Biology, Cognition, and Learning

decrease

Dante has had his driver's license for less than a year and loves to drive. He gets a job delivering pizza 25 hours a week. After having the job for 6 months, one can predict that Dante's love of driving would probably _____.

extrinsic

Behavior driven by rewards, rules, and responsibilities is _____ motivation.

Predispositions

Behaviorist and learning researcher Gregory Kimble acknowledged that learning in animals is not just a matter of responding to the environment but it is limited by the animals' _____ to learn associations that enhance their chances of survival.

the smell or taste of tequila; nausea

Ever since she drank too much tequila at a rock concert and vomited all over her best friend, Erin becomes nauseous at the smell or taste of tequila. In this example, the conditioned stimulus is _____ and the conditioned response is _____.

biological predispositions

If you get violently ill a couple of hours after eating contaminated food, you will probably develop an aversion to the taste of that food but not to the sight of the restaurant where you ate or to the sound of the music you heard there. This best illustrates that associative learning is constrained by _____.

lenth

In the Müller-Lyer illusion, the arrowheads at the ends of the lines lead people to misjudge the ________ of the two horizontal lines

underestimate the width of the rectangular post.

In the Poggendorf illusion involving a rectangular post with a line segment protruding from each side, most people fail to correctly align the two line segments because they

o

In the Ponzo Illusion, most people ________ the length of the bar that appears to be more ________.

vertical; longer than an equally long horizontal line

In the horizontal/vertical illusion, most people perceive a ________ line as ________

an animal's inborn or instinctive behavior patterns could interfere with the operant conditioning of new behaviors.

In using operant conditioning principles to train animals to perform tricks, Keller and Marian Breland found that:

cognitive map

Kayne always drives down Hampton Avenue to go to work. One morning he discovers that Hampton Avenue is closed due to construction. Kayne immediately takes a different route to work. He is able to make a quick route change because he has formed a(n) _____ of the area.

extrinsic reward; intrinsic reward

Money is to _____ as enjoyment of an activity is to _____.

intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation

Morton is taking advanced placement chemistry in High School because he loves science and is fascinated by chemistry experimentation. Wade is taking advanced placement chemistry because his guidance counselor told him he had to if he intended to apply to a pre-med program at a competitive university. Morton is motivated by _____, while Wade is motivated by _____.

biological preparedness

Psychologist John Garcia found that rats did not learn to associate a taste with flashing lights and noise. However, rats did learn to associate a taste with getting ill. The concept that best accounts for this observation is _____.

He will find the scent and taste of whiskey aversive.

Ray drank too much whiskey last night. He spent much of this morning vomiting and nauseated. According to the principles of classical conditioning, how will Ray likely react today when he tastes from or smells the whiskey bottle that he drank from last night?

cognitive map

Road construction prevents you from getting to campus using the route that you always travel. You think about the situation for a moment and then come up with a different route to take. To figure out this alternative route, you are using your _____ of the area to devise a different route.

cognition

Robert Rescorla's research demonstrated the importance of _____ in classical conditioning.

observational learning; mirror neurons

Studies show that a significant number of children who are victims of child abuse become child abusers themselves. This behavior is learned through _____, and the area of the brain that models this behavior involves the _____.

distance

The Ponzo Illusion illustrates that people judge the size of an object in terms of its perceived

modeling.

The process of learning and imitating behavior is called:

mirror neurons

Which neurons fire both when a person performs an action and when the person sees the action done by another person?

instinctive drift.

You condition a rat to press a lever in an operant conditioning chamber for the positive reinforcement of food. The next day, after being fed a reduced diet, the rat is more interested in smelling the cedar on the cage floor than pressing the lever. This is an example of:

children are less likely to imitate the actions of someone who has been punished for his or her actions than the actions of someone who has been rewarded.

he famous Bobo doll study demonstrated that: