up that population's ______. genotype heterozygosity polymorphic pool gene pool

gene pool

A process in which organisms with certain inherited characteristics are more likely to survive and reproduce than individuals with other characteristics is called _____. natural selection evolutionary adaptation descent with modification evolution

natural selection

The smallest biological unit that can evolve is the ______. individual phylum species population

population

A population is __________. the number of humans per unit area organisms of different species that live together a group of individuals of the same species occupying a given area the number of organisms in a particular habitat all living organisms on Earth

A group of Individuals of the same species occupying a given area.

True or False. In the example described in the tutorial, the red amoebas survived the catastrophic event, and all future generations of amoebas were red because the red amoebas had a higher reproductive rate than the blue ones. True False

False

As proposed by Darwin, what sorts of traits are favored by natural selection? Any traits that are produced by mutation and can be inherited. Traits that reduce the number of offspring an individual produces, thus helping to reduce the struggle for existence in the next generation. Traits that reduce the mutation rate and cut down on unnecessary variation within populations. Heritable traits that help individuals survive and reproduce more successfully than others in the same population.

Heritable traits that help individuals survive and reproduce more successfully than others in the same population.

Which of the following statements about the amoeba population described at the end of the tutorial is true? It is more vulnerable to extinction due to lack of genetic variation. It is less vulnerable to extinction because it survived the catastrophe. It is healthier than the starting population.

It is more vulnerable to extinction due to lack of genetic variation.

Which one of the following statements most closely agrees with the theory of evolution by means of natural selection, as put forth by Darwin? Only the best-adapted organisms will survive. Organisms deliberately evolve the structures they need to survive. Humans arose from chimpanzees. Organisms mutate under unfavorable conditions to become better adapted. Organisms better adapted to their immediate environment are most likely to survive and reproduce.

Organisms better adapted to their immediate environment are most likely to survive and reproduce.

Which of the following is an example of sexual selection? Cheetahs experienced a population bottleneck. Bacteria evolve resistance to antibiotics. Peahens choose to mate with peacocks that have the most beautiful tails. Female butterflies have a higher survival rate than male butterflies.

Peahens choose to mate with peacocks that have the most beautiful tails.

Which of the following is an example of directional selection? The birth weight at which newborn humans are most likely to survive and the average weight of newborn humans are about the same. Garter snakes with different coloration patterns behave differently when threatened. There is an increase in antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria. There is an increase in the number of different breeds of dog.

There is an increase in antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria.

Natural selection can be defined as ______. the evolution of a population of organisms the production of more offspring than can survive in a given environment a process in which organisms with certain inherited traits are more likely to survive and reproduce than individuals with other traits a process in which changes in gene frequencies result from evolution

a process in which organisms with certain inherited traits are more likely to survive and reproduce than individuals with other traits

HIV has become an important source of mortality for humans. If AIDS persists as a major factor for humans for many generations in the future, natural selection theory predicts that _____. any heritable traits that help humans survive and reproduce in the presence of AIDS should become more frequent over time AIDS should gradually become less variable with a lower mutation rate humans will develop weaker immune systems as an evolutionary response to natural selection individual humans will evolve to become immune to AIDS as long as they are exposed to it as young children

any heritable traits that help humans survive and reproduce in the presence of AIDS should become more frequent over time