Biology Chapter 13

If a horticulturist breeding gardenias succeeds in having a single plant with a particularly desirable set of traits, which of the following would be her most probable and efficient route to establishing a line of such plants? A) Backtrack through her previous experiments to obtain another plant with the same traits. B) Breed this plant with another plant with much weaker traits. C) Clone the plant. D) Force the plant to self-pollinate to obtain an identical one.

Clone the plant

Which of the following processes occurs when homologous chromosomes cross over in meiosis I? A) Two sister chromatids get tangled, resulting in one re-sequencing its DNA. B) Two sister chromatids exchange identical pieces of DNA. C) Corresponding segments of non-sister chromatids are exchanged. D) Maternal alleles are "corrected" to be like paternal alleles and vice versa.

Corresponding segments of non-sister chromatids are exchanged.

Which of the following processes occur during meiosis but not mitosis? A) Haploid cells fuse to form diploid cells. B) Haploid cells multiply into more haploid cells. C) Diploid cells form haploid cells. D) A diploid cell combines with a haploid cell.

Diploid cells form haploid cells.

Which of the following statements describes one characteristic of each chromosome in a cell during the entire process of meiosis I? A) Each chromosome is paired with a homologous chromosome. B) Each chromosome consists of two sister chromatids joined by a centromere. C) Each chromosome consists of a single strand of DNA. D) Each chromosome is joined with its homologous pair to form a synaptonemal complex.

Each chromosome consists of two sister chromatids joined by a centromere.

Which of the following statements is true of a species that has a chromosome number of 2n = 16? A) The species is diploid with 32 chromosomes per cell. B) The species has 16 sets of chromosomes per cell. C) Each diploid cell has eight homologous pairs of chromosomes. D) A gamete from this species has four chromosomes.

Each diploid cell has eight homologous pairs of chromosomes.

Refer to the information and figure below to answer the following questions. A certain (hypothetical) organism is diploid, has either blue or orange wings as the consequence of one of its genes on chromosome 12, and has either long or short antennae as the result of a second gene on chromosome 19, as shown in the figure. -A female with a paternal set of one orange and one long gene chromosome and a maternal set comprised of one blue and one short gene chromosome would be expected to produce which of the following types of eggs after meiosis? A) All eggs will have maternal types of gene combinations. B) All eggs will have paternal types of gene combinations. C) Half the eggs will have maternal and half will have paternal combinations. D) Each egg has a one-fourth chance of having either blue long, blue short, orange long, or orange short combinations.

Each egg has a one-fourth chance of having either blue long, blue short, orange long, or orange short combinations.

The somatic cells of a privet shrub each contain a total of 46 chromosomes. How do the chromosomes of this plant differ from the chromosomes of humans, who also have a total of 46? A) Privet shrub cells cannot reproduce sexually. B) Privet shrub sex cells have chromosomes that can synapse with human chromosomes in the laboratory. C) Genes of privet shrub chromosomes are significantly different than those in humans. D) Privet shrubs must be metabolically more like animals than like other shrubs.

Genes of privet shrub chromosomes are significantly different than those in humans.

Which of the following events happens at the conclusion of meiosis I? A) Homologous chromosomes of a pair are separated from each other. B) The chromosome number per cell remains the same. C) Sister chromatids are separated. D) Four daughter cells are formed.

Homologous chromosomes of a pair are separated from each other.

DNA was isolated from three different cell types of the same organism, the relative DNA content for each type was determined, and the results were plotted on the graph shown in the figure below. Refer to the graph to answer the following questions. -Which sample of DNA might be from a cell that stopped the process of cell division in G₀ phase of the cell cycle prior to meiosis? A) I B) II C) III D) either I or II

I

DNA was isolated from three different cell types of the same organism, the relative DNA content for each type was determined, and the results were plotted on the graph shown in the figure below. Refer to the graph to answer the following questions. -Which sample of DNA might represent a zygote? A) I B) II C) III D) either I or II

I

Refer to the drawings in the figure below of a single pair of homologous chromosomes as they might appear during various stages of either mitosis or meiosis, and answer the following question(s). -Which diagram represents anaphase I of meiosis? A) I B) II C) IV D) V

I

Refer to the life cycles illustrated in the figure below to answer the following questions. -Which of the life cycles is typical for animals? A) I only B) II only C) III only D) I and III

I only

DNA was isolated from three different cell types of the same organism, the relative DNA content for each type was determined, and the results were plotted on the graph shown in the figure below. Refer to the graph to answer the following questions. -Which sample of DNA might represent an animal cell in the G₂ phase of the cell cycle prior to meiosis? A) I B) II C) III D) both I and II

II

For the following questions, match the key event of meiosis with the stages listed below. I.Prophase I V.Prophase II II.Metaphase I VI.Metaphase II III.Anaphase I VII.Anaphase II IV.Telophase I VIII.Telophase II -Homologous chromosomes are aligned at the equator of the spindle. A) I B) II C) IV D) VI

II

Refer to the life cycles illustrated in the figure below to answer the following questions. -Which of the life cycles is typical for most fungi and some protists? A) I only B) II only C) III only D) I and II

II only

Eukaryotic sexual life cycles show tremendous variation. Which of the following characteristics do all sexual life cycles have in common? I)Alternation of generations II)Meiosis III)Fertilization IV)Gametes V)Spores A) I, II, and IV B) II, III, and IV C) II, IV, and V D) I, II, III, IV, and V

II, III, and IV

Refer to the life cycles illustrated in the figure below to answer the following questions. -Which of the life cycles is typical for plants and some algae? A) I only B) II only C) III only D) I and III

III only

In eukaryotes, genetic information is passed to the next generation by processes that include mitosis or meiosis. Which of the following explanations correctly identifies the process and supports the claim that heritable information is passed from one generation to another? A) During mitosis, DNA replication occurs twice within the cell cycle to insure a full set of chromosomes within each of the daughter cells produced. B) Mitosis, followed by cytokinesis, produces daughter cells that are genetically different from the parent cell, thus insuring variation within the population. C) In asexual reproduction, a single individual is the sole parent and passes copies of its genes to its offspring without the fusion of gametes. D) Single-celled organisms can fuse their cells, reproducing asexually through mitosis to form new cells that are not identical to the parent cell.

In asexual reproduction, a single individual is the sole parent and passes copies of its genes to its offspring without the fusion of gametes.

Which of the following statements is correct in comparing sexual and asexual reproduction? A) Asexual reproduction, but not sexual reproduction, is characteristic of only plants and fungi. B) In sexual reproduction, individuals transmit half of their nuclear genes to each of their offspring. C) In asexual reproduction, offspring are produced by fertilization without meiosis. D) Asexual reproduction produces only haploid offspring.

In sexual reproduction, individuals transmit half of their nuclear genes to each of their offspring.

Which of the following statements is correct regarding the human X chromosomes? A) It is present in every somatic cell of males and females. B) It is the same size as other chromosomes and has the same number of genes. C) It carries genes that determine an individual's biological sex. D) It is referred to as an autosome.

It carries genes that determine an individual's biological sex.

If a cell has completed meiosis I and the first cytokinesis, and is just beginning meiosis II, which of the following is an appropriate description of its genetic contents? A) It has half the amount of DNA as the cell that began meiosis. B) It has half the chromosomes but twice the DNA of the parent cell. C) It has one-fourth the DNA and one-half the chromosomes as the parent cell. D) It is genetically identical to another cell formed from the same meiosis I event.

It has half the amount of DNA as the cell that began meiosis.

Which of the following statements correctly describes a karyotype? A) It is a display of all of the cell types in an organism. B) It is an organized image of a cell's chromosomes. C) It reveals the appearance of an organism. D) It is a display of a cell's mitotic stages.

It is an organized image of a cell's chromosomes.

A particular organism has 46 chromosomes in its karyotype. Which of the following statements is correct regarding this organism? A) It must be human. B) It must be an animal. C) It reproduces sexually. D) It produces gametes with 23 chromosomes.

It produces gametes with 23 chromosomes.

Which of the following statements describes a major difference between meiosis II and mitosis in a diploid animal? A) Homologous chromosomes align on the metaphase plate in meiosis II. B) Sister chromatids separate in mitosis, and homologous chromosomes separate in meiosis II. C) Meiosis II occurs in a haploid cell, while mitosis occurs in diploid cells. D) Crossing over of chromosomes takes place in meiosis II.

Meiosis II occurs in a haploid cell, while mitosis occurs in diploid cells.

Genetic variation leads to genetic diversity in populations and is the raw material for evolution. Biological systems have multiple processes, such as reproduction, that affect genetic variation. They are evolutionarily conserved and shared by various organisms. Which of the following statements best represents the connection between reproduction and evolution? A) Plants that use sexual reproduction are rare since this type of reproduction in plants does not contribute to genetic diversity. B) In order to increase genetic diversity for evolution in sexually reproducing organisms, mutations must occur in the zygote after fertilization. C) Since prokaryotic organisms reproduce asexually, there is no mechanism for them to add genetic diversity for evolution. D) Sexual reproduction increases genetic variation because random mutations can be shuffled between organisms.

Sexual reproduction increases genetic variation because random mutations can be shuffled between organisms.

How does natural selection apply to sexual reproduction as opposed to asexual reproduction? A) Sexual reproduction results in many new gene combinations, some of which will lead to differential reproduction. B) Sexual reproduction results in the greatest number of new mutations. C) Sexual reproduction allows the greatest number of offspring to be produced. D) Sexual reproduction utilizes far less energy than asexual reproduction.

Sexual reproduction results in many new gene combinations, some of which will lead to differential reproduction.

Which of the following statements describes a major difference between mitosis and meiosis I in a diploid organism? A) Sister chromatids separate in mitosis, while homologous pairs of chromosomes separate in meiosis I. B) Sister chromatids separate in mitosis, while homologous pairs of chromosomes separate in meiosis II. C) DNA replication takes place prior to mitosis, but not before meiosis I. D) Only meiosis I results in daughter cells that contain identical genetic information.

Sister chromatids separate in mitosis, while homologous pairs of chromosomes separate in meiosis II.

Which of the following statements describes the chromosomal makeup of each daughter cell after telophase of meiosis I? A) The cells are diploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of a single chromatid. B) The cells are diploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of two chromatids. C) The cells are haploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of a single chromatid. D) The cells are haploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of two chromatids.

The cells are haploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of two chromatids.

How do cells at the completion of meiosis compare with cells that are in prophase of meiosis I? A) The cells have half the number of chromosomes and half the amount of DNA. B) The cells have the same number of chromosomes and half the amount of DNA. C) The cells have half the number of chromosomes and one-fourth the amount of DNA. D) The cells have half the amount of cytoplasm and twice the amount of DNA.

The cells have half the number of chromosomes and one-fourth the amount of DNA.

Imagine that there are 25 different species of protists living in a tide pool. Some of these species reproduce both sexually and asexually, and some of them can reproduce only asexually. The pool gradually becomes infested with disease-causing viruses and bacteria. Which species are more likely to thrive in the changing environment? A) The sexually reproducing species is likely to thrive. B) The asexually reproducing species is likely to thrive. C) Sexually and asexually reproducing species are equally likely to thrive. D) Neither species will be able to thrive.

The sexually reproducing species is likely to thrive.

Refer to the life cycles illustrated in the figure below to answer the following questions. -In a life cycle such as that shown in part III of the figure above, if the zygote's chromosome number is ten, which of the following statements will be true? A) The sporophyte's chromosome number per cell is ten and the gametophyte's is five. B) The sporophyte's chromosome number per cell is five and the gametophyte's is ten. C) The sporophyte and gametophyte each have ten chromosomes per cell. D) The sporophyte and gametophyte each have five chromosomes per cell.

The sporophyte's chromosome number per cell is ten and the gametophyte's is five.

Which of the following characteristics do homologous chromosomes exhibit? A) They carry information for different traits. B) They carry information for the same traits. C) They carry the same alleles. D) They align on the metaphase plate in meiosis II.

They carry information for the same traits.

Refer to the drawings in the figure below of a single pair of homologous chromosomes as they might appear during various stages of either mitosis or meiosis, and answer the following question(s). -Which diagram represents anaphase II of meiosis? A) I B) III C) IV D) V

V

For the following questions, match the key event of meiosis with the stages listed below. I.Prophase I V.Prophase II II.Metaphase I VI.Metaphase II III.Anaphase I VII.Anaphase II IV.Telophase I VIII.Telophase II -Centromeres of sister chromatids disjoin and chromatids separate. A) III B) IV C) V D) VII

VII

A human cell containing 22 autosomes and a Y chromosome is A) a sperm. B) an egg. C) a zygote. D) a somatic cell of a male.

a sperm.

For a species with a haploid number of 23 chromosomes, how many different combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes are possible for the gametes based on the independent assortment of chromosomes during meiosis? A) 23 B) 46 C) about 1,000 D) about 8 million

about 8 million

Which of the following processes might produce a human zygote with 45 chromosomes? A) an error in meiotic anaphase occurring in either an egg or sperm B) failure of the egg nucleus to be fertilized by the sperm C) failure of an egg to complete meiosis II D) incomplete cytokinesis during spermatogenesis after meiosis I

an error in meiotic anaphase occurring in either an egg or sperm

During which of the following phases of meiosis do homologous chromosomes separate? A) anaphase II B) prophase I C) mitosis D) anaphase I

anaphase I

During which of the following phases of meiosis do centromeres split and sister chromatids migrate to opposite poles of the cell? A) anaphase I B) telophase I C) anaphase II D) telophase II

anaphase II

Many organisms spend most of their life cycle in the diploid state. If meiosis produces haploid cells, how is the diploid number restored for these types of organisms? A) by DNA replication B) through the transcription of DNA to RNA C) by synapsis of the homologous pairs of chromosomes during prophase of meiosis I D) by fertilization

by fertilization

The bulldog ant has a diploid number of two chromosomes. Therefore, following meiosis, each daughter cell will have a single chromosome. In addition to mutations, how might genetic diversity be generated in this species? A) crossing over only B) independent assortment only C) crossing over and random fertilization D) nothing else

crossing over and random fertilization

During which of the following processes do sister chromatids separate from each other? A) during meiosis I only B) during meiosis II only C) during both mitosis and meiosis I D) during both mitosis and meiosis II

during both mitosis and meiosis II

Which of the following processes occurs in a plant's sexual life cycle? A) sporophytes produce gametes by meiosis B) gametophytes produce gametes by mitosis C) gametophytes produce gametes by meiosis D) sporophytes produce gametes by mitosis

gametophytes produce gametes by mitosis

During which of the following processes does independent assortment of chromosomes occur? A) in meiosis I only B) in meiosis II only C) in mitosis and meiosis I D) in mitosis and meiosis II

in meiosis I only

In a human karyotype, chromosomes are arranged in 23 pairs. If we choose one of these pairs, such as pair 14, which of the following do the two chromosomes of the pair have in common? A) length and position of the centromere only B) length, centromere position, and staining pattern only C) length, centromere position, staining pattern, and traits coded for by their genes D) They have nothing in common except that they are X-shaped.

length, centromere position, staining pattern, and traits coded for by their genes

Crossing over of chromosomes normally takes place during which of the following processes? A) meiosis II B) meiosis I C) mitosis D) mitosis and meiosis II

meiosis I

The two homologs of a pair move toward opposite poles of dividing cell during A) mitosis. B) meiosis I. C) meiosis II. D) fertilization.

meiosis I.

At which stage of mitosis are chromosomes usually photographed in the preparation of a karyotype? A) prophase B) metaphase C) anaphase D) interphase

metaphase

During which of the following processes do homologous pairs of chromosomes align adjacent to one another at the metaphase plate of a cell? A) metaphase of mitosis B) metaphase I of meiosis C) telophase II of meiosis D) metaphase II of meiosis

metaphase I of meiosis

Asexual reproduction occurs during which of the following processes? A) meiosis B) mitosis C) fertilization D) the exchange of chromosomes between organisms of different species

mitosis

Refer to the information and figure below to answer the following questions. A certain (hypothetical) organism is diploid, has either blue or orange wings as the consequence of one of its genes on chromosome 12, and has either long or short antennae as the result of a second gene on chromosome 19, as shown in the figure. -A certain female's number 12 chromosomes both have the blue gene and number 19 chromosomes both have the long gene. As cells in her ovaries undergo meiosis, which of the following combinations of genes and chromosomes will her eggs have? A) either two number 12 chromosomes with blue genes or two with orange genes B) either two number 19 chromosomes with long genes or two with short genes C) either one blue or one orange gene in addition to either one long or one short gene D) one chromosome 12 with one blue gene and one chromosome 19 with one long gene

one chromosome 12 with one blue gene and one chromosome 19 with one long gene

Refer to the information and figure below to answer the following questions. A certain (hypothetical) organism is diploid, has either blue or orange wings as the consequence of one of its genes on chromosome 12, and has either long or short antennae as the result of a second gene on chromosome 19, as shown in the figure. -If a female of this species has one chromosome 12 with a blue gene and another chromosome 12 with an orange gene, and has both number 19 chromosomes with short genes, which of the following combinations of genes will her eggs have? A) only blue short gene eggs B) only orange short gene eggs C) one half blue short and one half orange short gene eggs D) three fourths blue short and one fourth orange short gene eggs

one half blue short and one half orange short gene eggs

When chiasmata can first be seen in cells using a microscope, which of the following processes has most likely occurred? A) meiosis II B) anaphase II C) prophase I D) the separation of homologs

prophase I

Which of the following processes facilitates the fastest way for organisms to adapt to a changing environment? A) mutation B) asexual reproduction C) sexual reproduction D) mitosis

sexual reproduction

Meiosis II is similar to mitosis in that A) sister chromatids separate during anaphase. B) DNA replicates before the division. C) the daughter cells are diploid. D) homologous chromosomes synapse.

sister chromatids separate during anaphase.

Which of the following processes occurs in meiosis but not in mitosis? A) chromosome replication B) synapsis of chromosomes C) alignment of chromosomes at the equator D) condensation of chromosomes

synapsis of chromosomes

Which of the following statements defines a genome? A) the complete set of an organism's polypeptides B) the complete set of a species' polypeptides C) a karyotype D) the complete set of an organism's genes and other DNA sequences

the complete set of an organism's genes and other DNA sequences

Independent assortment of chromosomes is a result of which of the following processes? A) the random way each pair of homologous chromosomes lines up at the metaphase plate during meiosis I B) the random combinations of eggs and sperm during fertilization C) the random distribution of the sister chromatids to the two daughter cells during anaphase II D) the diverse combination of alleles that may be found within any given chromosome

the random way each pair of homologous chromosomes lines up at the metaphase plate during meiosis I

Somatic cells of roundworms have four individual chromosomes per cell. How many chromosomes would you expect to find in an ovum from a roundworm? A) four B) two C) eight D) a diploid number

two

If we continue to follow the cell lineage from question 4, then the DNA content of a single cell at metaphase of meiosis II will be A) 0.25x. B) 0.5x. C) x. D) 2x.

x

If the DNA content of a diploid cell in the G₁ phase of the cell cycle is x, then the DNA content of the same cell at metaphase of meiosis I will be A) 0.25x. B) 0.5x. C) x. D) 2x.

2x

Quaking aspen trees can send out underground stems for asexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction is not as common, but when it does happen, the haploid gametes have 19 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are in the cells of the underground stems? A) 9 B) 10 C) 19 D) 38

38

A triploid cell contains three sets of homologous chromosomes. If a cell of a diploid species that normally has 42 chromosomes per cell is triploid, this cell would be expected to have which of the following sets of chromosomes? A) 63 chromosomes in 31 1/2 pairs B) 63 chromosomes in 21 sets of 3 C) 63 chromosomes, each with 3 sister chromatids D) 21 chromosome pairs and 21 unique chromosomes

63 chromosomes in 21 sets of 3

Which of the following statements describes an example of alternation of generations? A) A grandparent and grandchild each have dark hair, but the parent has blond hair. B) A diploid plant (sporophyte) produces a spore by meiosis that gives rise to a multicellular, haploid pollen grain (gametophyte). C) A diploid animal produces gametes by meiosis, and the gametes undergo fertilization to produce a diploid zygote. D) A haploid mushroom produces gametes by mitosis, and the gametes undergo fertilization, which is immediately followed by meiosis.

A diploid plant (sporophyte) produces a spore by meiosis that gives rise to a multicellular, haploid pollen grain (gametophyte).