Biology Final Exam

If 30% of the nucleotides in a single-stranded molecule are adenine, then what percent are expected to be thymine?

(A) 0%

The rate of oxygen consumption in germinating pea seeds at 26oC is

(A) 0.05 mL / min

The energy required to run the Calvin cycle reactions of photosynthesis comes from which two substances produced during the light-dependent reactions?

(A) ATP and NADPH

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is important in maintaining homeostasis in mammals. ADH is released from the hypothalamus in response to high tissue osmolarity. In response to ADH, the collecting duct and distal tubule in the kidney become more permeable to water, which increases water reabsorption into the capillaries. The amount of hormone released is controlled by a negative feedback loop. Based on the model presented, which of the following statements expresses the proper relationship between osmolarity, ADH release, and urine production?

(A) As tissue osmolarity rises, more ADH is released, causing less water to be excreted as urine.

Which of the following statements about the rate of fixation in the two types of plants is supported by the data shown in the figures?

(A) At , plant type has a lower rate of fixation than plant type does in both types of soil.

An increase in the rate of oxygen production by algae would be accompanied by a comparable increase in the rate of production of which of the following substances?

(A) C6H12O6

Which of the following best describes the role of mitosis in the cell cycle?

(A) Distributing replicated chromosomes to daughter nuclei

The figures below illustrate the similarities between ATP synthesis in mitochondria and chloroplasts. The figures below illustrate the similarities between ATP synthesis in mitochondria and chloroplasts.

(A) Do electron transport chains create a gradient so that ATP synthase can generate ATP molecules?

Which of the following describes the most likely location of cholesterol in an animal cell?

(A) Embedded in the plasma membrane

All eukaryotic cells contain at least one Golgi complex, typically located in the cytoplasm and near the endoplasmic reticulum.

(A) Enzymatic modification of newly synthesized integral membrane proteins

An increase in the concentration of protons in the cytosol will most likely have which of the following effects on glycolysis?

(A) Glycolytic enzymes will denature as a result of the increased concentration.

Which of the following best describes the effect of insulin binding to the receptor on the osteoblast cells?

(A) Insulin binding ultimately increases pancreatic secretion of additional insulin.

Based on the information provided, which of the following best describes the role of insulin in this liver cell signal transduction pathway?

(A) It acts as a ligand.

A typical bag of fertilizer contains high levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium but trace amounts of magnesium and calcium. Which of the following best matches the fertilizer component with the molecule in which it will be incorporated by organisms in the area?

(A) Nitrogen will be incorporated into nucleic acids.

Synthesized at the ribosome

(A) Proteins

Most cells that have become transformed into cancer cells have which of the following characteristics when compared to normal, healthy cells?

(A) Shorter cell cycle

Based on the data, which type of cell would be best suited for the lining the alveoli of the lungs, where diffusion of carbon dioxide and oxygen must occur very rapidly?

(A) Simple squamous cells

In an experiment, the efficiency of oxygen exchange across the plasma membrane is being assessed in four artificial red blood cells. The table above lists some properties of those artificial cells. Other conditions being equal, which artificial cell is predicted to be the most efficient in exchanging oxygen with the environment by diffusion?

(A) The cuboidal cell

A researcher observes that mice from the mutant strain experience low blood sugar. Which of the following best describes the feedback mechanism in the pathway (Figure 1) causing the low blood sugar in the mutant strain?

(A) The positive feedback of insulin production

In contrast to type 1 diabetes, where there is no insulin production, type 2 diabetes is characterized by a failure of body cells to respond normally to insulin. Based on the results of the experiment, which of the following best predicts the effectiveness of using hESC-β implantation to treat type 2 diabetes?

(A) The treatment would fail because insulin produced by implanted hESC-β cells will not stimulate glucose uptake by body cells.

Which of the following claims is most consistent with the data shown in Figure 2 ?

(A) expression is necessary to prevent the overproduction of insulin.

When a substance moves across the plasma membrane along a concentration gradient at a rate faster than would be expected by simple diffusion alone but without the expenditure of metabolic energy, the process is best described as

(A) facilitated diffusion

A student placed 20 tobacco seeds of the same species on moist paper towels in each of two petri dishes. Dish A was wrapped completely in an opaque cover to exclude all light. Dish B was not wrapped. The dishes were placed equidistant from a light source set to a cycle of 14 hours of light and 10 hours of dark. All other conditions were the same for both dishes. The dishes were examined after 7 days, and the opaque cover was permanently removed from dish A. Both dishes were returned to the light and examined again at 14 days. The following data were obtained. According to the results of this experiment, germination of tobacco seeds during the first week is

(A) increased by exposure to light

The illustration shows the active transport of hydrogen ions through a membrane protein. Which of the following best predicts the effect of not having available to supply energy to this process?

(A) ions will stop moving through the protein.

The endocrine system incorporates feedback mechanisms that maintain homeostasis. Which of the following demonstrates negative feedback by the endocrine system?

(B) After a meal, blood glucose levels become elevated, stimulating beta cells of the pancreas to release insulin into the blood. Excess glucose is then converted to glycogen in the liver, reducing blood glucose levels.

Which of the following statements best explains the processes of passive and active transport?

(B) Passive transport is the net movement of substances down a concentration gradient that does not require metabolic energy. Active transport is the movement of substances up a concentration gradient that requires energy.

Mitochondria are found in most eukaryotic cells and contain their own DNA and ribosomes that are similar to those typical of many prokaryotic cells. Which of the following statements is justified by these observations?

(B) An ancestral cell most likely engulfed anaerobic prokaryote in a relationship that proved beneficial for both cells.

Melanocytes are skin cells that can become cancerous and develop into a cancer known as melanoma. Some cancerous melanocytes have developed resistance to the drugs currently used to treat melanoma. As a result, researchers are investigating the effects of a new compound (drug ) on four different melanoma cell lines. Researchers analyzed cell survival in two cell lines (Figure 1) and oxygen consumption in the presence of drug in all four cell lines (Figure 2). Figure 3 shows the proposed mechanism by which drug affects cells. Which of the following best describes the data in Figure 1 ?

(B) At a concentration above μ , drug reduces melanoma cell survival.

Tarui disease is an inherited disorder that is caused by mutations in , the gene that encodes a subunit of phosphofructokinase, an enzyme in the glycolysis pathway. Individuals with Tarui disease produce little or no functional phosphofructokinase in skeletal muscle cells. Based on Figure 1, which of the following best explains why a low carbohydrate diet is recommended for those with Tarui disease?

(B) Carbohydrate metabolism requires all the reactions of glycolysis, and amino acids and fatty acids do not.

Maturation promoting factor, , is a cyclin- complex that catalyzes the phosphorylation of other proteins to start mitosis. The activity level of is dependent on the relative concentrations of the cyclin and components of (Figure 1). Based on Figure 1, which of the following describes the role of cyclin in the regulation of the cell cycle?

(B) During phase, the cyclin level peaks, resulting in an increased binding frequency with .

Which of the following claims is scientifically accurate and consistent with an observation that a decrease in lysosome production within a cell leads to a decline in mitochondrial activity?

(B) Fewer lysosomes will be available to break down macromolecules to provide the necessary nutrients for cellular respiration.

Liver cells manufacture glycoproteins, while adipose cells store fat. Which of the following subcellular structures is likely to be more prominent in liver cells than in adipose cells?

(B) Golgi apparatus

A researcher measured the temperature at which two different samples of double-stranded denature (separate into single strands). Sample denatured at a significantly lower temperature than sample did. Based on the data, the researcher claims that the in sample is composed of a higher percentage of guanine and cytosine than the in sample is. Which of the following best supports the researcher's claim?

(B) Guanine-cytosine pairs denature at a higher temperature because they have more hydrogen bonds between them than adenine-thymine pairs do.

Which of the following questions is most relevant to understanding the Calvin cycle?

(B) How is ATP used in the formation of 3-carbon carbohydrates?

Which of the following conclusions is best supported by the data presented in Figure 1 ?

(B) Implanted hESC-β cells are effective at regulating blood glucose levels in the absence of mouse β-cells.

Which of the following is true of mitosis?

(B) It maintains the same chromosome number in the daughter cells as in the parent cell.

Based on the data in Figure 1, which of the following most likely represents the change in energy that occurs when hydrolysis is coupled with the phosphorylation of a substrate?

(B) Line represents hydrolysis, and line represents phosphorylation of a substrate.

In response to elevated blood glucose levels, beta (β) cells in the pancreas release insulin, a regulatory hormone. Insulin signals body cells to take up glucose from the blood, which returns blood glucose levels back to normal. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disorder that destroys β-cells, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. Researchers have proposed that diabetes could be treated by implanting human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) that have been induced to develop into β-cells (hESC-β). To test the proposed treatment, the researchers set up two groups of genetically identical mice and implanted the mice from one group with hESC-β cells. Several weeks after the hESC-β implant, both groups of mice were given a drug (STZ) that selectively destroys the naturally occurring mouse β-cells but does not affect the implanted hESC-β cells. Figure 1 shows a comparison of average blood glucose levels in both groups of mice. In a continuation of the experiment, the researchers removed the hESC-β implant from one of the mice 16 weeks after STZ treatment. Figure 2 shows the blood glucose levels in the mouse over the duration of the experiment. Which of the following modifications to the experimental design would improve the reliability of the results presented in Figure 1 ?

(B) Measuring blood glucose levels in a group of mice that were not given STZ

The function of which of the following organelles directly requires oxygen?

(B) Mitochondrion

A researcher examining a root tip observes a plant cell with condensed sister chromatids, kinetochores with attached microtubules, and individual chromosomes that are aligned at the equatorial plate of the cell. Which of the following best describes what the next process will be in the cell?

(B) Paired chromatids will separate, and the new daughter chromosomes will move toward opposite poles of the cell.

Which of the following components of the cell membrane is responsible for active transport?

(B) Protein

During mitosis, which of the following normally occurs?

(B) Replicated chromosomes line up on the equatorial plate.

Which of the following organelles modifies and packages for secretion the materials produced by the ribosomes?

(B) The Golgi apparatus

Cholesterol is an important component of animal cell membranes. Cholesterol molecules are often delivered to body cells by the blood, which transports the molecules in the form of cholesterol-protein complexes. The complexes must be moved into the body cells before the cholesterol molecules can be incorporated into the phospholipid bilayers of cell membranes. Based on the information presented, which of the following is the most likely explanation for a buildup of cholesterol molecules in the blood of an animal?

(B) The animal's body cells are defective in endocytosis.

A researcher is investigating the effects of a chemical that makes thylakoid membranes permeable to hydrogen ions ( ). Which of the following is the most likely direct effect of adding the chemical to plant cells?

(B) The chloroplasts will generate less .

A researcher proposes a model of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction in which a reactant is converted to a product. The model is based on the idea that the reactant passes through a transition state within the enzyme-substrate complex before the reactant is converted to the product. Which of the following statements best helps explain how the enzyme speeds up the reaction?

(B) The enzyme's active site binds to and stabilizes the transition state, which decreases the activation energy of the reaction.

A DNA mutation changes the shape of the extracellular domain of transmembrane receptor protein produced by the cell. Which of the following predictions is the most likely consequence of the mutation?

(B) The molecule that normally binds to protein will no longer attach, deactivating the cellular response.

Based on the information provided, which of the following best justifies the claim that osteocalcin is a hormone?

(B) The osteoblasts in the bone secrete osteocalcin, which causes cells in the pancreas to change their activity.

The primary function of the kidney is to exchange molecules across a membrane between the blood and the urine. One type of kidney cell has a basic rectangular shape, except for a single surface, which is lined with tiny, finger- like projections that extend into the surrounding extracellular space. Which of the following best explains the advantage these projections provide the cell?

(B) The projections increase the surface area-to-volume ratio of the cell, which allows for more efficient nutrient exchange with the environment.

The figure below illustrates a eukaryotic cell. Which of the following best describes how the three structures indicated by the arrows work together?

(B) To synthesize and isolate proteins for secretion or for use in the cell

Simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion are related in that both

(B) depend on a concentration gradient

A researcher claims that the synthesis of from and inorganic phosphate is essential to cellular function. Which of the following statements best helps justify the researcher's claim?

(B) hydrolysis is an energy-releasing reaction that is often coupled with reactions that require an input of energy.

Carbohydrate-synthesizing reactions of photosynthesis directly require

(B) products of the light reactions

During respiration, most ATP is formed as a direct result of the net movement of

(B) protons down a concentration gradient

Which of the following presents a correct interpretation of the changes in chromosome number depicted in Figure 1 ?

(C) Chromosomes enter metaphase containing two chromatids attached by a centromere. During anaphase, the chromatids are separated, each becoming a chromosome. Cytokinesis distributes the chromosomes into two separate cells.

Cancer can result from a variety of different mutational events. Which of the following is LEAST likely to result in the initiation of a cancerous tumor?

(C) A defect in a cell-cycle checkpoint prevents a cell from entering the S phase.

The graph above shows changes in glucagon and insulin secretions at different concentrations of blood glucose. Which of the following feedback mechanisms is best supported by the data?

(C) A low glucose level causes the release of glucagon, which stimulates the release of more glucose from tissues, which in turn lowers the amount of glucagon being released.

Which of the following describes a mutation that would lead to an increase in the frequency of nondisjunction?

(C) A mutation affecting checkpoint proteins that prevents attachment of spindle fibers

A researcher claims that only a portion of the light energy captured by green plants is available for growth and repair.

(C) As light energy is converted to chemical energy by metabolic processes, some of the energy is lost as heat.

Which of the following is a characteristic of mitochondria and chloroplasts that supports the endosymbiotic theory?

(C) Both contain DNA molecules.

If an individual with diabetes consumes food that is high in simple carbohydrates, blood-sugar levels can rise above normal levels. Which of the following questions would provide the best direction for a researcher who wanted to study the impact of abnormally high blood-sugar levels on cellular homeostasis in diabetics?

(C) Does water move from cells into blood vessels more rapidly in diabetics than in nondiabetics when blood-sugar levels are higher than normal?

Newborn babies and hibernating animals contain a large amount of brown adipose (fat) tissue ( ). Certain proteins in the cells increase the permeability of the inner mitochondrial membrane to protons, disrupting the proton gradient. Which of the following best predicts the effect of disrupting the proton gradient in ?

(C) Electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation will be decoupled, generating more heat but less ATP

Two types of cells, alpha and beta cells, produce signaling molecules that affect blood sugar levels in opposite ways (Figure 1). Epinephrine is a chemical, often released during periods of exercise, that ultimately causes an increase in blood sugar levels in the body. Based on Figure 1, which of the following best explains how exercise causes blood glucose levels to rise?

(C) Epinephrine activates alpha cells, causing the release of glucagon, and inhibits beta cells, blocking the release of insulin.

What evolutionary advantage does compartmentalization of core metabolic processes offer eukaryotes?

(C) Evolution of a nucleus in eukaryotes separates the processes of transcription and translation and they can be regulated separately.

Based on the data, which of the following best represents how the mice with the implanted hESC-β cells use negative feedback to return blood glucose levels to normal if blood glucose levels increase?

(C) Increased insulin secretion by hESC-β cells → increased glucose uptake by body cells → decreased insulin secretion by hESC-β cells

In a certain signal transduction pathway, the binding of an extracellular molecule to a cell-surface protein results in a rapid increase in the concentration of cyclic inside the cell. The cyclic binds to and activates cytosolic enzymes that then activate other enzymes in the cell. Which of the following statements best describes the role of cyclic in the signal transduction pathway?

(C) It acts as a second messenger that helps relay and amplify the signal within the cell.

Based on Figure 2, which of the following best supports the claim that drug inhibits oxygen consumption?

(C) Melanoma line consumes statistically less oxygen per cell in the presence of drug than it does in the presence of the solvent alone.

An intermediate electron acceptor for oxidations that occur in both glycolysis and in Krebs cycle reactions

(C) NAD+

In chloroplasts, is synthesized from plus inorganic phosphate in a reaction catalyzed by synthase molecules that are embedded in the thylakoid membrane. Which of the following statements provides evidence to support the claim that no will be synthesized in the absence of a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane?

(C) No ATP is synthesized when channel proteins that allow the free passage of protons are inserted into the thylakoid membrane.

Scientists examined the folded structure of a purified protein resuspended in water and found that amino acids with nonpolar R groups were primarily buried in the middle of the protein, whereas amino acids with polar R groups were primarily on the surface of the protein. Which of the following best explains the location of the amino acids in the folded protein?

(C) Nonpolar R groups that cannot form hydrogen bonds with water are pushed into the middle of the protein.

Used to carry the genetic code

(C) Nucleic acids

Membrane-bound organelles have been an important component in the evolution of complex, multicellular organisms. Which of the following best summarizes an advantage of eukaryotic cells having internal membranes?

(C) Organelles isolate specific reactions, increasing metabolic efficiency.

If ATP breakdown (hydrolysis) is inhibited, which of the following types of movement across cell membranes is also inhibited?

(C) Passage of a solute against its concentration gradient

A prokaryotic cell has which of the following?

(C) Plasma membrane

Cell communication is critical for the function of both unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes. Which of the following is likely true of cell signaling?

(C) Similar cell signaling pathways in diverse eukaryotes are evidence of conserved evolutionary processes.

The diagram above represents a typical rod-shaped bacterium. Which of the following best describes a feature shown in the diagram that is unique to archaea and bacteria?

(C) The organism does not have a nuclear membrane surrounding its genetic material.

Which of the following statements best helps explain the reaction specificity of an enzyme?

(C) The shape and charge of the substrates are compatible with the active site of the enzyme.

ATP serves as a common energy source for organisms because

(C) its energy can be easily transferred to do cellular work

If is added to cells undergoing cellular respiration, which of the following will most likely accumulate in the cells?

(D) 2 -phosphoglycerate

The diagram above illustrates feedback control as exerted by the hormone thyroxine. Following surgical removal of the thyroid gland, the level of TSH in the blood will increase. Which of the following best explains this increase?

(D) A decrease in thyroxine levels means a loss of inhibition to the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary, leading to increased TSH secretion.

The figure above shows a model of a ligand precursor being cleaved to produce an active ligand that binds to a specific receptor. Which of the following is most likely to reduce the binding of the active ligand to its receptor?

(D) A mutation in the receptor gene that causes a substitution of a charged amino acid for a nonpolar amino acid in the ligand binding site of the receptor

Damaged tissue releases chemicals that activate platelets and stimulate the formation of blood clots. Which of the following predictions about the activity of platelets best describes a positive feedback mechanism?

(D) Activated platelets release chemicals that activate more platelets.

Which of the following groups of cellular components are found in eukaryotic cells but not prokaryotic cells?

(D) An endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and a nucleus

Alcohol dehydrogenase ( ) is an enzyme that aids in the decomposition of ethyl alcohol into nontoxic substances. Methyl alcohol acts as a competitive inhibitor of ethyl alcohol by competing for the same active site on . When attached to , methyl alcohol is converted to formaldehyde, which is toxic in the body. Which of the following statements best predicts the effect of increasing the concentration of substrate (ethyl alcohol), while keeping the concentration of the inhibitor (methyl alcohol) constant?

(D) Competitive inhibition will decrease because the proportion of the active sites occupied by substrate will increase.

Figure 1. A model of an endocrine signaling pathway showing involved body parts and hormones. = gonadotropin-releasing hormone, = luteinizing hormone, and = follicle-stimulating hormone. Figure 1 shows a model of the endocrine signaling pathway that regulates ovulation. Which of the following observations would provide evidence of a positive feedback mechanism in this system?

(D) Estrogen from the ovaries stimulates the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary to secrete more GnRH ,LH , and FSH.

Which of the following describes why a glucose transporter is needed to move glucose into the cell?

(D) Glucose is large and polar and cannot pass through the phospholipid bilayer.

In a mesophyll cell of a leaf, the synthesis of ATP occurs in which of the following?

(D) II and III only

The protein is made up of amino acids linked together in a chain. Some humans produce a version of the protein in which phenylalanine (an amino acid) has been deleted from position 508 of the amino acid chain. Which of the following best predicts how the amino acid deletion will affect the structure of the protein?

(D) It will affect the primary, secondary, and tertiary structures of the protein.

Changing the shape or morphology of the mitochondrial inner membrane can change the efficiency of mitochondrial function. Which of the following outcomes will most likely result from a change in the shape of the mitochondrial inner membrane from a highly folded surface to a smooth, flat surface?

(D) Mitochondria will become less efficient because the surface area of the inner mitochondrial membranes will decrease.

The manner in which several different ions and molecules move through a cell membrane is shown in the diagram above. For each ion or molecule, the relative concentration on each side of the membrane is indicated. Which of the following accurately describes one of the movements taking place?

(D) Na+ transport out of the cell requires ATP hydrolysis.

Which of the following was a positive control in the experiment?

(D) Normal strain

Based on the information presented, which of the following best explains why the researchers measured oxygen consumption as an indicator of the effectiveness of drug X

(D) Oxygen accepts electrons in oxidative phosphorylation, a process necessary for melanoma cell survival.

Cells contain smaller components called organelles that are necessary for a cell's survival. Organelle functions have often been compared to components of larger systems. Which of the following functional differences between the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum is explained by the structural differences between them?

(D) Rough can synthesize and package proteins for export, and smooth cannot.

Which of the following statements best supports the claim that certain organelles within eukaryotic cells evolved from free-living prokaryotic cells?

(D) Some organelles contain their own that is more similar to prokaryotic in structure and function than to the eukaryotic found in the cell's nucleus.

The relative amount of in a cell at various stages of the cell cycle is shown in Figure 1 Figure 1. Amount of per cell during different stages of the cell cycle, relative to the beginning of the stage Which of the following best describes how the amount of in the cell changes during phase?

(D) The amount of is halved as the cell divides into two daughter cells.

A spherical bacterial cell has a radius of . The human egg cell has a radius of . Which statement correctly indicates the cell that is able to more efficiently exchange materials with the external environment and provides a correct explanation?

(D) The bacterial cell, because it has the largest surface-to-volume ratio.

Cancer cells behave differently than normal body cells. For example, they ignore signals that tell them to stop dividing. Which of the following conditions will most likely cause a normal body cell to become a cancer cell?

(D) The environment contains mutagens that induce mutations that affect cell-cycle regulator proteins.

Based on the data in Figure 2, which of the following best justifies the researchers' claim that hESC-β implants can functionally replace the mouse's naturally occurring β-cells?

(D) The mouse with an hESC-β implant successfully regulated blood glucose levels after STZ treatment but not after the implant was removed.

According to the chemiosmotic theory (chemiosmotic coupling), the energy required to move protons from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space against a concentration gradient comes most directly from

(D) electrons flowing along the electron transport chain

All of the following cell components are found in prokaryotic cells EXCEPT

(D) nuclear envelope

When hydrogen ions are pumped out of the mitochondrial matrix, across the inner mitochondrial membrane, and into the space between the inner and outer membranes, the result is

(D) the creation of a proton gradient

Which of the following are characteristic of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

(E) Cell membrane, ribosomes, DNA, and RNA

Which of the following statements about mitochondrial chemiosmosis is NOT true?

(E) Heat energy is required to establish the electron transport chain.

Which of the following conclusions is best supported by the data?

(E) In pea seeds an increase in temperature results in an increase in oxygen consumption.

Which of the following is an important difference between light-dependent and light-independent reactions of photosynthesis?

(E) The light-dependent reactions produce ATP and NADPH; the light-independent reactions use energy stored in ATP and NADPH.

Which of the following statements is true about the Krebs (citric acid) cycle and the Calvin (light-independent) cycle?

(E) They both are carried out by enzymes located within an organelle matrix.

Which of the following diagrams best represents hormone-activated gene expression?

A

The reactions of glycolysis occur in the

A Cytosol

Process in which sugar is oxidized to pyruvic acid

A Glycolysis

Site of conversion of chemical energy of glucose to ATP

A Mitochondria

Figure 1 shows a model of how a channel protein influences the movement of a particle across a cell's plasma membrane.Figure 1. A section of a cell's plasma membrane, showing a channel protein and a concentration gradient across the membrane. An investigator wants to understand whether a newly found membrane protein is involved in membrane transport of a certain particle. Which investigation will help determine whether the new membrane protein is a channel protein involved in membrane transport?

Add more of the proteins to the plasma membrane and measure the rate of the particle movement.

Evolved from a photoautotrophic prokaryote

B Chloroplast

Which metabolic process is common to both aerobic cellular respiration and alcoholic fermentation?

B Glycolysis

Process in which CO2 , is released as a by-product of oxidation-reduction reactions

B Krebs Cycle (citrus acid cycle)

Based on Figure 1, the net number of molecules produced during glycolysis from the metabolism of a single glucose molecule is closest to which of the following?

B. 2

Which of the following is the best explanation for the pattern of change in mass of the organisms over time?

B. Cellular Respiration

Based on the data shown, changes in the light intensity resulted in changes in the rate of which of the following processes?

B. Photosynthesis

A researcher has identified a compound that reverses the effect of drug . Based on Figure 3, which of the following best explains how the compound acts in the pathway to reverse the effects of drug ?

C

Process in which carbon from CO2 is incorporated into organic molecules

C Calvin cycle (light independent reactions)

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells generally have which of the following features in common?

C Ribosomes

Site of modification and packaging of proteins and lipids prior to export from the cell

C Smooth ER

Site of transport of materials into and out of the cell

D

Process in which O2 is released as a by-product of oxidation-reduction reactions

D - Light dependent reactions of photosynthesis

The rate of oxygen production equaled the rate of oxygen consumption during which of the following time periods?

D. J to K

Process found in both photosynthesis and cellular respiration

E Chemiosmosis

Site of glucose synthesis

b. chloroplasts

Additional observations were made on day 21, and no yellow-leaved seedlings were found alive in either dish. This is most likely because

yellow-leaved seedlings were unable to convert light energy to chemical energy