Biology Chapter 40

If ethanol inhibits ADH release, which of the following is predicted? 1.Large amounts of dilute urine 2.Small amounts of concentrated urine 3.Typical amounts of normal concentrated urine 4.Large amounts of concentrated urine

1. Large amounts of dilute urine

The products of filtration in the renal corpuscle enter the renal tubule through which of the following structures? 1.Bowman's capsule 2.the loop of Henle 3.the proximal convoluted tubule 4.the collecting duct

1.Bowman's capsule

Which of these is the functional unit of a kidney? 1.neuron 2.villi 3.nephron 4.alveolus 5.osteon

3.nephron

If you are hiking through the desert for several days, which of the following should you drink to ensure proper hydration? 1.a drink with a combination of water and electrolytes 2.caffeinated beverages bottled water kept at room temperature 3.bottled water that had been 4.frozen to ensure that it would be as cold as possible

1. a drink with a combination of water and electrolytes

What effect does antidiuretic hormone (ADH) have on the nephron? 1.It increases water permeability of the collecting duct. 2.It decreases water permeability of the collecting duct. 3.It increases water permeability of the descending limb of the loop of Henle. 4.It decreases water permeability of the descending limb of the loop of Henle

1.It increases water permeability of the collecting duct.

What is the correct order of flow of urine as it leaves the body? 1.Kidney to ureter to bladder to urethra 2.Bladder to ureter to kidney to urethra 3.Kidney to urethra to bladder to ureter 4.Urethra to bladder to ureter to kidney

1.Kidney to urter to bladder to urethra

Which regions of the nephron function independently of hormonal control for the most part? 1.Renal corpuscle, proximal tubule, and loop of Henle. 2.Distal tubule and collecting duct. 3.Proximal tubule, loop of Henle, and distal tubule. 4.Renal corpuscle and collecting duct.

1.Renal corpuscle, proximal tubule, and loop of Henle

primary active transport secondary active transport passive diffusion facilitated diffusion 1.The renal artery delivers blood with nitrogenous waste to the kidney, and the renal vein brings blood with less nitrogenous wastes away from the kidneys. 2.The kidneys require a constant and abnormally high oxygen supply to function. 3.The renal artery and vein are the main pathways regulating how much is produced by the kidneys. 4.The kidneys require higher-than-normal levels of hormones.

1.The renal artery delivers blood with nitrogenous waste to the kidney, and the renal vein brings blood with less nitrogenous wastes away from the kidneys

Normal urine contains very little glucose. Diabetics have elevated glucose levels in their blood and urine. Which statement best explains the presence of glucose in the urine of diabetics? 1.The transport of glucose from the pre-urine within the proximal tubule back to the blood cannot occur at a rate fast enough to remove all of the glucose from the urine. 2.The loop of Henle fails to reabsorb the glucose in diabetics. 3.Diabetics have active transport of glucose from the blood into the pre-urine when blood glucose levels become very high. 4.Glucose is passing from the blood in the vasa recta into the nephron and entering the pre-urine.

1.The transport of glucose from the pre-urine within the proximal tubule back to the blood cannot occur at a rate fast enough to remove all of the glucose from the urine.

When a cell is in equilibrium with its environment, which of the following occurs for substances that can diffuse through the cell? 1.There is random movement of substances into and out of the cell. 2.All movement of molecules is directed by active transport. 3.There is directed movement of substances into and out of the cell. 4.There is no movement of substances into and out of the cell.

1.There is random movement of substances into and out of the cell

A drug that inhibits the pumping of sodium and chloride ions out of the ascending limb of the Loop of Henle would result in _____. 1.less water removed from the descending limb 2.less salt in the ascending limb 3.higher osmolarity inside the bottom of the nephron 4.less salt in the descending limb

1.less water removed from the descending limb

The movement of glucose from the lumen into the proximal tubule cells is an example of____________. 1.secondary active transport 2.primary active transport 3.facilitated diffusion 4.passive diffusion

1.secondary active transport

What is the function of the osmotic gradient found in the kidney? The osmotic gradient allows for _____. 1.the precise control of the retention of water and electrolytes 2.the filtration of large cells at the glomerulus 3.the loop of Henle to deliver water to the renal vein 4.electrolytes to move from low to high concentrations in the absence of ATP

1.the precise control of the retention of water and electrolytes

In both terrestrial and marine animals _______. 1.water tends to be lost to their environment . 2.water is acquired by osmosis. 3.elctrolytes tend to be acquired by diffusion from their environment. 4.electrolytes tend to be acquired by diffusion.

1.water tend to be lost to their environment

What role does Na+/K+-ATPase play in salt excretion by the shark rectal gland? 1.Na+/K+-ATPase pumps sodium into and potassium out of cells across the basolateral membrane. 2.Na+/K+-ATPase pumps sodium out and potassium into cells across the basolateral membrane. 3.Na+/K+-ATPase pumps sodium in and potassium out of cells across the apical membrane. 4.Na+/K+-ATPase pumps sodium out and potassium into cells across the apical membrane.

2. Na+/K+-ATPase pumps sodium out and potassium into cells across the basolateral membrane.

Which of the following statements is true? 1.Most humans have one kidney, which regulates water and electrolyte balance, removes nitrogenous wastes from the blood, and eliminates the wastes in the urine. 2.The kidneys are paired organs that regulate water and electrolyte balance in terrestrial vertebrates. 3.The kidneys regulate water and blood glucose in terrestrial vertebrates. 4.The kidneys are paired organs that remove nitrogenous wastes from the urine.

2.The kidneys regulate water and blood glucose in terrestrial vertebrates

Which is most toxic? 1.urea 2. ammonia 3.. uric acid

2.ammonia

Urea is _____. 1.more toxic to human cells than ammonia 2.the primary nitrogenous waste product of humans 3.insoluble in water 4.the primary nitrogenous waste product of most birds 5.the primary nitrogenous waste product of most aquatic invertebrates

2.the primary nitrogenous waste product of humans

The force driving simple diffusion is ________, while the energy source for active transport is ________. 1.phosphorylated protein carriers; ATP 2.the concentration gradient; ADP 3.the concentration gradient; ATP 4.transmembrane pumps; electron transport

3. the concentration gradient; ATP

How might eating salty foods alter urine output? 1.It would have no effect on urine. 2.It would cause more diluted urine. 3.It would cause more concentrated urine. 4.It would cause no change in concentration, but a lower volume of urine produced

3.It would cause more concentrationed urine

Which of the following most accurately describes selective permeability? 1.Lipid-soluble molecules pass through a membrane. 2.There must be a concentration gradient for molecules to pass through a membrane. 3.Only certain molecules can cross a cell membrane. 4.An input of energy is required for transport.

3.Only certain molecules can cross a cell membrane

Which of the following represents the correct sequence of flow through the nephron? 1.Renal corpuscle > distal tubule > proximal tubule > loop of Henle > collecting duct 2.Renal corpuscle > loop of Henle > collecting duct > proximal tubule > distal tubule 3.Renal corpuscle > proximal tubule > loop of Henle > distal tubule > collecting duct 4.Distal tubule > loop of Henle > collecting duct > renal corpuscle > proximal tubule

3.Renal corpuscle > proximal tubule > loop of Henle > distal tubule > collecting duct

If nicotine stimulates ADH release, which of the following is predicted? 1.Large amounts of dilute urine 2.Typical amounts of normal concentrated urine 3.Small amounts of concentrated urine 4.Large amounts of concentrated urine

3.Small amounts of concentrated urine

The shark rectal gland _____. 1.secretes a hypotonic solution 2.concentrates electrolytes necessary for homeostasis in a hypertonic environment 3.is involved in osmoregulation 4.is responsible for excretion of undigested residue

3.is involved in osmoregulation

The _____ are the major blood vessels transporting blood to the kidneys. 1.pulmonary arteries 2.glomerulus 3.renal arteries 4.renal veins 5.venae cavae

3.renal arteries

Urine formed by a kidney collects in the _____ before being drained from the kidney by the _____ and transported to the _____. 1.urethra ... urinary bladder ... ureter 2.renal pelvis ... medulla ... cortex 3.renal pelvis ... ureter ...urinary bladder 4.renal pelvis ... urethra ... urinary bladder 5.ureter ... renal pelvis ... urinary bladder

3.renal pelvis...ureter...urinary bladder

The advantage of excreting nitrogenous wastes as urea rather than as ammonia is that _____. 1.less nitrogen is removed from the body 2.urea requires more water for excretion than ammonia 3.urea is less toxic than ammonia 4.urea can be exchanged for Na+ 5.urea does not affect the osmolar gradient

3.urea is less toxic than ammonia

Compare and contrast the types of nitrogenous wastes excreted by animals. Identify which type can be excreted with the least water. 1.urea 2.ammonia 3.uric acid

3.uric acid

Which type would you expect to be produced by embryos inside eggs laid on land? 1.ammonia 2.urea 3.uric acid

3.uric acid

Which of the following statements best describes the actions of the hormone ADH on the nephron? 1.ADH causes the loop of Henle to increase urea reabsorption under conditions of dehydration. 2.ADH causes the distal tubule to increase Na+ reabsorption when Na+ levels in the blood are low. 3.ADH causes the proximal tubule to increase glucose reabsorption when the body's energy needs are high. 4.ADH causes the collecting duct to increase water reabsorption by the surrounding tissue under conditions of dehydration.

4.ADH causes the collecting duct to increase water reabsorption by the surrounding tissue under conditions of dehyration

Which of the following is a function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)? 1.ADH alters the ion reabsorption by the loop of Henle. 2.ADH triggers the insertion of water channels called aquaporins, thereby reducing the amount of water reabsorbed by the collecting duct. 3.ADH improves the reabsorption of glucose by the proximal convoluted tubule. 4.ADH triggers the insertion of water channels called aquaporins, thereby increasing the amount of water reabsorbed by the collecting duct. 5.ADH decreases the reabsorption of urea, creating a higher urea content in the urine.

4.ADH triggers the insertion of water channels called aquaporins, thereby increasing the amount of water

What is the driving force for the filtration of blood by the renal corpuscle? 1.The presence of large pores in the glomerular capillaries and filtration slits. 2.The diffusion of small solutes such as urea down a concentration gradient. 3.The presence of microvilli. 4.Higher pressure in glomerular capillaries than in the surrounding Bowman's capsule

4.Higher pressure in glomerular cappillaries than in the surrounding Bowman's capsule

In which region of the nephron is a steep osmotic gradient created? 1.Proximal tubule. 2.Distal tubule. 3.Collecting duct. 4.Loop of Henle

4.Loop of Henle

What is the basic functional unit of the kidney? 1.The renal corpuscle. 2.The Malpighian tubule. 3.The medulla. 4.The nephron.

4.The nephron

The outer part of the kidney is the _____. 1.medulla 2.nephron 3.lacteal 4.cortex 5.Bowman's capsule

4.cortex

The movement of water from the lumen through proximal tubule cells is an example of____________. 1.primary active transport 2.secondary active transport 3.passive diffusion 4.facilitated diffusion

4.facilitated diffusion

Marine vertebrates are _____ to their environment. 1.isotonic 2.hypertonic 3.osmotonic 4.hypotonic

4.hyptonic

Which structure in the mammalian kidney is responsible for maintaining the osmotic gradient in medulla of the kidney? 1.renal corpuscle 2.distal tubule 3.proximal tubule 4.loop of Henle 5.collecting duct

4.loop of Henle

Materials are returned to the blood from the filtrate by which of the following processes? 1.ultrafiltration 2.excretion 3.filtration 4.selective reabsorption 5.secretion

4.selective reabsorption

Which nitrogenous waste requires hardly any water for its excretion? 1.amino acids 2.nitrogen gas 3.urea 4.uric acid 5.ammonia

4.uric acid

In animals, nitrogenous wastes are produced mostly from the catabolism of _____. 1.triglycerides and steroids 2.starch and cellulose 3.phospholipids and glycolipids 4.fatty acids and glycerol 5.proteins and nucleic acids

5.proteins and nucleic acids

The fluid with the highest osmolarity is _____. 1.distilled water 2.estuarine water 3.plasma in mammals 4.plasma in birds 5.seawater in a tidal pool

5.seawater in a tidal pool