Biology- Chapter 22- Descent with Modification

True or false? It would be difficult to assess whether the drug-susceptible or drug-resistant phenotype in a population of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was more fit in an environment without antibiotics. True or False

True

Identify the four postulates of natural selection. a. Survival and reproductive success are variable among individuals in a population. b. Individuals in a population all possess the same traits. c. All individuals in a population have equal reproductive success. d. Individuals with certain traits are more likely to survive and reproduce. e. Individuals in a population vary in the traits they possess. f. Some trait differences are heritable.

a, d, e, f

Which of the following organisms could be produced by artificial selection? a. A cow that produces a large quantity of milk. b. A chimpanzee that communicates through sign language. c. A dog that serves as the "eyes" for a blind individual. d. A rabbit that is housebroken.

a. A cow that produces a large quantity of milk.

It has been observed that organisms on many islands are different from, but closely related to, similar forms found on the nearest continent. Which of the following possible conclusions is best derived from this observation? a. Island forms are descended from mainland forms. b. Island forms and mainland forms have identical gene pools. c. The island forms and mainland forms are converging. d. Common environments are inhabited by the same organisms.

a. Island forms are descended from mainland forms.

Does the ability of a Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell to infect a new host depend on its drug-resistant phenotype? a. No, drug-susceptible cells and drug-resistant cells are equally likely to infect a new host. b. Yes, drug-resistant cells can infect a new host more easily than drug-susceptible cells. c. Yes, drug-susceptible cells can infect a new host more easily than drug-resistant cells.

a. No, drug-susceptible cells and drug-resistant cells are equally likely to infect a new host.

Which of the following statements best describes evolution? a. Populations change genetically from one generation to the next. b. The match between individuals and their environment decreases over time. c. Individuals change in response to changes in the environment. d. Natural selection favors the most abundant trait.

a. Populations change genetically from one generation to the next.

Which of the following statements is most accurate in comparing scientific theories and scientific hypotheses? a. Scientific theories are supported by, and make sense of, many observations, whereas scientific hypotheses are narrow, testable ideas. b. Scientific theories are nearly the same things as scientific hypotheses. c. Scientific theories cannot be tested because they relate to events that occurred only once, but scientific hypotheses can be tested because they relate to events that occur now. d. Scientific theories predict future events but scientific hypotheses describe past events.

a. Scientific theories are supported by, and make sense of, many observations, whereas scientific hypotheses are narrow, testable ideas.

The bacteria Staphylococcus aureus has developed resistance to some antibiotic drugs. How did this resistance come about? a. Some members of the bacteria populations possessed some sort of genetic variation for antibiotic resistance that was selected for when the bacteria was exposed to the drugs. b. Some members of the bacteria populations mutated and developed resistance. c. Some members of the bacteria populations acquired resistance genes by being exposed to the antibiotic. d. Genetic recombination of alleles during sexual reproduction in the bacteria produced antibiotic resistant genes.

a. Some members of the bacteria populations possessed some sort of genetic variation for antibiotic resistance that was selected for when the bacteria was exposed to the drugs.

In the United States today, about half of the corn crop is genetically engineered with a protein that is toxic to corn borers, an insect pest of corn. Which of the following conditions would be necessary for evolution of resistance to the toxic protein to occur in the corn borer? a. The corn borer must have or generate (by mutation) heritable variation in resistance to the toxic protein. The resistant corn borers must survive better or reproduce more than nonresistant corn borers. b. The corn borers must experience unlimited success in their ability to survive or reproduce. c. The corn borer must lack variation in resistance to the toxic protein. d. The corn borers must experience no success in their ability to survive or reproduce.

a. The corn borer must have or generate (by mutation) heritable variation in resistance to the toxic protein. The resistant corn borers must survive better or reproduce more than nonresistant corn borers.

Which of the following statements describes the evolution by natural selection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria in their new environment? a. The drug-resistance trait is an adaptation to the environment in which human hosts are medicated with the antibiotic rifampin. b. The drug-susceptibility trait is an adaptation to the environment of antibacterial soaps. c. The drug-resistance trait is an adaptation to the environment in which human hosts travel worldwide and are exposed to new strains of bacteria. d. The drug-susceptibility trait is an adaptation to the environment in which human hosts are medicated with the antibiotic rifampin.

a. The drug-resistance trait is an adaptation to the environment in which human hosts are medicated with the antibiotic rifampin.

At the time Darwin voyaged on the HMS Beagle, the popularly accepted theory in Western culture that explained the origin of Earth's plants and animals held that the various species __________. a. had been created by divine intervention a few thousand years before b. arose continually from nonliving materials by spontaneous generation c. had evolved from now-extinct organisms d. arose from a single species that had survived the biblical flood

a. had been created by divine intervention a few thousand years before

A farmer wishes to develop a strain of high-yield corn that is also resistant to drought. He has the following individuals from the current year's crop: Individual A—Yield: 179 bushels/acre; drought resistance: high Individual B—Yield: 220 bushels/acre; drought resistance: low Individual C—Yield: 185 bushels/acre; drought resistance: medium Individual D—Yield: 140 bushels/acre; drought resistance: high Individual E—Yield: 200 bushels/acre; drought resistance: medium Which of the following crosses would produce the highest corn yield with the highest resistance to drought? a. A and B b. A and E c. C and E d. B and B

b. A and E

Which of the following statements best defines artificial selection? a. Artificial selection is a process that produces beneficial mutations. b. Artificial selection is a process in which humans decide which plants and/or animals will and will not breed. c. Artificial selection is a process in which humans protect domesticated species from predation. d. Artificial selection is a process that occurs when individuals inherit traits that enable them to survive and reproduce.

b. Artificial selection is a process in which humans decide which plants and/or animals will and will not breed.

Which of the following statements is an accurate combination of postulates 3 and 4 of natural selection? a. Individuals experience no success in their ability to survive or reproduce. b. Individuals experience differential success in their ability to survive or reproduce due to differences in certain traits. c. Individuals experience uniform success in their ability to survive or reproduce. d. Individuals experience unlimited success in their ability to survive or reproduce.

b. Individuals experience differential success in their ability to survive or reproduce due to differences in certain traits.

The modern idea of extinction as a common occurrence in Earth's history was first proposed in the early 19th century writings of __________. a. lamarack b. cuvier c. wallace d. lyell

b. cuvier

Organisms found only in specific places in the world are referred to as __________. a. introduced species b. endemic c. homologous

b. endemic

Darwin's explanation of how adaptations arise centered on __________. a. inheritance of acquired characteristics b. natural selection c. use and disuse d. artificial selection

b. natural selection

Which term describes a trait that increases an individual's ability to survive in a particular environment? a. Heritability b. Evolution c. Adaptation d. Fitness

c. Adaptation

Which term describes the ability of a trait to be passed on to offspring? a. Adaptation b. Evolution c. Heritability d. Fitness

c. Heritability

Which of these conditions do NOT occur in populations evolving due to natural selection? a. More offspring are produced than can survive. b. Some inherited traits increase reproductive success. c. Individuals pass on most traits that they acquire during their lifetime. d. The populations vary in traits that can be inherited.

c. Individuals pass on most traits that they acquire during their lifetime.

Which of the following statements is accurate about an organ described as vestigial? a. It need be neither homologous nor analogous to some feature in an ancestor. b. It must be both homologous and analogous to some feature in an ancestor. c. It must be homologous to some feature in an ancestor. d. It must be analogous to some feature in an ancestor.

c. It must be homologous to some feature in an ancestor.

When Charles Darwin set sail on the HMS Beagle, what did he and most of his contemporary scientists think about the origin of species? a. Most scientists, including Darwin, thought species were the product of natural processes and changed over time. b. Most scientists thought species were the product of natural processes, but Darwin had different ideas. c. Most scientists, including Darwin, thought each species was specially created by God in its present form and did not change over time. d. Most scientists thought species had been created in their current forms and were unchangeable, but Darwin believed in a natural origin of species.

c. Most scientists, including Darwin, thought each species was specially created by God in its present form and did not change over time.

Which of the following statements is most consistent with data obtained from the fossil record? a. Organisms have an innate drive to increase in complexity. b. Unused body parts decrease in size. c. Older strata carry fossils that differ greatly from living organisms. d. Geologic changes occur quickly on Earth.

c. Older strata carry fossils that differ greatly from living organisms.

Which of the following observations helped Darwin shape his concept of descent with modification? a. Birds live on islands located farther from the mainland than the birds' maximum nonstop flight distance. b. Fewer species live on islands than on the nearest continents. c. South American temperate plants are more similar to South American tropical plants than to European temperate ones. d. Species diversity declines farther from the equator.

c. South American temperate plants are more similar to South American tropical plants than to European temperate ones.

Darwin's explanation of how adaptations arise centered on __________. a. inheritance of acquired characteristics b. descent with modification c. natural selection d. use and disuse

c. natural selection

Which of the following statements about natural selection is true? a. Natural selection occurs in opposition to evolution. b. Natural selection can be used by farmers to generate organisms with desirable traits. c. Natural selection is a process whereby genes are selected randomly for preservation in the next generation. d. Natural selection favors individuals that reproduce more than others.

d. Natural selection favors individuals that reproduce more than others.

On an evolutionary tree, __________. a. the concept of descent with modification is not well-represented b. organisms that are positioned close to each other are closely related c. scientists are sure of the correct placement and relationships of all organisms d. homologous characteristics form a nested pattern

d. homologous characteristics form a nested pattern

A(n) __________ is the smallest unit that can evolve. a. individual b. species c. community d. population

d. population