Biology Chapter 16 Review Questions for Test

What are the two major divisions of the vertebrate endoskeleton? What are the major division of bones in each of these divisions?

1. axial- vertebral column, ribs, skull 2. appendicular- limbs, pectoral and pelvic girdles

List several characteristics of the class Amphibia that separate its members from other vertebrate classes

1. begins in water and ends on land 2. bodies are covered with skin 3. skin can function in respiration 4. 3 chambered heart 5. practice estivation to survive during dry, hot weather

Identify at least 3 functions of an amphibian skin

1. body covering 2. protection

What are four main differences between snakes and lizzards

1. lizards have 2 pairs of limbs and snakes have none 2. lizards have external ear openings and snakes are deaf 3. lizards have eye lids and can close their eyes and snakes eyes are permanently open 4. lizards body is covered in scales and snakes have large scutes

List the 5 typical vertebrate brain lobes and tell the function of each.

1. olfactory- receive impulse from nostrils 2. cerebrum- controls voluntary muscle activity 3. optic- receive impulse from eyes for sight 4. cerebellum- coordinates muscle activity 5. medulla oblongata- contains reflex centers

List and describe the three basic methods of development of vertebrate embryos.

1. oviparous- offspring hatch outside of parent 2. inviviparous- produce life offspring 3. ovoviviparous- organism produce offspring that aren't nurtured by placenta

Describe the heart of a fish.

2 chambered heart behind gills, has atrium that receives blood from body tissues

What are two major divisions of the nervous system of the frog and what structures belong in each division.

Central Nervous System- brain and spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System- all nerves which transmit impulses between the CNS and sensory organs

Outline and define the basic types of animal behavior

Innate- organism has from birth and does not need to develop; reflex- automatic; instinct- result of a stimulus; conditioned- learned; intelligence- ability to use knowledge

What are the observable differences between alligators and crocodiles?

alligator- blunt, thick snout, and teeth fit within the jaws crocodile- thinner, pointed snout, with teeth protruding out

Describe and list the structures found within an amniotic egg.

amnion; amniotic fluid; embryo; shell; yolk; yolk sac; chorion; allantois

List distinguishing features of the three major types of blood vessels.

arteries- carry blood away from the heart to the body tissues capillaries- tiny, thin walled vessels exchange, waste, food, carbon dioxide veins- carry blood back to heart

How do fish maintain their depth in the water

has an air bladder- increase in gas volume the fish rises in the water; decreasing gas volume and the fish stinks

What are the advantages of countershading?

helps to protect fish from predators above and below it

Why is the blood of vertebrates red?

hemoglobin, red oxygen carrying pigment is present in certain blood cells

What are the primary differences between hibernation and estivation

hibernation- takes place in winter estivation- occurs during the summer

Describe the digestive system of a fish

ingested through mouth, passes through pharynx and a short esophagus into the sac-like stomach for storage, digestion occurs in the stomach

What type of fertilization is associated with animals that develop from amniotic eggs?

internal fertilization

Based on Genesis 3, what 3 characteristics do some people claim the snake had before the curse? Which, if any, of the characteristics are necessary according to scripture?

legs

What are the 3 main groups of frogs? What characteristics separate them?

rana- remain near water bufo- rough, dry skin, stay on land hyla- usually smaller than frogs, large, sticky disks

List several characteristics of turtles that separate them from other reptiles

shell; lack teeth

List the structures a morsel of food passes through from the time it is swallowed by a frog until it is egested.

short esophagus stomach Pyloric valve small intestine colon short cloaca

List the 4 major groups of living reptiles.

snakes/lizards; turtles/tortoises; alligators/crocodiles; tuatara