Biology Chapter 4

Name three structures that may be found in plants but not in animals?

central vacoule Cell wall chloroplast

eukaryotic Flagella

propell cells through their undulating , whiplike motion. They occur singly, such as sperm cells of humans and other animals.=, but may also appear in groups on the outer surface of protists (pg 70)

Rough ER

refers to the ribosomes that stud the outside f its membrane. One of the functions of the rough ER is to make more membrane. pg 64

Creates fats and breaks down toxins

Smooth ER (14:20)

Differences in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells:

* prokaryotes are the first life on earth born 3.5 million years ago. * Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus. Its DNA is coiled into a "nucleus-like" region called a nucleoid. * Prokaryotic cells are usually much smaller, about one-tenth the length of the eukaryotic cells, and have a simpler structure. The most significant difference is that only eukarytoic cells have Organelles. (pg 58)

Place the following cellular structures in the order they would be used in the production and secretion of a protein:

1 - nucleus 2 -ribosome 3 -transport vesicle 4- Golgi apparatus 5 - plasma membrane (pg 67)

Measurement Equivalents

1 meter (m) = 100cm = 1,000mm = about 39.4 inches 1 centimeter (cm) = 10 −2 (1/100)m = about 0.4 inch 1 millimeter (mm) = 10 −3 (1/1,000) m = 1/10 cm 1 micrometer (um) = 10-6 m = 10 -3 mm 1 nanometer (nm) = 10-9 m = 10 -3 um (pg. 57)

Steps of Protein Creation (14:43)

1. Nucleolus makes Ribosomes 2. Ribosomes exit the nucleus 3. Ribosomes travel along the rough ER and create proteins 4. Golgi body packages and exports the finished proteins in a vescile

The size and range of cells

10 m Human height 1 m length of some nerve and muscle cells 10 cm chicken egg 1 cm frog eggs 1 mm 100 um plant and animals cells 10 um nuclei, most bacteria, mitochondria 1 um smallest bacteria 100 nm viruses, ribosomes 10 nm proteins, lipids 1 nm small molecules 0.1 nm Atoms

Nucleoid

A dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell. A prokaryotic cell lacks a nucleus; its DNA is coiled into a 'nucleus-like' region called the nucleoid, which is not partitioned from the rest of the cell by membranes. (pg.58)

Phospholipid bilayer

A double layer of phospholipids that makes up plasma and organelle membranes. (pg 60)

Antibiotics

A drug that is used to cure dangerous bacteria and to cure infections. (pg. 55)

Protists

A eukaryotic organism that cannot be classified as an animal, plant, or fungus.

Cytoplasm

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended Consists of organelles, cytoskeleton, and cytosol

Central Vacuole

A membranous sac in a mature plant cell with diverse roles in reproduction, growth, and development. In a plant cell, a large, fluid-filled sac that stores metabolites. During growth, it enlarges, forcing the primary cell wall to expand and the cell surface-area-to-volume ratio to increase. (pg 67)

Fluid Mosaic

A model of the membrane, showing that it is a fluid structure with a "mosaic" of various proteins embedded in or attached to a double later of phospholipids. pg 60

Nucleolus

A specialized structure in the nucleus, formed from various chromosomes and active in the synthesis of ribosomes (pg62)

Endoplasmic Reticulumn

A system of membranes that is found in a cell's cytoplasm and that assists in the production, processing, and transport of proteins and in the production of lipids. (pg 64)

Multi-Celled

A whole organism made up of more than one cell such as plants, animals and most fungi.

Plasma Membrane

All cells have several features in common. They are all bounded by a barrier called a plasma membrane, which regulates the traffic of molecules between the cell and its surroundings.

Quick Note: Addiction

As liver cells are exposed to smooth ER and its detoxifying enzymes increase. This can strengthen the bodies tolerance of the drug, meaning higher doses are needed to achieve the desired effect. Increased tolerance of drugs is one of the hallmarks of addiction - a potentially serious consequence of the continued use of certain drugs. (pg 65)

Allows material to enter/exit a cell

Cell Membrane (14:20)

What Polysaccharide is the primary component of plant cell walls?

Cellulose (pg 61)

Name two structures that may be found in animal cells but not in plant cells?

Centrioles, Lysosomes

Name three structures in plant cells that animal cells lack?

Chloroplasts, a central vacuole, a cell wall

Chromatin

Clusters of DNA, RNA, and proteins in the nucleus of a cell. Each long chromatin fiber constitutes one chromosome.

Chromosomes

Containers that store DNA; genetic info. A threadlike, gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus. Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins. (pg 58)

Packages and releases proteins from a cell

Golgi body (14:20)

How can a defective Lysosome result in excess accumulation of a particular chemical compound in a cell?

If the lysosome lack an enzyme needed to break down the compound, the cell will accumulate an excess of that compound. (pg 66)

Smooth ER

Is ER that does not have ribosomes attached. It is a major site of lipid synthesis.

Two important factors in microscopy

Magnification and Resolving Power (pg. 56)

Produces Ribosomes?

Nucleus (14:20)

Stores DNA?

Nucleus (14:20)

Micrographs

Photographs taken with microscopes.

Two Major Category of Cells

Prokaryotic Cells: are found in organisms of the domains Bacteria and Archaea. Eukaryotic Cells: Organisms of the domain Eukarya-protists, plants, fungi, and animals. (pg. 58)

Which organelle builds proteins?

Ribosome (14:20)

Links chains of Amino acids together

Ribosomes (14:20)

What makes rough ER rough?

Ribosomes attached to the membranes. (pg 65)

Transport vesicles

Sacs made of membrane that bud off from the rough ER (pg 64)

Prokaryotes

Single celled organisms. Organisms whose cells lack a nucleus. (pg. 56) Prokaryotic cells are older than eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotes appeared about 3.5 billion years ago. Eukaryotes appeared about 2.1 billion years ago.

Endosymbiotic Theory

Symbiogenesis, or endosymbiotic theory, is an evolutionary theory that explains the origin of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotes. It states that several key organelles of eukaryotes originated as a symbiosis between separate single-celled organisms. (17:02)

Resolving Power

The ability of an optical instrument to show two objects as separate. (pg. 56) The human eye can resolve points as close together as 0.1 millimeter (mm), about the size of a grain of sand.

Endomembrane System

The collection of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles; includes the smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vacuoles. (pg 64)

Nucleur Envelope

The double membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm. pores in the envelope allow certain materials to pass between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. (pg 62)

What is the relationship between the Golgi apparatus and the ER in a protein secreting cell?

The golgi apartus receives proteins from the ER via vesicles, processes the proteins, and then dispatches them in vesicles. (pg 65)

Phospholipids

The plasma membrane and other membranes of the cell are composed mostly of of lipids and proteins. Most of the lipids belong to a special catergory called phopholipids. They are related to dietary fats but have only two fatty acid tails instead of three, In place of the third fatty acid, a phospholipid has a phosphate group (a combination of phosphorus and oxygen). (pg 60)

All cells have several basic features.

They are all bounded by a thin plasma membrane. Inside all cells is a thick, jelly-like fluid called the cytosol, in which cellular components are suspended. All cells have one or more chromosomes carrying genes made of DNA. All cells have ribosomes, tiny structures that build proteins according to the instructions from the DNA. (PP)

Extracellular Matrix

This layer holds cells together in tissues, and it can also have protective and supportive functions. (pg 61)

Cytosol

a thick jellylike fluid inside all cells, in which cellular components are suspended. (pg 58)

Golgi Apparatus

an organelle named for its discoverer, Italian scientist Camillo Golgi, receives, refines, stores, and distributes chemical products of the cell. (pg 65) "Traffic Director" modifies and packages proteins in specific ways depending on their final destination

Cilia

are generally shorter and more numerous than flagella and promote movement by a coordinated back and forth motion, like rhythmic oars of a crew team. (pg 70)

Vacuoles

are large sacs of membrane that bud from the ER, Golgi apparatus, or plasma membrane. Vacuoles have a variety of functions.(pg 67) stores food water waste and color pigments. Vacuoles are much smaller in animal cells

Ribosomes

build proteins according to instructions from the genes.

What is the relationship between chromosomes and chromatin?

chromosomes are made of chromatin, which is a combination of DNA and proteins. (pg 62)

Transmission Electron Micrograph (TEM)

for viewing internal structures. (pg. 56)

Light Micrograph (LM)

for viewing living cells. The type of microscope used by renaissance scientists. Visible light is projected through the specimen, such as a single celled protist. (pg.56)

Scanning Electron Micrograph (SEM)

for viewing surface features. (pg. 56)

Lysosomes

is a membrane enclosed sac of digestive enzymes found in animal cells. Lysosomes are absent from most plant cells. (pg 66)

Magnification

is an increase in the objects image size compared with its actual size. (pg.56)

Organelles

membrane-enclosed structures that perform specific functions. The most important cell is the Nucleus. (pg 58)

Name four structures found in both the Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells?

plasma membrane, chromosomes, cytosol, ribosomes (pg. 58)

Cell Junctions

structures that connect cells together into tissues, allowing them to function in a coordinated way. (pg61)

Plasma Membranes

the plasma membrane is the edge of life, the boundary that separates the living cell from its non living surroundings. (pg. 60)

How is the nucleoid region of a prokaryotic cell unlike the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell?

there is no membrane enclosing the prokaryotic nucleoid region. (pg 58)

Electron Microscope (EM)

uses a beam of electrons to resolve objects. This gives electron microscopes a 100-fold better resolution than light microscopes. (pg. 57)

Cell Theory

which states that all living things are composed of living cells and that all cells come from other cells. (pg. 56)