Biology - Chapter 7-8: Photosynthesis

Stroma

the matrix within the chloroplast that surrounds the grana and within which the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis occur

Chemical energy

the energy stored in the bonds between atoms and molecules in compounds

Terminal electron acceptor

the final molecule to accept electrons in an electron transport chain

Calvin cycle

the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis that convert carbon dioxide to glucose

passive transport

the movement of materials across the cell membrane via diffusion without using cellular energy

3rd phosphate group, adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

Most of the energy stored in the ATP molecule is found in the bond joining the ___ __________ _____ to the rest of the molecule. When this bond is broken, energy is released resulting in _________ ___________ (___), an inorganic phosphate group, and energy to do work

isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic

There are three types of solutions:

protein pumps

To actively transport small molecules across the cell membrane, special molecular machines, called _______ _____, are necessary

bulk processes

To transport large molecules in active transportation, ____ _________ are used

passive transport and active transport

Transport across the cell membrane can be divided into two categories:

can damage the photosystems and enzymes involved in photosynthesis

What can be damaged in plants at high temperatures?

Spatially separate carbon dioxide uptake

What do C4 plants do?

separate carbon dioxide uptake and fixation by time

What do CAM plants do?

grasses

C4 plants include:

Summary of light-dependent reactions

(1) Light energy raises the energy of electrons in photosystem II, followed by electron transport. Water is split, and oxygen is formed. (2) Light energy raises electron energies in photosystem I, and electron transport produces NADPH. (3) ATP is made by combining ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) H+ ions pass through ATP synthase.

adding a new phosphate group with its associated bond energy

ADP can be recycled back into ATP by doing what?

cellular molecular machines

ATP is able to power ________ _________ ________ by doing many different chemical reactions

endocytosis and exocytosis

Bulk transport can be divided into two mechanisms:

flowering plants, cacti, orchids, and succulents

CAM plants include what?

join an inorganic phosphate to ADP, producing ATP

Chlorophyll absorbs light energy which is used to do what?

positive charge, negative charge

During ATP synthesis, H+ ions collect in the lumen from the splitting of water and some H+ were pumped into the lumen using energy from electrons in electron transport which creates a ________ ______ in the lumen and a ________ ______ in the stroma creating potential energy

lumen, stroma

During ATP synthesis, hydrogen ions enter ATP synthase on the _____ side which provides energy to form ATP in the ______

carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins

Energy stored in _____________, ______, ___ ________ is all converted to ATP for cellular processes

Atmosphere carbon dioxdie enter the cycle and a CO2 molecule is added to a high-energy 5-carbon compound (RuBP), turning it into a 6-carbon molecule which then splits to form two 3-carbon compounded (PGA)

Explain carbon fixation

They open their stomata at night to take in carbon dioxide and store it. During the day, the stomata close, and the stored carbon dioxide is released

How do CAM plants function?

2

How many photosystems are along the thylakoid membrane?

can cross the membrane

If something is in high concentration inside the cell relative to the outside, it will diffuse out, but only if it ___ _____ ___ ________

6, 1, 18, 12

It takes _ molecules of CO2 to form two 3-carbon sugars which can be combined into _ 6-carbon glucose molecule. This consumes __ ATP and __ NADPH.

electromagnetic radiation

Light energy is a form of what?

Across the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast

Light-dependent reactions occur where?

light-dependent reactions & light-independent reactions

Photosynthesis can be divided into 2 stages-

absorb: red and blue light reflect: green light

Pigments involved with photosynthesis absorb and reflect what light?

carbon dioxide

Plants use what to make sugars during the second stage of photosynthesis?

stroma

The ______ plays an important role in the second part of photosynthesis, when sugars are made

homeostasis

The cell membrane is essential to maintaining ___________, or balance, in a cell

outer, inner, and thylakoid

The chloroplast consists of 3 membranes-_____, _____, ___ _________-each one inside the next

electron transport chain

The high-energy electron from photosystem II is passed to photosystem I along an ________ _________ _____ embedded in the thylakoid membrane

oxygen gas

The light-dependent reactions are responsible for the ______ ___ released in photosynthesis which comes from splitting water

photosystem II

The light-dependent reactions begin with the capture of light energy by the ___________ __ antenna complex in the thylakoid membrane

enzymes

The reactions in photosynthesis occur rapidly because of what?

NADP+ oxygen

The terminal electron acceptor is _____ in photosynthesis and ______ in cellular respiration

capture and store light energy

The thylakoid membranes hold the molecular machinery, in the form of pigments, that do what?

C4 plants and CAM plants

There are 2 major variations to the Calvin cycle that are found in a variety of plants to solve problems of dry conditions-

diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis

There are three types of passive transport:

-G3P can be exported from the chloroplast to the cytoplasm where it is converted into the monosaccharides fructose and glucose and eventually into the disaccharide sucrose -Some G3P remains in the chloroplast which turns into starch which happens when photosynthesis produces more sugars than needed

What else can G3P be used for? It usually makes glucose

water, carbon dioxide, temperature, and light

What factors affect photosynthesis?

the rate of photosynthesis increases however there's a limit that the rate won't exceed

What happens as light intensity increases?

High: damage photosystems Low: photosynthetic rates decline

What happens during high and low light levels?

The remaining five 3-carbon molecules (G3P) undergo a series of reactions that consume ATP to produce 3 of the 5-carbon molecules (RuBP) which is the starting molecule

What happens during the recycling phase of the calvin cycle?

the 3-carbon molecules (PGA) are made more energetic by contributing a high-energy bond from ATP and by transferring the high-energy electrons from NADPH resulting in a 3-carbon sugar with a phosphate bonded to it (G3P) One out of 6 of the G3P molecules can be removed from the Calvin cycle to be built into glucose

What happens during the reduction stage?

may turn their leaves away from direct sunlight

What happens to plants in high temperatures?

it may wilt, collapse, and die

What happens when a plant doesn't have enough water?

the energy currency of the cell

What is ATP often called?

contains a nitrogenous base (adenine), bonded to a 5-carbon sugar (ribose), bonded to 3 phosphate groups

What is ATP's structure?

carbon-fixation phase

What is the first phase of the Calvin cycle?

regeneration of RuBP or recycling

What is the last phase of the Calvin cycle?

6CO2 (carbon dioxide) + 6H2O (water) + light → C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2 (oxygen)

What is the photosynthesis equation?

sugar production (reduction)

What is the second phase of the calvin cycle?

photosystem I

When an electron reaches ___________ _, it is re-energized by the absorption of light by another chlorophyll molecule and 2 high-energy electrons are transferred to NADP+ to form NADPH in the stroma

dependent: during the day when sunlight is present independent: occur during the day or night as long as the products of the light-dependent reactions are available

When do light independent and dependent reactions occur?

a high-energy electron

When light energy is captured by photosystem II, it raises the energy level of an electron creating what?

water and oxygen evaporate out and carbon dioxide diffuses in

When stomata open what goes in and out?

outside the thylakoids in the stroma of the chloroplast

Where do light-independent reactions occur?

photosystem

Within the thylakoid membrane, chlorophyll & other pigment molecules are arranged in large groups called antenna complexes which belong to a group of embedded membrane proteins called a __________

ATP energy

___ ______ is used by protein pumps to transport molecules across a cell membrane

cold, heat

____ slows chemical reactions, while ____ can speed them up

active transport

a cell transport mechanism that uses energy to move materials against a concentration gradient from low to high concentration

exocytosis

a form of cell transport where the cell releases material into the surrounding environment by fusing vesicle membranes with the plasma membrane

Light energy

a form of electromagnetic energy; visible light occupies the range of wavelengths between 400 and 700 nm which is the color spectrum of a rainbow

Photosystem

a group of molecules, including pigments that are embedded in the thylakoid membrane for capturing light energy

ATP synthase

a large enzyme that spans the membrane of thylakoids and mitochondria; involved in the synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate

Pigment

a light-absorbing molecule

Thylakoids

a membrane-bound structure inside chloroplasts composed of disk-shaped vesicles stacked into grana inside of which is a fluid-filled space called the lumen

ATP

a molecule that stores and releases energy in a wide variety of cellular processes and reactions

Chlorophyll

a plant pigment found in chloroplasts involved in capturing light energy for photosynthesis

C4 plants

a plant that fixes carbon dioxide into four-carbon compounds to input into the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis

Enzyme

a protein catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions by reducing the energy needed for a reaction to take place

Cellular respiration

a series of enzyme-catalyzed chemical reactions in cells that converts chemical energy (glucose) into a form the cell can use

electron transport chain

a series of molecules embedded in a membrane that can accept electrons and pass them to neighboring molecules

Diffusion

a type of passive transport by which particles move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

Osmosis

a type of passive transport involving the diffusion of water across a membrane

Facilitated diffusion

a type of passive transport where the passage of substances across the cell membrane is assisted by carrier proteins or protein channels

NADPH

an electron carrier, or doner, formed from NADP+, H+, and two high-energy electrons

Chloroplasts

an organelle found in plants and some algae that contain pigments that capture light for photosynthesis

hypotonic

describes a solution with less dissolved solute and a higher concentration of water than a solution on the other side of a membrane

hypertonic

describes a solution with more dissolved solute and lower concentration of water than a solution on the other side of a membrane

isotonic

describes a solution with the same concentration of dissolved solute and water as a solution on the other side of a membrane

Stomata

pores on the underside of a leaf surface that can open or close to control transpiration and gas exchange

Grana (singular granum)

structures in chloroplasts composed of stacks of thylakoids

ATP-ADP cycle

the biochemical cycle that converts adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate to adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

The calvin cycle

the calvin cycle

endocytosis

the cellular process of taking in material through a plasma membrane by forming a vesicle around the substance

Light-dependent reactions

the photosynthetic reactions carried out in the chloroplast that generate ATP and NADPH

Light-independent reactions

the photosynthetic reactions carried out in the stroma of chloroplasts in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build organic compounds

Photosynthesis

the process in which light energy is captured by autotrophs and used to provide energy for chemical reactions that produce energy-rich molecules and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water

Carbon fixation

the process of taking inorganic carbon in the form of carbon dioxide and incorporating it into organic molecules