Biology Final Exam (quiz questions)

Which of the following are products of the light reactions of photosynthesis that are utilized in the Calvin cycle?

ATP and NADPH

Which of the following is only true of RNA, but not DNA?

Adenine pairs with uracil.

The modern era of genetic manipulation began when scientists first learned how to insert genes into

Bacteria

.................................all of the environments on Earth that support life. These include most regions of land, bodies of water, and the lower atmosphere.

Biosphere

The light-independent reactions of plants function to make organic molecules using carbon dioxide as a carbon source. What is the electron source that helps reduce carbon dioxide to sugars and other organic molecules?

NADPH

Which of the following is the correct sequence for the cell cycle?

S-G2-M-G1

Why are new flu vaccinations required for each new flu season?

The flu virus mutates frequently enough that last year's vaccination will no longer target currently circulating flu strains.

What property of phospholipids makes them suitable for the formation of the double layer found in membranes?

They have both a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic end.

Adenine always pairs with:

Thymine

Which of the following traits are considered to be inheritable? Eye color, the ability to speak Spanish, calluses on fingers, bleached hair

eye color

A product of photosynthesis, ________ is a carbon-based molecule that is the chief source of energy for most organisms.

glucose

Each enzyme has a particular substrate because enzymes

have active sites complementary in shape to their substrates.

The plasma membrane is a thin sheet of lipid embedded with

proteins

DNA replication is considered to be ________ because the end product consists of one old strand and one newly synthesized strand.

semiconservative

How many nucleotides make up a codon?

3

Which of the following statements best describes the structure of a hemoglobin molecule? A. Hemoglobin is comprised of four globin molecules, each with their own heme group that binds to and carries oxygen. B. Hemoglobin is comprised of three globin molecules and one heme group per hemoglobin molecule. C. Hemoglobin is comprised of two globin molecules, both with their own heme group that binds to and carries oxygen. D. Hemoglobin is comprised of four globin molecules, each of which contain millions of heme groups.

A. Hemoglobin is comprised of four globin molecules, each with their own heme group that binds to and carries oxygen

Select the correct association. A. carbohydrates—provide the body with an immediate source of energy B. carbohydrates—composed of amino acids bound together with peptide bonds C. lipids—structural components of hair, fingernails, and claws D. proteins—have three forms: monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

A. carbohydrates—provide the body with an immediate source of energy

Which of the following is a characteristic of all living things?

All living things maintain a constant internal environment.

Effects of Cytokines on the Body Systems A) Loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting B) Joint and muscle aches C) Headache, fever D) All of the above

All of the above

Global climate change is acccelerating the development of GMOs to

All of the answer choices are correct

Which of the following is a potential use for genetically modified animals?

All of the answer choices are correct

Which of the following is a way that bacteria have been genetically modified?

All of the answer choices are correct

Which of the following is the focus of current GM plant research related to improving health of the human population?

All of the answer choices are correct

The ultimate goal(s) of successful plant GMOs is(are) to

All of the answers are correct

What event accompanies energy absorption by chlorophyll (or other pigment molecules of the antenna complex)?

An electron is excited from water.

Plants are raised under artificial lights turned off and on by an electric clock. Some are given long periods of light, others short periods. This is an example of:

An experiment

.......................is any substance that produces a specific immune response by the body. Antigens are usually proteins or large carbohydrates that are specific to pathogens such as bacteria and viruses.

Antigen

occurs when there are small changes in the surface spikes of the influenza virus. This is an example of ________.

Antigenic drift

When two different forms of a virus infect the same cell, the host cell may manufacture viral particles from both viruses to reassemble them into a new form of virus. This process is called ________.

Antigenic shift

Because fossil fuels are the remains of once living organisms, they contain reservoirs of ________ that are released into the atmosphere when they are burned.

Carbon

Which of the following is a characteristic of cancer cells?

Cells with abnormal nuclei.

Which of these is the best description of a virus?

Chemical complexes of RNA or DNA protected by a protein shell

Which of the following statements best describes how alkylating agents work as chemotherapy?

Chemicals that integrate into the DNA, causing it to break at specific points; general and so can cause long-term side effects including other cancers.

Which of the following statements describes the correct flow of energy conversions through living systems?

Chloroplasts convert solar energy to the chemical energy of nutrient molecules and mitochondria convert this chemical energy into ATP molecules used for work.

Which of the following statements describes the correct flow of energy conversions through living systems?

Chloroplasts convert solar energy to the chemical energy of nutrient molecules.

Wheat plants have been modified to increase the rate of photosynthesis to decrease the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere in response to the global concern of

Climate change

Experiments are carried out to test a hypothesis by changing one variable at a time and including an unchanged variable termed a(n) _____.

Control

The ...... group is identical to all other items or subjects that you are examining with the exception that it does not receive the treatment or the experimental manipulation that the treatment group receives.

Control

......................act as an alarm to the organ systems of the body, alerting them that a pathogen is present.

Cytokines

Carbon sinks are reservoirs that hold large amounts of carbon. Which of the following are considered to be carbon sinks? A) oceans B) fossil fuels deep underground C) the atmosphere D) All of the answer choices are correct.

D) All of the answer choices are correct.

Which statement represents the biological characteristics that kittens, oak trees, swans, earth worms, elephants and crickets have in common?

DNA nucleotides form the basis of all inherited life, with cells that are formed from other cells.

The method of determining the exact nucleotide order of a sequence of DNA is called ________ and is now an automated process that involves fluorescent dyes and automated machines.

DNA sequencing

The sugar found in DNA is:

Deoxyribose

Which of the following statements is true concerning enzymatic activity?

Each enzyme has a preferred pH at which the enzyme reaction rate is highest.

European corn crops have been genetically modified with the ______ gene from Bacillus thuringiensis which acts as an insecticide.

Endotoxin

Which of the following types of cells would a flu virus most likely target as the means of entry into the body?

Epithelial cells lining the respiratory system

The proposal that one type of organism can change gradually into another type over a long period of time is known as

Evolution

Which process best describes how viruses may originate in animals and eventually be transmitted to humans, causing outbreaks?

Evolution

Which of the following is the main difference between in vivo and ex vivo gene therapy?

Ex vivo gene therapy occurs outside the body and in vivo gene therapy occurs inside the body.

T/F: A codon is a three-nucleotide or triplet sequence found on tRNA that codes for a certain amino acid during translation. The anticodon is a three-nucleotide sequence found on mRNA that binds to the corresponding mRNA sequence.

False

T/F: All genetically modified organisms are transgenic.

False

T/F: By tracking where the radioactive isotopes ended up after the viruses infected the cells, Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase identified that protein, not DNA, is the genetic material in cells

False

T/F: Cancer can originate in any area of the body. However, death rates are often highest for those cancers involving organs within the digestive, cardiovascular, and respiratory systems. This is most likely because these organs are larger and therefore harder to treat.

False

T/F: DNA is first wrapped around proteins called histones, forming RNA

False

T/F: Decomposers: Photosynthesizing organisms: are any kind of green plant. Green plants make their food by taking sunlight and using the energy to make sugar. The plant uses this sugar, also called glucose to make many things, such as wood, leaves, roots, and bark.

False

T/F: Getting a flu vaccine guarantees individuals will not get the flu.

False

T/F: Histamine: Acts as a signal to nearby cells that a cell has been infected by a virus.

False

T/F: Most flu symptoms are the direct result of the influenza virus

False

T/F: Most viruses are very specific in the types of cells they infect. This specificity is the function of the proteins located on the genetic material of the virus

False

T/F: Mutations always involve a change in the resulting protein.

False

T/F: On the leading strand, the DNA polymerase makes short segments of DNA, called Okazaki fragments, which are then connected together by a DNA ligase enzyme

False

T/F: One example is complete dominance, where the dominant allele does not completely mask the recessive allele.

False

T/F: The Genetic Material Smallpox, chickenpox and herpes is RNA

False

T/F: The HIV virus is an example of an RNA virus. This presents a problem for the virus, because the host cell's protein synthesis processes require DNA as the starting template. Therefore, before the proteins for new viruses can be manufactured during the biosynthesis stage, the virus must convert its RNA into DNA. This is done by an enzyme, supplied by the virus, called RNA Polymerase.

False

T/F: The defenses that act as general defenses, meaning they are not targeting a specific pathogen, are collectively called the Adaptive defenses.

False

T/F: The first 23 pairs of chromosomes are called autosomes, and there are no differences between them in males and females.

False

T/F: The mutated hemoglobin protein causes the red blood cells to be more effective for the exchange of gases in our bodies.

False

T/F: The red blood cells of the immune system release proteins called cytokines.

False

T/F: Tissue is the basic unit around which an organism is organized

False

T/F: Vaccinations contain activated viruses

False

T/F: Vaccinations contain active viruses, plus additives to preserve the vaccine's contents before use.

False

T/F: Vaccinations expose the immune system to an antigen specific to a pathogen, without causing the associated diseas. the first exposure is more rapid and effective due to the initial exposure.

False

T/F: When hemoglobin picks up oxygen, it forms carbonic acid

False

T/F: all viruses have the following two components: DNA and RNA

False

T/F: one Contents of a Flu Shot is Antibiotics that Stabilize the vaccine and protect it from temperature variations during storage.

False

T/F: the primary function of the Calvin cycle: using ATP to release carbon dioxide

False

If the codon is CCA, what is the anticodon and what amino acid will be inserted?

GGU, proline

Which of the following best explains the difference between selective breeding and genetic engineering?

Genetic engineering involves directly manipulating the DNA of organisms, whereas selective breeding makes use of existing, naturally present variation and the process of sexual reproduction.

As global temperatures increase, which of the following scenarios is most likely to happen?

Glaciers and snow coverage decrease.

How do greenhouse gases cause climate warming?

Greenhouse gases prevent radiation of infrared energy back into space, trapping the heat near the earth's surface and causing the climate to warm.

If blood sugar levels drop below normal, the digestive system is primarily responsible for returning levels to normal. This is an example of

Homeostasis

Sickle-cell disease results in misshapen red blood cells. What impact does this have on their ability to carry gases in the bloodstream?

It reduces their ability to carry oxygen, resulting in anemia.

In the .................. cycle, following penetration into the cell, the viral DNA integrates into the host cell's DNA. the virus remains inactive (or latent).

Lysogenic

The cycle of viral infection that will rapidly result in the death of a bacterial cell is called the ________ cycle.

Lytic

Which of the following are greenhouse gases?

Methane and carbon dioxide

Which of the following provides support for the endosymbiotic theory?

Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own genomes.

Which of the following is true concerning the checkpoints in the cell cycle?

Mitosis stops if chromosomes are not properly aligned.

.......................................is a cluster of small chemical units called atoms held together by chemical bonds

Molecule

Which of the following is/are true about natural selection?

On average, it favors the survival of individuals that have adaptive characteristics.

Genetically modified bacteria can be used in biotechnology to produce

Pharmaceutical compounds

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration?

Photosynthesis stores energy in complex organic molecules; respiration releases energy from complex organic molecules

Which of the following is a true statement about proteins?

Proteins are made up of amino acids bonded together.

By genetically engineering pigs, scientists are investigating ways to

Provide organs for human transplants

Cancer is a disorder in which some cells have lost the ability to control their

Rate of cell divison

Sickle-cell disease results in malformed hemoglobin molecules. Which cell type contains millions of hemoglobin molecules per cell?

Red blood cells

If a strand of DNA has the sequence AAGCTC, transcription will result in a(n) ________.

Single RNA strand with the sequence UUCGAG

Which statement below best summarizes the overall purpose of the light-dependent reactions?

The light-dependent reactions capture the energy from the sun and transfer it to high-energy molecules.

How does climate change affect earth's oceans?

The pH level of the ocean will shift to a more acidic environment, leading to stress and the possible extinction of many species of shellfish and corals.

What do all greenhouse gases have in common?

They have complex structures that allow them to contribute to the greenhouse effect by trapping heat energy.

Giant viruses are challenging the historical notion that viruses are nonliving things. What characteristic do giant viruses possess that make scientists think twice about their classification?

They have the ability to manufacture their own proteins without the help of a host cell.

T/F: Aluminum salts: Enhances the ability of the immune system to detect the virus. Some vaccinations are aluminum-free.

True

T/F: An allele is a variation of a gene, usually due to small changes in the nucleotide sequence within the gene

True

T/F: Antigens are usually proteins or large carbohydrates that are specific to pathogens such as bacteria and viruses

True

T/F: As electrons are passed through the system of electron carriers associated with photosystem II, they lose energy. This energy is used to establish and maintain a proton gradient.

True

T/F: DNA Replication is Semiconservative: During DNA replication, each of the strands acts as a template for the construction of a new daughter strand

True

T/F: During systemic radiation therapy, radioactive substances are ingested or injected into the bloodstream where they are able to target specific tissues.

True

T/F: Epithelial cells form the boundary between the tissues of our bodies and internal environments, such as the respiratory tract and digestive tract.

True

T/F: Flavr-savr tomatoes were the first GMO that were approved by the FDA for human consumption.

True

T/F: Glycoproteins located along the plasma membrane of the cell act as identification tags.

True

T/F: Haploid refers to the presence of a single set of chromosomes in an organism's cells. Living organisms are diploid (having two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent). In humans, only the egg and sperm cells are haploid.

True

T/F: In 1918, a variant of the H1N1 influenza virus (the "Spanish flu") infected over 500 million people across the globe, or one-third of the world's population at that time.

True

T/F: Mutations are changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA.

True

T/F: NAD+ and NADP : Both function as electron carriers, but NADP has a phosphate group and NAD+ does not.

True

T/F: Natural selection, was provided independently by both Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace

True

T/F: Neutrophils remove dead cells, wound debris, and any pathogens in the area by phagocytosis

True

T/F: Newer vaccines are being designed to use other proteins within the capsid of the virus as the basis for programming the adaptive responses. These proteins, sometimes called core proteins

True

T/F: On the surface of an influenza A virus are two different types of spikes. These spikes are a type of glycoproteins (a protein with a sugar attached) that assist the virus in identifying and entering its host cell

True

T/F: Radiation damages the DNA within cancer cells, either slowing down cell division or stopping it altogether.

True

T/F: The chemical signals of the immune response are collectively called cytokines. A cytokine is a small protein that is usually involved in a local response to a pathogen

True

T/F: The square in the F2 generation, called a Punnett square, can help you visualize the process of meiosis. On the outer part of the square are the possible eggs and sperm cells (which are haploid), while the inner part of the square shows the possible diploid offspring.

True

T/F: The start codon (sequence AUG ) is the first codon of a messenger RNA transcript translated by a ribosome. The start codon always codes for methionine

True

T/F: There are two basic methods by which the influenza virus changes its genetic information antigenic shift and antigenic drift

True

T/F: Two different forms of vaccine are used each year, trivalent and quadrivalent

True

T/F: When the capillaries surrounding the alveoli become blocked by sickle-shaped RBCs, it can cause a condition known as acute chest syndrome

True

T/F: anemia 1-Has an impact on the ability of the cells and organs of the immune system to perform their function. 2- Individuals with sickle-cell disease are often more prone to infections, such as those from viruses and bacteria.

True

T/F: the primary function of the Calvin cycle: synthesizing simple sugars from carbon dioxide

True

Humans have two sex chromosomes that are named based on their shape. Males have (an) ________ and females have (an) ________.

X and Y chromosome; two X chromosomes

A scientific theory is:

a concept that is supported by experimental evidence that explains the facts in an area of study.

During the human life cycle, the fertilization of an egg by a sperm results in

a diploid zygote.

All viruses are made up of two components. What are they?

a protein capsid and genetic material, in the form of either RNA or DNA

A gene is ......

a segment of DNA that codes for a protein

Which of the following is a function of the digestive system?

absorb nutrients

Where within the lungs does gas exchange occur?

alveoli

In which of the following is the correct monomer matched with its polymer?

amino acid—protein

If we set up an experimental design to explore the full digestion of starch to glucose, we would need to include which enzymes?

amylase and maltase

You explain to your study group that a hypothesis is:

an explanation that accounts for careful observations.

The activities of macrophages

are part of the nonspecific response against disease and stimulate phagocytic neutrophils

What is the correct sequence of events in viral reproduction?

attachment, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation and release

Chlorophylls absorb most light in which colors of the visible range?

blue and red

Angiogenesis contributes to carcinogenesis because it

causes blood vessels to grow into the tumor.

Cells are .....

characteristic of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms

The steps involved in a single PCR cycle, in the correct order, are:

cool to allow DNA strands to anneal, heat to allow primer to anneal, cool to allow DNA polymerase to copy DNA.

Research for a universal flu vaccine tends to focus on

core proteins, as they do not mutate as rapidly as H and N spikes and they tend to be similar between different influenza strains

During metaphase I of meiosis, genetic information is exchanged between two homologous chromosomes, resulting in new combinations of alleles. This process is called ________.

crossing-over

Which one of the following is a main function of many proteins?

enzymatic activity

Which of the following is a passive mechanism used to move materials into and out of of the cell?

facilitated diffusion

Antigens are

foreign molecules that bind to white blood cells through specialized receptors, leading to the proliferation of lymphocytes.

Which of the following is the most likely cause for the sudden sharp increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels?

human activities, including the use of fossil fuels, changes in agricultural practices, and deforestation

Dr. Ratard was trying to determine the cause of a mysterious epidemic affecting fish in the gulf of New Mexico. His proposal that the deaths were caused by an organism called a protist is considered a(n) _________

hypothesis

The World Health Organization defines a GMO organism as one that has had its genetic information altered

in a way that would not occur in nature.

The process of photosynthesis probably originated ________.

in prokaryotes

Over the past several decades, the overall trend for earth's temperatures has been

increases in overall global temperatures at an accelerating rate, a phenomenon known as global warming.

A scientist is testing the effect of light and dark on the behavior of moths by turning a light on and off. The..................is the amount of light and the moth's reaction is the ...............

independent Variable / Dependent Variable

The greenhouse effect

is caused by gases such as carbon dioxide trapping heat in the earth's atmosphere.

Transcription is the ________.

manufacture of a strand of RNA complementary to a strand of DNA

Environmental air temperature can fluctuate many degrees during the course of a day. A human's body temperature

must be maintained within a range of a few degrees.

Which of the following is an example of a dehydration synthesis reaction?

nucleotides forming DNA

Small, circular pieces of DNA found in bacterial cells that can be manipulated in developing GMOs are known as

plasmids

Which type of genes, when abnormally activated so that protein is always present and active, can result in cancer?

proto-oncogenes

Which of the following acts as a carbon source within the carbon cycle?

respiration from humans and animals

In humans, male gametes are called ________, while female gametes are called ________.

sperm; eggs

When oxygen is released as a result of photosynthesis, it is a direct by-product of ________.

splitting water molecules

Where do the enzymatic reactions of the Calvin cycle take place?

stroma of the chloroplast

What is the primary function of the Calvin cycle?

synthesizing simple sugars from carbon dioxide

During translation, a polypeptide chain is created using a RNA template. Which of the following components is responsible for bringing amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain?

tRNA

photosynthesis Reactions that require CO2 take place in ________.

the Calvin cycle alone

Climate can best be described as

the average weather patterns in a given area over long periods of time.

The light reactions of photosynthesis occur within the ________ of the chloroplast and the Calvin cycle reactions occur within the ________ of the chloroplast.

thylakoid; stroma

What is the main purpose of light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

to produce NADPH and ATP

The process by which RNA is made from DNA:

transcription

Sickle-cell disease is a recessive genetic disease. This means

two copies of the recessive allele must be present in order for the disease to be expressed.