Biology Chapter 8

The hormone ____ causes production of extra ____ cells, which increase the ability of the blood to carry ____. This gives athletes a competitive edge because their muscle cells can engage in _____ for energy production for a longer time during vigorous exercise.

erythropoietin red blood cells oxygen cellular respiration

Yeasts in bread dough and alcoholic beverages use a type of fermentation that generates ____ and ____. Muscles pushed to their limit use _____ fermentation. Which form of fermentation is used by microorganisms that produce yogurt, sour cream, and sauerkraut?

ethanol CO2 lactic acid lactic acid

The complete breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen occurs in 2 stages ____ and ___. The first of these stages occurs in the ____ of the cell, and the second state occurs in organelles called ____. Which stage generates the most ATP?

glycolysis cellular respiration cystol mitochondria cellular respiration

Eating food provides fuel and building blocks for your body

how food molecules reach the body's cells and fuel cellular respiration. Step 1

After food is broken down in the digestive system, it transported to cells via the circulatory system

how food molecules reach the body's cells and fuel cellular respiration. Step 2

Fuel molecules are broken down further in glycolysis and the ctric acid cycle (Krebs cycle)

how food molecules reach the body's cells and fuel cellular respiration. Step 3

ATP is produced with the help of the electron transport chain

how food molecules reach the body's cells and fuel cellular respiration. Step 4

Which of the following is true? A. Physical activity had less impact on weight than foods eaten. B. Physical activity varied too much by sex to make any determination regarding its impact on weight as compared to food choices. C. Physical activity had equal impact on weight as foods eaten.

A. Physical activity had less impact on weight than foods eaten.

The inner membrane of the mitochondria can be compared functionally to the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast because both contain a system for: A. electron transport. B. pyruvate production. C. glucose synthesis.

A. electron transport.

Select the correct sequence of steps as energy is extracted from glucose during cellular respiration. A. glycolysis → acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain B. glycolysis → citric acid cycle → acetyl CoA → electron transport chain

A. glycolysis → acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain

If glucose is metabolized under completely anaerobic conditions, then pyruvate: A. is converted by fermentation to CO2 and ethanol or to lactate. B. is converted to NADH. C. immediately enters the Krebs cycle.

A. is converted by fermentation to CO2 and ethanol or to lactate.

As a bicyclist pedals up a hill to the finish line of a race and "feels the burn" in his leg muscles, those muscle cells are most likely utilizing: A. some lactate fermentation. B. only oxygen for maximum ATP production. C. only cellular respiration for maximum ATP production.

A. some lactate fermentation.

In cellular respiration, most ATP molecules are produced by _____. A. photophosphorylation B oxidative phosphorylation C. photosynthesis

B oxidative phosphorylation This process utilizes energy released by electron transport.

For each glucose that enters glycolysis, _____ NADH enter the electron transport chain. A. 6 B. 10 C. 2

B. 10

In glycolysis there is a net gain of _____ ATP. A. 4 B. 2 C. 5

B. 2

Chemiosmosis in mitochondria directly results in the synthesis of: A. FADH2. B. ATP. C. H2O.

B. ATP.

What is the correct general equation for cellular respiration? A. 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 B. C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy C. 6 O2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy → C6H12O6 + 6 CO2

B. C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy

According to this study, which of the following would be best to avoid if you want to lose weight? A. red meat B. French fries C. fruit juices

B. French fries

Which of the following is a proper description of the path of hydrogen ions during the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis? A. Hydrogen ions from the matrix are pumped into the intermembrane space, then flow across the outer membrane through ATP synthase. B. Hydrogen ions from the matrix are pumped into the intermembrane space, then flow back into the matrix through ATP synthase.

B. Hydrogen ions from the matrix are pumped into the intermembrane space, then flow back into the matrix through ATP synthase.

According to this study, which of the following is true? A. If a person quits smoking, they are likely to neither gain nor lose weight. B. If a person quits smoking, they are likely to gain weight. C. Quitting smoking and weight loss are too variable to adequately compare.

B. If a person quits smoking, they are likely to gain weight.

During electron transport, energy from _____ is used to pump hydrogen ions into the _____. A. NADH and FADH2 ... mitochondrial matrix B. NADH and FADH2 ... intermembrane space C. NADH ... mitochondrial matrix

B. NADH and FADH2 ... intermembrane space

The insecticide rotenone inhibits one of the steps of the electron transport system in mitochondria. What is a likely immediate result? A. The rate of the Krebs cycle reactions will increase. B. The rate of fermentation will increase. C. The transport of pyruvate into the mitochondria will increase.

B. The rate of fermentation will increase.

Which statement describes the citric acid cycle? A. This process joins 2 pyruvic acid molecules into a molecule of glucose. B. This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion. C. This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose.

B. This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion.

Which statement describes glycolysis? A. This process joins 2 pyruvic acid molecules into a molecule of glucose. B. This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose. C.This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion.

B. This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose.

The step in aerobic respiration that produces the most ATP per molecule of glucose is: A. glycolysis. B. chemiosmosis. C. the citric acid cycle.

B. chemiosmosis.

Which of these is NOT a product of glycolysis? A. NADH + H+ B. ATP C. FADH2

C. FADH2

The proximate (immediate) source of energy for oxidative phosphorylation is _____. A. substrate-level phosphorylation B. kinetic energy that is released as hydrogen ions diffuse down their concentration gradient C. ATP synthase

B. kinetic energy that is released as hydrogen ions diffuse down their concentration gradient

In fermentation _____ is reduced and _____ is oxidized. A. NADH ... lactate B. pyruvate ... NADH C. lactate ... NADH

B. pyruvate ... NADH

In the citric acid cycle, ATP molecules are produced by _____. A. photosynthesis B. substrate-level phosphorylation C. cellular respiration

B. substrate-level phosphorylation

All of the following are true statements about ATP EXCEPT that it is: A. the molecule that all living cells rely on to do work. B. synthesized only within mitochondria. C. the cell's principal compound for energy transfers.

B. synthesized only within mitochondria.

At the end of glycolysis, the original carbons of the glucose molecule form: A. two molecules of citric acid. B. two molecules of pyruvate. C. six molecules of carbon dioxide.

B. two molecules of pyruvate.

How many NADH are produced by glycolysis? A. 3 B. 4 C. 2

C. 2

In glycolysis, what starts the process of glucose breakdown? A. Pyruvate B. NADPH C. ATP

C. ATP

What effect does watching television have on weight? A. As television watching increases, weight decreases. B. Weight loss or gain depended on what type of television programs were viewed. C. As television watching increases, weight also increases.

C. As television watching increases, weight also increases.

You want to lose weight. Which of the following combinations would likely work best? A. Avoid nuts, eat whole wheat bread, and sleep for less than 7 hours per night. B. Eat nuts and refined bread, and sleep less than 7 hours per night. C. Eat nuts and whole wheat bread, and sleep for 7-8 hours per night.

C. Eat nuts and whole wheat bread, and sleep for 7-8 hours per night.

Why do cells convert the energy stored in the bonds of glucose into energy stored in the bonds of ATP? A. Cells can extract more energy from ATP than from glucose. B. Glycolysis and respiration convert sugar into ATP. C. Glucose is not a usable energy source for most enzymes.

C. Glucose is not a usable energy source for most enzymes.

Why is respiration a better method than fermentation for extracting energy from glucose? A. Fermentation produces no CO2 and H2O. B. Respiration uses up the NADH produced in glycolysis, producing more ATP. C. Respiration extracts energy from pyruvate that is wasted in fermentation.

C. Respiration extracts energy from pyruvate that is wasted in fermentation.

Which statement describes the electron transport chain? A. This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose. B.This process converts pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA. C. This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration.

C. This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration.

What is the purpose of the electron transport chain? A. to convert energy in electron carriers into ATP B. to move high-energy electrons from electron carriers to H2O C. To use energy from the passing of electrons in electron carriers into a high concentration of hydrogen ions

C. To use energy from the passing of electrons in electron carriers into a high concentration of hydrogen ions

Where have the carbon atoms orignially present in glucose gone after the Krebs cycle has been completed? A. Three were lost during the Krebs cycle. B. Two were lost in glycolysis, two were lost in acetyl CoA formation, and two were lost in the Krebs cycle. C. Two were lost in acetyl CoA formation and four were lost in the Krebs cycle.

C. Two were lost in acetyl CoA formation and four were lost in the Krebs cycle.

Which of these enters the citric acid cycle? A. G3P B. NADH + H+ C. acetyl CoA

C. acetyl CoA

Which of these is NOT a product of the citric acid cycle? A. NADH + H+ B. CO2 C. acetyl CoA

C. acetyl CoA

During which step of aerobic respiration is oxygen used? A. Krebs cycle B. fermentation C. electron transport system

C. electron transport system

Which of the following is common to both fermentation and cellular respiration? A. reduction of pyruvate to lactate B. Krebs cycle C. glycolysis

C. glycolysis

Which of the following processes takes place in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell? A. acetyl CoA formation B. ATP production by ATP synthase C. glycolysis

C. glycolysis

For bacteria to continue growing rapidly when they shift from an aerobic environment to an anaerobic environment, they must: A. increase the rate of the electron transport chain. B. increase the rate of the Krebs cycle. C. increase the rate of glycolysis-based reactions.

C. increase the rate of glycolysis-based reactions.

In muscle cells, fermentation produces _____. A. carbon dioxide, ethanol, NADH, and ATP B. lactate and NADH C. lactate and NAD+

C. lactate and NAD+

In what organelle would you find acetyl CoA formation, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain? A. lysosome B. nucleus C. mitochondrion

C. mitochondrion

The final electron acceptor of cellular respiration is _____. A. NADH B. CO2 C. oxygen

C. oxygen

What molecule is common to both C3 photosynthesis and the process of glycolysis? A. fructose B. G3P C. pyruvate

C. pyruvate

In glycolysis, ATP molecules are produced by _____. A. cellular respiration B. photophosphorylation C. substrate-level phosphorylation

C. substrate-level phosphorylation

What reactants are always necessary to make NADH during the energy extraction reactions? A. NAD+, two electrons, and two H B. NAD+, one electron, and H+ C. NAD, two electrons, and H D. NAD+, two electrons, and H+

D. NAD+, two electrons, and H+

The cycle portion of cellular respiration is called the ___ cycle. The molecule that enters this cycle is ____. How many ATP molecules are generated by the cycle per molecule of glucose? What 2 types of high-energy electron carrier molecule are generated during the cycle?

Krebs cycle pyruvate Two NADH2 FADH2

Conditions in which oxygen is absent are described as ____. In the absence of oxygen some microorganisms break down glucose using _____, which generates only _____ molecules of ATP. This process is followed by _____, in which no more ATP is produced , but the electron carrier molecule _____ is regenerated so it can be used in further glucose breakdown.

anaerobic glycolysis 2 fermentation NAD+

During cellular respiration , the electron transport chain pumps H+ out of the mitochondrial ___ into the ____, producing a large ____ of H+. The ATP produced by cellular respiration is generated by a process called ___. ATP is generated as H+ travels through membrane channels linked to _____.

matrix intermembrane space concentration gradient chemiosmosis ATP synthase