Biology Chapters 1-5

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molecule

A group of two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.

protein

A macromolecular polymer composed of Amino Acid monomers.

polar molecule

A molecule with uneven distribution of charge, one part has positive charge, one part has negative charge.

starch

A polysaccharide, acts as a storage molecule for plants.

glycogen

A polysaccharide, acts as storage molecule for animals.

pH scale

A scale that measures the concentration of hydrogen ions, tells how acidic or basic a solution is.

aqueous solution

A solution in which water is the solvent.

heat

Amount of energy, associated with the movement of atoms and molecules.

base

Aqueous solution that accepts hydrogen ions.

acid

Aqueous solution that releases hydrogen ions.

double bond

Atoms that are covalently bonded using two pairs of outer shell electrons.

polar covalent bond

Bond between two atoms that have different electronegativities. Unequal sharing sharing of electrons.

disaccharide

Carbohydrate formed by the dehydration reaction between two monosaccharides.

carboxylic acids

Compounds that contain a carboxyl group.

waxes

Consists of one fatty acid linked to an alcohol, hydrophobic.

chemical bonds

Electromagnetic attraction between atoms, allows the formation of compounds.

electron shells

Energy levels of an atom, contain negatively charged subatomic particles.

carboxyl group

Functional group that consists of a hydroxyl group bonded to a carbonyl group.

polymers

Large molecules, composed of small molecules or monomers.

surface tension

Measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid.

temperature

Measures intensity of heat and average speed of molecules.

amino acids

Molecules containing an amino group and a carboxyl group, building blocks of proteins.

functional group

The groups of atoms within molecules that cause the chemical reactions of those molecules. Always hydrophilic.

mass number

The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom.

atomic mass

The sum of the total mass of all electrons, neutrons, and protons in an atom.

cohesion

The tendency of molecules to stick together, especially in water.

molecule

a cluster of atoms held together by chemical bonds

system

a combination of components to form a more complex organization.

fat

a large lipid made from glycerol and fatty acids

solution

a liquid consisting of a uniform mixture of two or more substances

phospholipids

a major component of cell membranes, made up of a phosphorous and two fatty acids

natural selection

a mechanism for evolution

overproduction

a population of any species has the potential to produce far more offspring that will survive to produce offspring of their own

denaturation

a process in which polypeptide chains unravel, losing their specific shape and, therefore, function. Due to excessive heat or changes in pH or salt concentration in blood.

chemical reaction

a process leading to changes in the composition of matter

organ

a structure consisting of several tissues adapted as a group to form specific functions

organelle

a structure that performs a specific function in a cell

electron

a subatomic particle with a negative electrical charge

compound

a substance containing two or more elements in a fixed ratio.

element

a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by ordinary chemical means.

nucleus

an atom's central core

neutron

an electrically neutral subatomic particle

organism

an individual living thing

population

an interacting group of individuals of one species

matter

anything that occupies space and has mass

organic compounds

carbon-based molecules

domains

category that includes bacteria, archaea, and eukarya

carbon skeleton

chain of carbon atoms in an organic molecule

isomer

compounds with the same formula but with different structures

ecosystem

consists of all of the organisms living in a particular area

biosphere

consists of all the environments on Earth that support life

solvent

dissolving agent in a solution

lipids

diverse compounds that consist mainly of carbon and hydrogen atoms linked by nonpolar covalent bonds, hydrophobic

trace elements

essential elements that are only essential in minute quantities

triglyceride

fat consisting of three fatty acid chains linked to a glycerol

unsaturated

fats that have less than the maximum amount of hydrogen due to a double bond

saturated

fats that have the maximum amount of hydrogen possible

amino group

functional group composed of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms.

carbonyl group

functional group that consists of a carbon atom linked by a double bond to an oxygen atom.

hydroxyl group

functional group that consists of a hydrogen atom bonded to an oxygen atom which is bonded to the carbon skeleton of a molecule

phosphate group

functional group that consists of a phosphorous atom bonded to four oxygen atoms.

theories

ideas that attempt to explain

individual variation

individuals in a population vary in many heritable traits

macromolecules

large molecules including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

steroids

lipids whose carbon skeleton is bent to form four rings, three 6-carbon rings and one 5-carbon ring.

monosaccharides

monomers for carbohydrates, single-unit sugars

cellulose

most abundant organic compound, a polysaccharide used in the cell wall

atomic number

number of protons in an atom of an element

consumers

organisms in an ecosystem that eat plants and other animals.

decomposers

organisms that act as recyclers, changing the complex dead matter into simple mineral nutrients that plants can use.

producers

organisms that provide the food for a typical ecosystem

tissues

part of organ with a specific function and made up of a group of similar cells

polysaccharides

polymers of monosaccharides linked together by dehydration reactions

acidic precipitation

rain, snow, or fog with a pH lower than 5.6

carbohydrates

refers to class of molecules ranging from the small sugar molecules dissolved in soft drink to large polysaccharides.

competition

result of overproduction, more individuals than an environment can support

cell

smallest unit of living matter

reactants

starting materials in a chemical reaction

proton

subatomic particle with positive electrical charge

buffers

substances that resist changes in pH by accepting H+ when in excess and donating H+ when it is depleted.

anabolic steroids

synthetic variants of the male hormone testosterone

organ system

system that consists of several organs that work together in performing a specific function.

evolutionary adaptation

the accumulation of favorable variations in a population over time.

community

the entire array of organisms inhabiting an ecosystem

products

the resulting materials formed in a chemical reaction

atom

the smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element

taxonomy

the study of classification of species.

solute

the substance that is dissolved in a solution

species

the term used for a particular type of organism

emergent properties

"The whole is greater than the sum of its parts"- properties that emerge that result from the arrangement and interactions of the component parts.

hydrophobic

"Water-fearing" molecules, nonpolar.

hydrophilic

"Water-loving" molecules, polar.

peptide bond

A chemical bond between amino acids, formed by a dehydration reaction.

covalent bond

A chemical bond where two atoms share one or more pairs of outer shell electrons.

hydrocarbons

Organic compounds consisting entirely of Hydrogen and Carbon.

polypeptides

Polymers of Amino Acids linked by peptide bonds.

dehydration reaction

Reaction caused by the removal of H2O, involved in the construction of macromolecules.

monomers

Small molecules, the building blocks of polymers.

electronegativity

The ability of an atom to attract electrons towards itself.

hydrogen bond

The covalent bond between polar molecules and hydrogen.


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