Biology Exam #3 Dr. P NCSU

Carl Linnaeus

"Father of Taxonomy"; established his classification of living things; famous for animal naming system of binomial nomenclature.

Bacteria

(microbiology) single-celled or noncellular spherical or spiral or rod-shaped organisms lacking chlorophyll that reproduce by fission

Cillia

*Tiny hairlike extensions* that move together in a sweeping motion

Glomeromycota (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi)

-form symbiosis with roots of plants -mutualistic -most important step for plants to colonize land! -arbuscular mycorrhizae formed with plants Mycorrhizal fungi, 90% of plants have relationships with these fungi examples:

Eukaryote

A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Phylogenetic tree

A cladogram that shows relationships over time.

Autopormorphy

A distinctive feature, known as a derived trait, that is unique to a given taxon. By itself on the tree.

Angiosperms

A flowering plant which forms seeds inside a protective chamber called an ovary.

Clade

A group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants.

Fungi

A kingdom made up of nongreen, eukaryotic organisms that have no means of movement, reproduce by using spores, and get food by breaking down substances in their surroundings and absorbing the nutrients. Heterotrophs.

Bryophytes

A moss, liverwort, or hornwort; a nonvascular plant that inhabits the land but lacks many of the terrestrial adaptations of vascular plants.

Bryophytes

A moss, liverwort, or hornwort; a nonvascular plant that inhabits the land but lacks many of the terrestrial adaptations of vascular plants. Stomas, cuticles.

Gymnosperms

A plant that produces seeds that are exposed rather than seeds enclosed in fruits. Conifers

Synamorphy

A shared, derived trait found in two or more taxa that is present in their most recent common ancestor but is missing in more distant ancestors. Useful for inferring evolutionary relationships.

Homoplasy

A similar (analogous) structure or molecular sequence that has evolved independently in two species. Opposite ends of tree!!!

ancestral trait

A trait shared by all members of a group through a common ancestor.

Prokaryote

A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Compare and Contrast the Three Life Cycles of Living Things

All have haploid and diploid stages. Animals undergo mitosis. Fungi and Plants go through meiosis. Fungi go directly from 2n to meiosis.

What embryonic development aided the transition of animals to land?

Aminote, egg, placenta, uterus

Aquatic (most fish)

Ammonia

Cladistics

An approach to systematics in which organisms are placed into groups called clades based primarily on common descent. The process.

homoplasies

Analogous structures that have evolved independently. Wings

What are the three skull types?

Anapsid, Diapsid, Synapsid.

morophyletic

Any group that are descendants of the same common ancestor.

Chytrids (Chytridiomycota)

Common in freshwater environments; have enzymes that digest cellulose so they are important decomposers of plant tissues; can live in the guts of herbivores to help digest their food; have a flagellated stage called a zoospore that produces and holds spores.

Phylogeny data

Constructed from morphogenetic and molecular factors and use statistics

Cladogram

Diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms

Axolotl my pet species

Domain: Eukaryote Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Amphibia Order: Urdolea Family: Ambystomatidae Genus: Ambystoma Species: A. Mexicanum

Basidiomycota (club fungi)

During sexual reproduction • all basidiomycetes produce basidia. • The largest subgroup in this lineage form basidia in large, above ground mushrooms, brackets, earthstars, or puffballs. Typical mushrooms: also include shelf/bracket fungi, some molds, and rusts; named for basidia that are club-like cells where spores form; have mycorrhizal associations and lichens; some are mutualistic with insects

Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote cells

Eukaryote cells-Membrane bound organelles, nucleus Prokaryote cells-Simple cells, no nucleus; example-bacteria

Humans

Homo sapiens (first word is capitalized) both words in italics Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Primates Family: Hominidae Genus: Homo Species: Homo Sapien

Plesiamorphy

Human hands. An evolutionary trait that is homologous within a particular group of organisms but is not unique to members of that group (compare apomorphy) and therefore cannot be used as a diagnostic or defining character for the group. For example, vertebrae are found in zebras, cheetahs, and orang-utans, but the common ancestor in which this trait first evolved is so distant that the trait is shared by many other animals. Therefore, possession of vertebrae sheds no light on the phylogenetic relations of these three species.

Classification of Organisms

If the organism has radial symmetry.........................................A. Cnidaria If the organism has bilateral symmetry.....................................Go to 2 If the organism has segmentation.............................................Go to 3 If the organism does not have segmentation...........................B. Mollusca If the organism has an exoskeleton............................................C. Arthropod If the organism does not have an exoskeleton..........................D. Annelida

Phylum

In biology, a phylum is a level of classification or taxonomic rank below Kingdom and above Class. Chordata.

Paraphylectic group

In taxonomy, a group is paraphyletic if it consists of the group's last common ancestor and all descendants of that ancestor excluding a few—typically only one or two—monophyletic subgroups.

Protist

Kingdom composed of eukaryotes that are not classified as plants, animals, or fungi.

King Philip Came Over For Good Spaghetti

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species. Domain before kingdom.

Ascomycota (sac fungi)

Largest most diverse group Yeast and cup fungi parasitic makes penicillin ASCUS- ascopores! capable of producing many sexual spores called conidia mycotoxins- toxins formed by some fungi Found in diverse habitats (terrestrial and aquatic); 70% of all fungi belong to this group; spores are in sacs called acsi; includes yeast, truffles, morels. Can cause disease and form lichens.

What is the main importance of Prokaryotes?

Medicine, Industry, Environmental Quality Indicators.

Mycelia

Mycelium is the vegetative part of a fungus or fungus-like bacterial colony, consisting of a mass of branching, thread-like hyphae.

derived trait

New feature that had not appeared in common ancestors

Which of the following is not an aminiote?

No amniotic fluid, so fish and amphibians.

Archaea

One of two prokaryotic domains, the other being Bacteria. Do not cause disease.

Discuss fungal symbiotic relationships with three different organisms. In your answer, be sure to name the fungus and the organism, state the type of symbiotic relationship, and describe what happens and how it happens - who benefits, who does not, etc.

Parasitism: spores will land on an insect host - the spore will grow and develop using the nutrients from the body of the host, creating a structure out of the body. Mutualism: Lichen - a lichen exists due to the relationship between a fungus and a cyanobacteria. The cyanobacteria produces food which the fungus consumes and the fungus adds surface area for water and nutrients. Mutualism: Mycorrhizae and Plant roots - obtains products from photosynthesis and in turn increases surface area for absorption of water and nutrients

John Ray

Pioneered the science of taxonomy and originated the idea of species. Developed the definition of a species.

convergent evolution

Process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments. Evolution toward similar characteristics in unrelated species. homologous trait !

Vascular, seedless plants that require water or a moist environment for reproduction?

Pteridophytes

Mitosis

Results in two identical daughter cells Produces diploid cells with 46 chromosomes

Zygomycota (zygote fungi)

Sporangium - structure that holds spores. Over 600 species including soft fruit rot and black bread mold. (in homes) Soil dwellers (lakes and wet soils), are decomposers, parasites, and mutualists; form zygospores that are resistant to harsh conditions; can form mycorrhizal associations.

Chytrids

Spore shape, positive chemotaxis when near a favorable substrate.

Homologous

Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry. Bones

Taxa

Taxonomy: group designated at any level of hierarchy. Ideally they are monophyletic and have a common ancestor with all its descendants)

hypae

The branching, threadlike tubes that make up the bodies of multicellular fungi

Phylogeny

The evolutionary history of a species or group of related species. The theory

Do amoebas take in food by surrounding it?

True

Miller-Urey Experiment

Two scientists attempted to reproduce the condition of the (assumed) earth's primitive ocean's under a reducing atmosphere. They produced some of the key molecules to life (amino acids and nucleotides). No oxygen, but lots of hydrogen.

What are the basic body parts used to categorize animals?

Type of body symmetry, number of tissue types in embryos, degree of cephalization, presence/absence of a fluid filled cavity.

Excretory Products Mammals, Sharks, SOME BONY Fish, Amphibians

Urea

Birds, Reptiles, and Snails Excretory Product

Uric acid

Explain the water to land transition in plants with respect to challenges overcome related to water requirements for fertilization to occur and vascular tissue. Use bryophytes, pteridophytes (e.g., ferns), gymnosperms, and angiosperms in your answer, and be sure to describe the water issues and name the types of vascularization. Complete your answer with one specific challenge faced and overcome by animals during the water to land transition.

Vascular tissue is needed for plants to contain water and have structure. Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, etc. live in water and are nonvascular so they don't need vascular tissue because no need for structural support (surrounded by water). Land plants had to fix fertilization outside of water (instead of eggs in the water), solved through pollen for gymnosperms (seeds are exposed instead of in fruit) and angiosperms (flowering plants). Solved also through alternation of generations because spores could come into contact with the other gametophyte In water, animals could filter and expel waste with no problem, but moving to land caused them to develop kidneys in order to filter out ammonia through urea. Amniotic fluid because eggs are not laid in water.

outgroup

a group that one does not belong to or identify with. In a cladiogram, it is the organisms with no shared traits with the others.

Diploid Dominant

a life-cycle type in which the multicellular diploid stage is prevalent. animals

haploid-dominant

a life-cycle type in which the multicellular haploid stage is prevalent

Gametes

a mature haploid male or female germ cell that is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote.

Chordates

an animal phylum that has a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, and gill slits at some time in its life cycle. They have backbones! -bilateral symmetry -sexual reproduction -endoskeleton

Deuterostomes

anus develops first ex: sea urchins, starfish, sea squirts

With respect to the life cycle of mushroom-producing basidiomycete, which of the following structures is haploid?

basidiospore recall that zygotes are diploid

Why are the bryophytes called nonvascular plants?

because their roots, stems, and leaves lack vascular tissue

Cephalization

concentration of sense organs and nerve cells at the front of an animal's body brain/food

4. The advantages of a ___________ skull are its lighter, making walking upright on land easier, and it allows space for jaw muscles.

diapsid

Diploblasty

ectoderm + endoderm

Triploblasty

ectoderm + endoderm + mesoderm

Pteriophytes

ferns, horsetails, club mosses

Synapsids

have single opning in the outer layer of the skull just behind eye socket. Mammals and humans.

Diapsids

lizards, snakes, dinosaurs, crocodiles, and birds, two fenestrae

Polyphletic

looking at members of the same clade but does not include the common ancestor

Compare the following (with definitions and phylogenetic trees): monophyletic, paraphyletic, and polyphyletic taxonomic groups.

monophyletic: a group of organisms descended from a common group that share an ancestor but don't have the same characteristics. INCLUDES MOST RECENT ANCESTOR. paraphyletic: . Unlike a monophyletic group, a paraphyletic taxon does not include all the descendants of the most recent common ancestor. polyphyletic: derived from more than one common evolutionary ancestor or ancestral group and therefore not suitable for placing in the same taxon.

protostomes

mouth to anus ex: roundworm, arthropod, insect, mollusks

Ectoderm

outermost germ layer; produces sense organs, nerves, and outer layer of skin

paraphyletic

pertaining to a grouping of species that consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all, of its descendants. A species group that shares some but not all of the same descendants.

Anapsids

primitive reptile having no opening in the temporal region of the skull

Whitaker

proposed a five kingdom system *plants, animals, protists, bacteria and fungi*

sister clades

share an immediate CA; each other's closest relatives

Synapomorphy

shared derived character character or trait that is shared by 2+ taxonomic groups and is derived through evolution from a common ancestor

Protists

single-celled or simple multicellular eukaryotic organisms that generally do not fit in any other kingdom

Endosymbiosis

symbiosis in which one of the symbiotic organisms lives inside the other

Organisms are classified by?

temperature regulation, excretory product, extra embryonic membrane, skull type.

Which generation is dominant in the bryophytes?

the gametophyte

Endoderm

the inner germ layer that develops into the lining of the digestive and respiratory systems

Mesoderm

the middle layer of an embryo in early development, between the endoderm and ectoderm.

Meosis

the process by which the number of chromosomes is reduced by half to form sex cells Results in 4 haploid cells

alteration of generations

type of life cycle found in some algae, fungi, and all plants where an organism alternates between a haploid (n) gametophyte and a diploid (2n) sporophyte generation. Asexual and sexual reproduction both occur.

divergent evolution

when two or more species sharing a common ancestor become more different over time

Flagella

whiplike tails found in one-celled organisms to aid in movement