Biology Final Chapter 7&12

What is the leading hypothesis for what might have brought about the extinction of the dinosaurs?

An asteroid impact

Which of the following correctly describes what the video referred to as a "microbial cure"?

Antibiotics are used to kill all of the infectious bacteria in a person.

Over time, bacteria have become increasingly resistant to antibiotics. Which of the following best explains this in terms of natural selection?

Bacteria that happen to have natural resistance to antibiotics survived and reproduced.

Who wrote Principles of Geology?

Charles Lyell

What events can lead to offspring having a unique arrangement of their parents' genes?

Crossing over and/or Independent Assortment

You are a paleontologist and find a large amount of plant fossils from the Permian Period. Which of the following are these fossils most likely to be?

Cycads

Speciation is always a slow, gradual process.

False

Which grouping immediately follows Order in the classification hierarchy?

Family

A future mass extinction is caused by the same events that led to the mass extinction at the end of the Devonian Period. What is the cause?

Global cooling (ice age)

Which model of evolution is closest to what was originally suggested by Charles Darwin?

Graduated model

Which of the following came first?

Scientists began to suspect that fossils might represent extinct ancient forms of modern organisms.

What is radiometric dating?

The process of determining the age of the fossils from radioactive isotopes

Which of the following appears to have played a major role in the Permian extinction?

Volcano Eruptions

It is most strongly believed that the descendants of American Indians arrived in North America by doing which of the following?

Walking across the Beringian land bridge.

The Lilliput Effect impacts what?

all vertebrates

HIV has become an important source of mortality for humans. If AIDS persists as a major factor for humans for many generations in the future, natural selection theory predicts that _____.

any heritable traits that help humans survive and reproduce in the presence of AIDS should become more frequent over time

When should a lactase supplement be taken in order to be most effective, and why?

at the same time the dairy product is consumed, so that the lactase will be in contact with the lactose

In the video, what does the UK's Chief Medical Officer suggest for promoting the development of new antibiotics?

encouraging big pharmaceutical companies to start investing again in new drug research and development

You are a geneticist studying the random changes in burrowing owl DNA from one generation to the next. What are you researching?

genetic drift

The evolution of populations due to chance is

genetic drift.

In a population with brown and green alleles for color, genetic drift

has more effect on the evolution of a small population.

Although modified to perform a different task, a horse's front leg is made up of the same bones as is your arm. This suggests a common ancestor between horses and humans that also had those bones in its forelimb. The horse leg and human arm are therefore considered to be ________ structures.

homologous

In which country would you most likely find a higher incidence of lactase persistence?

in a Scandinavian country where people historically raised dairy cattle and made cheese

What is Comparative Anatomy?

is the study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of different species.

Which of the following contributes the LEAST to the problem of antibiotic resistance?

taking the entire course of antibiotics as prescribed by the doctor

You are a paleontologist studying how early land vertebrates evolved to live in different habitats. What do you study?

tetrapods

Another word for macroevolution is ________.

speciation

During which geological era did life first appear on the planet?

Precambrian

Which three statements may correctly explain why the population size increases after time point C? 1. Bacteria that acquired a mutation that conferred drug- resistance had a growth advantage over non-resistant bacteria. 2. Between time points C and D, drug-resistant bacteria were reproducing faster than non-drug resistant bacteria were dying. 3. The few drug-resistant bacteria in the population reproduced, quickly leading to a large drug- resistant population. 4. The population increase just after time point C indicates that antibiotic use was discontinued. 5. Because the population grew more rapidly after time point C, the bacteria must have acquired a second drug- resistance mutation.

1. Bacteria that acquired a mutation that conferred drug- resistance had a growth advantage over non-resistant bacteria. 2. Between time points C and D, drug-resistant bacteria were reproducing faster than non-drug resistant bacteria were dying. 3. The few drug-resistant bacteria in the population reproduced, quickly leading to a large drug- resistant population.

The oldest fossil records have been dated to about __________ years ago.

3.5 billion

Where are the Galapagos Islands located?

600 miles west of Ecuador, near the equator

The planet is currently facing its _____ mass extinction event.

6th

Which of the following might be a cause of sympatric speciation?

Genetic incompatibility

The modern evolutionary synthesis of the 1930s and 1940s melded together evolutionary theory with ________.

Genetics

Of those listed below, which category of classification is the most narrow?

Genus

Most people are lactose intolerant as adults, but nearly everyone produces sufficient lactase as an infant. However, in some cases, genetic mutations can occur that make an infant lactose intolerant. From an evolutionary perspective -- over thousands of years -- why would lactose intolerance in infants be very rare in the population?

Lactose intolerant infants could not digest breast milk and therefore usually died, never having the chance to pass the mutation on to their children.

Prior to the publication of Charles Darwin's book, On the Origin of Species, what was the prevailing public consensus regarding species evolution?

That species were permanent and unchanging

How do lactase supplements help people who are lactose intolerant?

The supplements provide the enzyme that breaks down the lactose in dairy products.

Why didn't the dinosaurs go extinct during the Permian extinction?

They weren't alive at that time.

Lactose intolerance in infants is more common in the population today than it was a hundred years ago. Why?

Today there are alternatives to breast milk, such as lactose-free formula and soy milk, so lactose intolerant infants can survive.

Darwinian fitness is measured only in terms of the number of healthy offspring produced.

True

Which of the following is true about Rhizondontids? 1. The evolved over time and became another animal. 2. They went extinct.

Went extinct

Natural selection is best described as _____.

a filtering process that fine-tunes the traits of populations by sorting among existing, randomly produced variations

The Galapagos Islands were the first place on Earth to _____.

be declared a world heritage site

Tourism on the Galapagos Islands is being restricted by requiring tourists to _____.

be escorted by trained guides at all times

Comparing DNA and protein sequences to find evidence of a shared evolutionary history is called ________.

bioinformatics

Some researchers have proposed that the human population was reduced to fewer than 10,000 individuals as a result of a catastrophic event that occurred about 50,000 years ago, and that all modern humans are descendants of this small population. If this proposal is true, it would be an example of __________.

bottleneck effect

What Biogeography?

he branch of biology that deals with the geographical distribution of plants and animals.

You are a paleontologist and discover a canine skull. Which of the following pairs of characteristics will best help you determine if it is a wolf or dog skull?

snout length and skull width

You are a researcher studying a group of organisms that all disappeared during the Permian extinction. What do you study?

trilobites

Which of the following sets of animals are likely to be found on the Galapagos Islands?

tortoises, finches, blue-footed boobies

Some of the "branches" of a phylogenetic tree do not extend to the end. What do these lines represent?

Extinct species

Which of the following specimens discovered in 1972 ignited the debate about multiple lineages within the genus Homo?

1470

What prompted Darwin to publish his book decades after he began writing it?

A colleague was about to publish a similar manuscript.

In the projected video showing the growth of bacteria, why did the bacteria grow up to the edge of the area with antibiotics, pause, then continue to grow across the area with antibiotics?

A few bacteria experienced random mutations in their DNA, which allowed some of them to grow even though antibiotics were present.

Which of the following is least likely to be from the time of the Permian extinction?

A rock with a low ratio of light to heavy carbon.

If this study is correct, which of the following species would likely be most successful following the next mass extinction?

A species of large vertebrate that gets smaller in size.

You are an evolutionary biologist interested in researching the domestication of cats following the same design as this study of dogs. Which of the following are you going to analyze?

DNA and bones

Which classification grouping includes the greatest number of species?

Domain

Which grouping includes all of the protists?

Domain Eukarya

What is the sequence levels of biological organization from most inclusive to least inclusive?

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species (Hint: Dear King Philip Came Over For Good Snacks)

Imagine that four people are infected with HIV from a common source (an infected blood sample). Initially, the patients' HIV populations are genetically identical. By the time they develop full-blown AIDS, how would the viral populations of the fourpatients compare?

Each patient's viral population would be unique, specifically adapted to deal with—and overcome—his or her unique immune system responses.

You are a paleoanthropologist studying Neanderthals. Where should you look for their fossils?

Europe

Ancient American Indian skulls provide evidence that which of the following is true?

Europeans contributed to American Indian ancestry.

Why is it inaccurate to say that humans are the most highly evolved species?

Evolution is not goal oriented. It only acts in response to the present situation. All species, not just people, are equally "evolved" to fit their particular environment.

Which of the following discoveries would be most unusual?

Finding FOXP2 in Neanderthals and Denosivans.

What is the term that defines when the sperm of one species fails to fertilize the egg of a different species?

Gametic incompatibility

Color is an inherited trait in beetles. If brown beetles move into a population from a nearby island, which of the following statements is correct?

Gene flow causes the frequency of the brown allele to increase.

What do paleoanthropologists generally believe about genetic findings?

Genetic findings need corresponding fossil evidence to be true.

Remember that color is an inherited trait in beetles. Which of the following is an example of natural selection? 1. Green beetles and brown beetles always leave the same number of offspring. 2 A storm kills more green beetles than brown beetles by chance. 3 Green beetles leave more offspring than brown beetles because they are better at finding food.

Green beetles leave more offspring than brown beetles because they are better at finding food.

As proposed by Darwin, what sorts of traits are favored by natural selection?

Heritable traits that help individuals survive and reproduce more successfully than others in the same population.

You discover the skull of a species very similar to 1470. Which of the following two species is it most like?

Homo habilis and Homo rudolfensis

What does "fitness" mean when speaking in terms of evolution?

How many offspring the individual produces

Which of the following do most biologists currently think is true?

Human evolution followed a path with many branches.

Which species is threatening the natural wildlife on the Galapagos Islands?

Humans

Which would be a postzygotic barrier to reproduction?

Hybrid weakness

How does antibiotic resistance evolve in bacterial populations?

In any population of bacteria, some individuals are more resistant to particular antibiotics and some individuals are less resistant. In the presence of an antibiotic, susceptible individuals die off. Over time, the frequency of resistant bacteria within the population increases.

What is Gene Flow?

In population genetics, gene flow (also known as gene migration) is the transfer of alleles or genes from one population to another. Migration into or out of a population may be responsible for a marked change in allele frequencies (the proportion of members carrying a particular variant of a gene).

As more carbon dioxide is added to the atmosphere, which of the following is most likely to happen?

Increasing ocean acidification and decreasing concentration of oxygen in the oceans.

Which of the following is true regarding your mitochondrial DNA?

It all came from your mother.

Why or why is it not accurate to say that individuals evolve?

It is not accurate because the evolution of one individual would not affect the entire species.

Why is the enzyme lactase necessary to digest dairy products?

Lactase breaks down lactose into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by the cells that line the small intestine.

In _____ isolation, it is physically impossible for two species to mate with each other, often because their genitalia do not fit together properly.

Mechanical

You are an anthropologist and wish to continue the studies of DNA lineage of Denisovans. Which of the following places would likely be best for you to collect new samples from currently living humans?

New Guinea

Which process of evolution does not change the total number of species?

Nonbranching evolution

A particular antibiotic kills 99% of a bacterial population. What will be the result of the continued application of this antibiotic?

Over time, the antibiotic will become less effective at killing the bacteria.

Which two observations led Darwin to conclude that there is competition for survival?

Overproduction and limited resources

Why are animals more likely than plants to form new species while still in the presence of the parent population?

Plants are more likely than animals to form new species in this situation.

Which of the following is true regarding the Permian extinction?

Species impacted lived on the land and in the oceans.

What field of science has as its goal to classify all living things into a hierarchical system of relatedness that runs from most broad to most narrow?

Taxonomy

Eastern and western spotted skunks breed at different times of the year. Therefore, they are prevented from interbreeding by _____ isolation.

Temporal

What defines a geological time period known as an era?

The distinct life-forms that were present

You are an animal behaviorist observing wild dogs that roam the streets of McAllen, Texas. Which of the following is most likely?

The dogs do not live in packs.

Which of the following is not an assumption that Darwin made about how evolution acts on populations?

The most fit individuals will always have the most offspring.

A zombie apocalypse wipes out almost the entire human species before the zombie threat is eliminated. Only a group of 100 people who were at a family reunion on an uninhabited island survived. They returned to the mainland completely unaware of what had happened to everyone. Answer the following question regarding the few survivors that now begin to rebuild the human population.Despite an abundance of habitat, why will it be difficult for the human species to recover?

The reduced genetic diversity will make it difficult for the population to adapt to new diseases or other environmental changes.

You are an archaeologist and you find human remains with a mitochondrial DNA lineage of X. Which of the following is true?

The remains are American Indian or European.

In many ways a mule is a superior animal to the horse or donkey. They are often stronger and can jump higher than either of their parents. Why then are they considered to be a "weak hybrid"?

They are sterile.

If dogs are like pigs, which of the following occurred?

They were domesticated twice.

A requirement of cladistics is that a grouping must include ________.

a common ancestor and all its descendants

A zombie apocalypse wipes out almost the entire human species before the zombie threat is eliminated. Only a group of 100 people who were at a family reunion on an uninhabited island survived. They returned to the mainland completely unaware of what had happened to everyone. Answer the following question regarding the few survivors that now begin to rebuild the human population.Certain traits will have been lost from the gene pool forever. Some may be obvious, like people with red hair or double jointed thumbs. Others will be less obvious, like the ability to process cholesterol or being allergic to peanuts. This loss of diversity in a reduced population is called ________.

bottleneck effect

How do genomes of species change?

by mutations in DNA

What is Sexual Selection?

natural selection arising through preference by one sex for certain characteristics in individuals of the other sex.

What is Bottleneck Effect?

occurs when there is a disaster of some sort that reduces a population to a small handful, which rarely represents the actual genetic makeup of the initial population. This leaves smaller variation among the surviving individuals.

You are a researcher working closely with the Leakey family, studying the newly discovered fossils to determine their place in the human lineage. Which of the following are you?

paleoanthropologist

The slow drifting of sections of the earth's crust, sometimes separating, other times colliding, is known as ________.

plate tectonics

What is the smallest unit that can evolve?

population

The rapid diversification of species seen in the fossil record followed by long periods of stasis is part of the ________ model of evolution.

punctuated equilibrium

What is a Fossil Record?

refers to the placement of fossils throughout the surface layers of the Earth.

If your pituitary gland isn't functioning properly, which of the following will be affected?

reproduction and growth

Which of the following is most likely to happen as the amount of human-generated greenhouse gas emissions increases?

the oceans will become more acidic

Which of the following is the closest relative to Homo sapiens?

the orangutan, a great ape

What is Founder Effect?

the reduced genetic diversity that results when a population is descended from a small number of colonizing ancestors.

What is Bioinformatics?

the science of collecting and analyzing complex biological data such as genetic codes.

A comparison of bat wings, porpoise flippers, and human arms shows that __________.

they evolved from a common ancestor

Why should we not view lactose intolerance as a disease in adult humans?

Adult humans did not consume dairy products until fairly recently in our evolutionary history.

You study human evolution. In which of the following groups of people are you likely to find the least Neanderthal DNA?

Africans

Which of the following are considered to be fossils? 1. Animals frozen in ice or preserved in amber 2. Mineralized bones 3. Footprints or other impressions preserved in stone

All 3

The varieties of species found on the different Galapagos Islands is most likely an example of which form of speciation?

Allopatric

What is an exception to the standard biological species concept used to define a species?

Asexual species cannot be distinguished using the concept.

https://session.masteringbiology.com/problemAsset/2072441/7/MB_2072441.jpg Which time point on the graph shows when the antibiotic was first added?

B

Horses and donkeys can reproduce to produce mules. Thus, horses and donkeys are considered to be a single species.

False

Imagine that you start with a population of red, white, and blue flowers, a trait controlled by genetics. If you always cut blue flowers before they have a chance to reproduce, the number of blue flowers will change from generation to generation; however, the gene pool will still remain constant.

False

Sixty-five million years ago, approximately 50% of all species became extinct, including dinosaurs. This is the largest mass extinction in the fossil record.

False

A zombie apocalypse wipes out almost the entire human species before the zombie threat is eliminated. Only a group of 100 people who were at a family reunion on an uninhabited island survived. They returned to the mainland completely unaware of what had happened to everyone. Answer the following question regarding the few survivors that now begin to rebuild the human population.A straggler with green eyes stumbles into the last remaining human outpost. The green eye trait did not exist in the outpost before her arrival, but it does now. What is the name of this mechanism of evolution?

Gene Flow

What defines a population?

Members of the same species living at the same place and time

If current research proves correct, which of the following will be true?

Modern human ancestors interbred with Neanderthals three times.

What is the original source of variation?

Mutation

Others had suggested mechanisms for evolution before Darwin published his work. By what means did Darwin propose species evolved over time?

Natural Selection

All prokaryotes are in the domain ________.

Prokaryotes are in two different domains

The domain Eukarya is divided into kingdoms. Biologists agree on the definitions of three of these kingdoms. However, this taxonomic group is a matter of discussion because its members are highly diverse and do not fit neatly into a single classification scheme.

Protists

Your uncle is a paleontologist. Where is he most likely to find Denosivan fossils?

Siberia

The human immune system cannot effectively suppress the HIV virus on its own. What key feature of HIV makes it so hard to beat?

The HIV virus has an extremely high rate of mutation.

What is the concern about using antibacterial and antimicrobial soaps?

The use of any chemical that kills bacteria can eventually lead to resistance to that chemical in the population of bacteria.

A cladistics grouping with a shared common ancestor is called ________.

an ingroup

Which group of animals is currently facing the greatest threat from climate change?

corals

Individuals with variations that make them best suited to their environment will, on average, be more likely to ________.

survive and reproduce

If color is an inherited trait in beetles, and birds are more likely to eat brown beetles than green beetles,

the frequency of the green allele will increase.