Biology Chapter 5

The three stages of cellular respiration (in order) are

glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation

Chemical reactions that break down lipids are?

catabolic

In a human cell....

nearly all chemical reactions are catalyzed by enzymes

During exercise, the increase in respiration rate and heartbeat speed are driven by the need to replenish the oxygen used to support what

oxidative phosphorylation in muscle cell mitochondria

Which of the following is either consumed or synthesized in virtually every cellular reaction?

ATP

Which of these carries the most energy?

ATP

As an energy carrier, ATP differs from NADPH in that

ATP transfers energy through phosphorylation, whereas NADPH donates electrons and hydrogen ions

Which of the following statements comparing photosynthesis and cellular respiration is accurate?

Both photosynthesis and cellular respiration require electron transport chains

Which of the following molecules carries electrons to the electron transport chain of oxidative phosphorylation?

NADH

The Krebs cycle produces

NADH, ATP, and FADH

Which statement best summarizes the contribution of Photosystem I (PSI) during photosynthesis

PSI generates the high-energy electrons that are transported by NADPH to the Calvin cycle and will eventually reduce the carbon in CO2

What would occur if the mitochondria of a cell did not produce and inner membrane?

The mitochondria would be unable to maintain the proton gradient required for ATP production.

What is the role of water in photosynthesis?

Water provides electrons to the chlorophyll

Cells contain the molecule GTP (guanosine triphosphate). Would this molecule be useful as an energy carrier (similar to ATP)

Yes, because it contains the same number of phosphates as does ATP

A chemical reaction that uses ATP to build cellular components is....

anabolic

A plant cell is mutated so ATP synthase no longer functions. Which process will be affected?

both photosynthesis and respiration

The enzyme rubisco is important to the process of

carbon fixation

....reactions release energy by breaking down complex molecules

catabolic

Some kinds of drain cleaners use enzymes rather than strong, more dangerous chemicals. These enzymes must be able to....

catalyze a catabolic reaction

What should the arrow in the following equation be labeled? Sugar+oxygen-->carbon dioxide+water+ATP

cellular respiration

The first law of thermodynamics states that

energy cannot be created nor destroyed, only transformed

When ATP breaks down into ADP and a phosphate group....

energy is released and can power cellular activities

The energy required for life processes must be extracted from an organism's

environment

In the reaction H2O + CO2 + carbonic anhydrase ---> H+ + HCO3 carbonic anhydrase, carbonic anhydrase is an

enzyme

Which step of cellular respiration occurs outside the mitochondria?

glycolysis

A given enzyme

increases the rate of a particular reaction

The capture and use of energy by living organisms involves numerous chemical reactions. Collectively these processes are known as?

metabolism

What is the importance of photosynthesis to organisms other than plants?

photosynthesis captures energy that other organisms access when they eat either plants or organisms that eat plants.

In the reaction C6H1206+ ----> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O, the CO2 molecules are some of the.....

products

In photosynthesis, the carbon used to make sugars is....

provided by carbon dioxide

Glycolysis is an anaerobic process, indicating that the glycolytic reactions..

require no oxygen

Carbon dioxide is one product of a metabolic process, which occurs in both plants and animals. This process is called

respiration

Photosynthetic organisms capture energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical bonds by forming.....

sugars

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are both complementary and relatively balanced, but early history of life on Earth showed increasing oxygen concentrations. This indicates that....

the amount of photosynthesis occurring exceeded the amount of cellular respiration

The illustration below indicates that photosynthesis and cellular respiration are both complementary and balanced. An excess of sugars produced fossil fuels like coal and petroleum; this suggest that in the past.....

the amount of photosynthesis occurring exceeded the amount of cellular respiration

Plants and animals use different energy storage molecules, yet they both use the same mechanism to "burn" their stored energy. How can plants and animals both be successful, even though they "burn" different energy storage molecules?

the breaker of the chemical bonds of a storage molecule transfers energy, no matter what molecule is stored

What best summarizes the events of the Calvin cycle?

the cycle uses ATP and NADPH to produce sugars

In many organelles, groups of different enzymes are located on membranes in close proximity to each other because....

these enzymes are involved in the same metabolic pathways and keeping them closer together increases the efficiency of the pathway

Which of the following is a similarity between photosynthesis and respiration?

they are both metabolic processes

Enzymes can catalyze a reaction only if.....

they encounter a substrate that fits their active site

Every time you take a breath you are bringing in the oxygen you need to stay alive. The ultimate source of the oxygen used by all aerobic organisms comes from a reaction that breaks down what?

water

The energy carriers NADPH and NADH differ structurally. Functionally they......

are somewhat different; NADH is produced from catabolic processes, whereas NADPH is used in anabolic processes

Which of the following statements describe the function of the light reaction in photosynthesis?

as electrons move through the light reaction, they release energy that is used to concentrate protons in the thylakoid