Biology Final Exam Study Guide

Alleles are alternate molecular forms of the same gene. True False

true

Cell cycle checkpoints: -ct as a brake on cell division if something is not right. -provide opportunities to check if the cell has carried out steps necessary for cell division. -All of these are correct -can be blocked by the protein p53.

All of these are correct

One of your friends is arguing that viruses are alive. What information would you provide to convince him that viruses can't be considered alive?

Viruses cannot carry out metabolic reactions (use energy) on their own.

Glyphosate affects plants because it: -mimics a sugar and inhibits synthesis of cell wall pectins. -mimics a plant drought response -disrupts lipid bilayer integrity. -interferes with transcription, and so gene expression. -binds to a biosynthetic enzyme and inhibits its activity.

binds to a biosynthetic enzyme and inhibits its activity.

The [H+] of a solution changes from .000001 to .000000001. Did the pH increase or decrease? What did the pH change to? pH decreased to 3 pH increased to 9 pH decreased to 1000 pH increased to 1000

pH increased to 9

In the F2 generation of a homozygous yellow-seed (AA) X homozygous green-seed (aa) cross in peas, two peas are chosen at random. What is the probability that one is homozygous yellow (AA) and the other is homozygous green (aa)? -(1/4) x (1/4) = (1/16) -(3/4) x (1/4) = (3/16) -(3/4) x (3/4) = (9/16) -2 X (3/4) X (1/4)=(6/16)

(1/4) x (1/4) = (1/16)

What are the OUTPUTS of glycolysis? Select ALL that apply. -ATP -Glucose -Carbon Dioxide (CO2) -NADH

-ATP -NADH

Which of the choices is the most common energy "currency" for a cell? ______ ["electron", "package of energy", "phosphate group", "adenosine", "heat", "photon", "ATP", "energy coupling"] What term is used to describe a situation in which the energy released from one reaction provides the energy required for another reaction? ______ ["electron", "package of energy", "phosphate group", "adenosine", "heat", "photon", "ATP", "energy coupling"] Energy is transferred from ATP to other molecules by transferring a(n) ______ ["electron", "package of energy", "phosphate group", "adenosine", "heat", "photon", "ATP", "energy coupling"] Based on what you know of ATP's chemistry, which of the following has functions similar to ATP? ______ ["phospholipids", "guanosine triphosphate (GTP)", "lysine (amino acid)", "glucose", "potassium ions (K+)"]

-ATP -energy coupling -phosphate group -guanosine triphosphate (GTP)

The conversion of the potential energy of a proton gradient to a form more useful to the cell is achieved by coupling the movement of protons down their electrochemical gradient with the synthesis of ATP. This coupling is made possible by ______ ["chemiosmosis", "active diffusion", "general facilitated diffusion", "active transport", "ATP synthase (ATPase)", "proton pump", "osmosis"]. Which is embedded in the ______ ["RER membrane.", "mitochondrial intermembrane space.", "plasma membrane.", "organelle membrane.", "mitochondrial matrix.", "mitochondrial outer membrane (OM)", "mitochondrial inner membrane (IM).", "cytoplasm of the cell."] . The diffusion process is called ______ ["chemiosmosis", "active diffusion", "general facilitated diffusion", "active transport", "ATP synthase (ATPase)", "proton pump", "osmosis"].

-ATP synthase (ATPase). -mitochondrial inner membrane (IM). -chemiosmosis

Which of the answer choices is true about ATP synthase? Select all that apply. -Under aerobic conditions, the F1 (globular) portion of ATP synthase catalyzes a catabolic reaction. -ATP synthase is an enzyme. -ATP synthase is a transport protein. -ATP synthase relies on an electrochemical gradient of sodium ions to catalyze the formation of ATP. -ATP synthase is an integral membrane protein. -ATP synthase makes a total of four ATP molecules in glycolysis. -ATP synthase is an important enzyme in the citric acid cycle.

-ATP synthase is an enzyme. -ATP synthase is a transport protein. -ATP synthase is an integral membrane protein.

The molecules mentioned in the previous question are all large and made up of repeated simpler units (monomers) connected by bonds or interactions into long chains called polymers. (Think monomer is one bead and polymer is the beaded necklace). Match the biomolecule polymer to its corresponding monomer. [Amino Acids, Nucleotides, Sugars, Fatty Acids] -Protein -Nucleic Acids -Carbohydrates -Lipids

-Amino Acids -Nucleotides -Sugars -Fatty Acids

Select all that apply about O2 and CO2. -Both are produced in cellular respiration. -Both are symmetrical molecules. -CO2 is reduced and Oxygen (O2) is the product of oxidation. -Oxygen (O2) is a cellular respiration input and CO2 is an output. -Both are hydrophilic molecules. -Oxygen (O2) gains electrons and is reduced . CO2 is the product of oxidation. -Both are used in cellular respiration. -Both can diffuse passively through cell membranes without the help of proteins. -Both are small molecules. -Both are nonpolar molecules.

-Both are symmetrical molecules. -Oxygen (O2) is a cellular respiration input and CO2 is an output. -Oxygen (O2) gains electrons and is reduced . CO2 is the product of oxidation. -Both can diffuse passively through cell membranes without the help of proteins. -Both are small molecules. -Both are nonpolar molecules.

What causes hyponatremia? (Hint: More than one answer choice) -salty foods -running -Excessive drinking of water -hormonal imbalance

-Excessive drinking of water -hormonal imbalance

Which of the statements is true regarding glycine? R=H Select all that apply -Glycine is a polar amino acid. -Glycine is an asymmetric amino acid. -Glycine increases the flexibility of the peptide backbone. -Glycine is a large amino acid. -Glycine is special because it contains a -SH group important in protein folding. -The side chain is small so it tucks in -Glycine is kinky (causes a bend in protein backbone) because the side chain binds to the central carbon AND the amino ogroup.

-Glycine increases the flexibility of the peptide backbone. -The side chain is small so it tucks in

What properties are associated with a malignant cancer? Select all that apply -It is fast growing. -does not invade surrounding tissue -involves uncontrolled cell divisions -It invades surrounding tissue. -may have accumulated several mutations -it is benign

-It is fast growing. -involves uncontrolled cell divisions -It invades surrounding tissue. -may have accumulated several mutations

Why is DNA ligase important for a cell? Select all that apply. -It fills in the 10 nucleotide gap where the RNA primer was removed. -It joins Okazaki fragments on the discontinuous lagging strand. -It joins DNA together from different origins of replication. -It relieves the stress of DNA unwinding. -It unwinds DNA.

-It joins Okazaki fragments on the discontinuous lagging strand. -It joins DNA together from different origins of replication.

Which choices accurately match each of the cellular processes to the stage of meiosis in which it occurs? Select all that apply. (5/9 of these are correct) -Microtubules pull homologous chromosomes toward opposite poles in anaphase I. -Chromosomes condense to thickened structures that are visible under the microscope in prophase I. -Crossing over occurs between homologous chromosomes in prophase II. -The nuclear envelope begins to disappear in prophase I. -Microtubules from both poles of the spindle move chromosomes to the center of the cell in anaphase I. -Homologous chromosomes undergo synapsis in prophase II. -The centromere splits, and the sister chromatids separate in anaphase I. -Microtubules attach to kinetochores at the centromere of each homolog in prometaphase I. -Sister chromatids move toward opposite poles of the cell in anaphase II.

-Microtubules pull homologous chromosomes toward opposite poles in anaphase I. -Chromosomes condense to thickened structures that are visible under the microscope in prophase I. -The nuclear envelope begins to disappear in prophase I. -Microtubules attach to kinetochores at the centromere of each homolog in prometaphase I. -Sister chromatids move toward opposite poles of the cell in anaphase II.

Select all that apply. Suppose that in humans the ability to roll the tongue (R) is dominant to being unable to roll it (r). Having freckles (F) is dominant to having no freckles (f). A freckled tongue-roller could have which genotypes? -RRFF -RRff and RrFf only -RrFf -All of these choices are correct. -rrFF

-RRFF -RrFf

Indicate all of the phrases that accurately describe what happens in eukaryotes when a ribosome encounters a stop codon. (3 correct answers) -The ribosomal small subunit and ribosomal large subunit separate from the mRNA. -A tRNA's anticodon base pairs with the mRNA of the stop codon. -The polyA tail is added to the C-terminus. -A release factor binds to the E site. -The protein is released from the tRNA. -A release factor binds to the A site

-The ribosomal small subunit and ribosomal large subunit separate from the mRNA. -The protein is released from the tRNA. -A release factor binds to the A site

Which of the choices are components of an ATP molecule? Select all that apply. -protein -deoxyribose -adenine -three phosphate groups -three amino groups -ribose

-adenine -three phosphate groups -ribose

Genotype means _______ ["relative numbers of organisms with various characteristics", "members of a pair, can possess different alleles", "an organism's genetic makeup", "what an organism looks like, its expressed traits"] while phenotype means _______ ["an organism that has two different alleles for a characteristic", "an organism's genetic makeup", "when pollen fertilizes eggs from the same flower", "what an organism looks like, its expressed traits"]. Homozygous means _______ ["an organism's genetic makeup", "offspring of the F1 generation", "an organism that has two different alleles for a characteristic", "two identical alleles for a characteristic"] while heterozygous means _______ ["what an organism looks like, its expressed traits", "an organism's genetic makeup", "two identical alleles for a characteristic", "an organism that has two different alleles for a characteristic"] Mendel crossed true-breeding yellow-seed plants with true-breeding green-seed plants. The yellow color is a dominant trait. True-breeding means _______. [homozygous, heterozygous] Dominant means _______ ["when 2 alleles of a pair are different, the one that is expressed", "when 2 alleles of a pair are different, the one that is NOT expressed", "when 2 alleles of a pair are different", "a breeding experiment that uses parents different in one trait"] . What would the phenotype of the F1 offspring be? _______ ["made up of a combination of yellow and green alleles.", "a mixture of yellow- and green-seed plants.", "green-seed plants.", "yellow-seed plants."]

-an organism's genetic makeup -what an organism looks like, its expressed traits -two identical alleles for a characteristic -an organism that has two different alleles for a characteristic -homozygous -when 2 alleles of a pair are different, the one that is expressed -yellow-seed plants.

Some poisonous plants harm people and animals because they produce compounds that are structurally similar to amino acids. Possible reasons why these compounds are toxic include that they _______________ Select all correct phrases. -block tRNA biosynthesis. -alter the cytoplasm pH. -prevent RNA polymerase from being active. -are recognized by amino acyl tRNA synthetases, and are linked to a tRNA molecule. -block translation initiation. -impair the function of proteins. -change the final folded shape of the protein.

-are recognized by amino acyl tRNA synthetases, and are linked to a tRNA molecule. -impair the function of proteins. -change the final folded shape of the protein.

Which of the examples are considered anabolism? Select all that apply. -use of fat (triglyceride) stores as a cellular energy source -at cells growing bigger during times of ample nutrition -a person losing weight on a calorie restriction diet -hydrolysis of glycogen (a glucose polymer) during physical activity -synthesis of new DNA copies prior to cell division

-at cells growing bigger during times of ample nutrition -synthesis of new DNA copies prior to cell division

Select all that apply. Why does meiosis result in more genetic variation than can be explained by mutation alone? -because of the random alignment of maternal and paternal homologs during metaphase of meiosis I -because not all the DNA gets replicated during S phase -because meiotic cell division requires two rounds of DNA replication. -because of the segregation of identical sister chromatids in anaphase of meiosis II -because of crossing over between homologs during prophase I -because of random fertilization.

-because of the random alignment of maternal and paternal homologs during metaphase of meiosis I -because of crossing over between homologs during prophase I -because of random fertilization.

Proteins are polymers of amino acids. Select ALL the components of an amino acid general structure. -central (alpha) carbon atom -phosphate -carboxyl group -amino group -side chain (aka R group)

-central (alpha) carbon atom -carboxyl group -amino group -side chain (aka R group)

For this part of the course there are many terms that are important to know and understand. Match some of the terms relevant to this section to their definitions: [-containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent; having a single set of unpaired chromosomes; a distinct sequence of nucleotides forming part of a chromosome, the order of which determines the order of monomers in a polypeptide or nucleic acid molecule which a cell; is a variant form of a given gene] -diploid cell -haploid cell -gene -allele

-containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent. -having a single set of unpaired chromosomes. -a distinct sequence of nucleotides forming part of a chromosome, the order of which determines the order of monomers in a polypeptide or nucleic acid molecule which a cell -is a variant form of a given gene.

Which stages of mitosis are correctly matched with the events that occur in the stage? Select all that apply. -anaphase; chromosomes start to condense -telophase; nuclear envelope breaks down -cytokinesis; a contractile ring of actin filaments forms at the cell equator -metaphase; chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell -prometaphase; nuclear envelope reforms

-cytokinesis; a contractile ring of actin filaments forms at the cell equator -metaphase; chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

Read the following scenarios and indicate which of the processes they describe. Use the most specific answer available. Processes can be used more than once or not at all. [facilitated diffusion, diffusion, osmosis, primary active transport, secondary active transport] Sodium ions (Na+) move through sodium channels in a synthetic membrane, down their concentration gradient. ______ Water molecules move into the cytosol of a cell placed in a hypotonic solution. ______ Sodium molecules move randomly around a solution of sodium chloride in water, frequently colliding with other sodium ions and chloride ions. _______ Water molecules move into the cytosol of a cell placed in pure water. _______ The action of sodium-potassium pumps moves sodium ions (Na+) out of a cell and potassium ions (K+) into a cell, building up concentrations of both _______ Glucose molecules move into cells lining the intestine against their concentration gradient driven by the movement of sodium ions (Na+) into the cells down their concentration gradient. _______ The random movement of molecules within a solution. ________

-facilitated diffusion -osmosis -diffusion -osmosis -primary active transport -secondary active transport -diffusion

ATP is generated in a cell by which TWO mechanisms? -oxidative phosphorylation -substrate level phosphorylation -fermentation -electron carriers

-oxidative phosphorylation -substrate level phosphorylation

Which substance could most easily cross a membrane by simple diffusion? ______ ["oxygen (O2)", "hydrogen ions (H+)", "water (H2O)", "glucose (C6H12O6)"] Which substance is least likely to cross a membrane by simple diffusion? ______ ["hydrogen ions (H+)", "glucose (C6H12O6)", "water (H2O)", "oxygen (O2)"]

-oxygen (O2) -hydrogen ions (H+)

After water, chemical processes in the cell depend on just a few classes of carbon-based molecules-Proteins, Nucleic Acids, Carbohydrates and Lipids. Match these molecules to their functions. [provide structural support and catalyze chemical reactions (workhorses of a cell), Encode and Transmit Genetic Information, Provide a source of Energy and make up cell structures, Make cell membranes, store energy and act as signaling molecules] -Proteins -Nucleic Acids -Carbohydrates -Lipids

-provide structural support and catalyze chemical reactions (workhorses of a cell) -Encode and Transmit Genetic Information -Provide a source of Energy and make up cell structures -Make cell membranes, store energy and act as signaling molecules

Genes are ______ ["letters", "sequences of amino acids", "the molecule of DNA in a given chromosome", "segments of DNA that are transcribed into mRNA, tRNA or rRNA"] . Alleles are ______ ["from mom", "alternate versions of a gene, can be as little as one nucleotide difference", "recessive, lower case letters", "homologs, or homologous chromosomes"] . The source of new alleles is ______ ["mutation", "fertilization", "meiosis", "independent assortment"] which occurs mostly in ______ ["M phase", "S phase", "G1 phase", "G2 phase"] . The other sources of genetic variation which shuffle these alleles are: ______ ["mutation in another phase and fertilization", "cross over, independent assortment, and random fertilization", "crosses, random orientation, and independent fertilization", "homologs and sister chromatids"]

-segments of DNA that are transcribed into mRNA, tRNA or rRNA -alternate versions of a gene, can be as little as one nucleotide difference -mutation -S phase -cross over, independent assortment, and random fertilization

The structural diversity of carbon-based molecules is determined by which properties? Select all the apply -the orientation of carbon's bonds in the form of a tetrahedron -the ability of carbon to ionize and interact with other ions -the ability of carbon's covalent bonds to rotate freely -the ability of carbon to form four covalent bonds -carbon's strong electronegativity results in polar covalent bonds

-the orientation of carbon's bonds in the form of a tetrahedron -the ability of carbon's covalent bonds to rotate freely -the ability of carbon to form four covalent bonds

What are the functions of an enzyme? Select all that apply. -to increase the rate of a specific reaction -to lower the activation energy for the reaction -to allow a reaction to be reversible -to make reactions that cannot happen on their own happen

-to increase the rate of a specific reaction -to lower the activation energy for the reaction

Photosynthesis is the pathway used to synthesize carbohydrates from: (select ALL that apply) -water -glucose -carbondioxide -sunlight.

-water -carbondioxide -sunlight.

Which number represents the pH of a solution with the highest concentration of hydrogen ions? -11.5 -4.5 -7 -9 -1

1

Suppose that in humans the ability to roll the tongue (R) is dominant to being unable to roll it (r), and having freckles (F) is dominant to having no freckles (f). If a woman heterozygous for both traits married a man with no freckles who couldn't roll his tongue, what is the probability that they would have a freckled, tongue-rolling child? 9/16 1/4 1/16 1/2 3/4 3/16

1/4

A change in one pH unit corresponds to a ______-fold change in hydrogen ion concentration? 1 10 100 1000

10

Imagine you have discovered a new species of bacteria. To begin your investigation of this organism, you run an assay on the total nucleotide content of the bacterial DNA. If the cytosine content of DNA from the bacterial cells is 40%, what is the adenine content? -10% -20% -It is not possible to calculate this number for prokaryotes. -40% -60%

10%

The boring tissue of the clam (aka pedal mantle) reduces the pH of the coral surface by how two pH units? This corresponds to a _____-fold increase in hydrogen ion concentration. 100 2 20 10

100

A solution of pH 5 contains ___________ H+ than the same amount of solution at pH 3. 100 times less 100 times more 10 times more 10 times less 2 times less 2 times more

100 times less

How many hydrogen atoms are present in a hydrocarbon chain of five carbons joined to each other by single covalent bonds? 10 8 12 6

12

The epithelial cells in the skin of an animal have 24 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are present in the gametes of this animal? 24 6 12 48

12

If the [H+] is 0.01 M, the the pH is ________. 2 - 2 - 3 4 1 3

2

When full, the innermost electron shell of an atom contains _________ electrons, and the next shell contains ________ electrons. -2;4 -2;6 -8; 2 -2; 8 -4; 2

2; 8

In a DNA strand, successive nucleotides are linked by: -base stacking. -3'-5' phosphodiester bonds. -2'-5' phosphodiester bonds. -hydrogen bonds. -5'-3' phosphodiester bonds. -peptide bonds.

3'-5' phosphodiester bonds.

The following statements list events that occur during translation, from initiation through termination. Arrange the order of events that occur during translation by numbering them 1 (the first event) to 6 (the last event to occur). Note, not all the events are listed. Each answer should be a number, e.g. "1", "2", etc. without the quote marks ______ A peptide bond is formed between the new amino acid at the A site to the polypeptide at the P site ______ The large ribosomal subunit binds to the small ribosomal subunit ______ The first aminoacyl tRNA holding methionine base pairs to the start codon AUG ______ A stop codon enters the A site ______ A release factor enters the A site ______ A new aminoacyl tRNA binds to the codon in the A site

4 2 1 5 6 3

What anticodon in tRNAMet would pair with the codon 5'-AUG-3'? 5'-GUA-3' 5'-UAC-3' 5'-CAT-3' 5'-AUG-3' 5'-ATG-3' 5'-CAU-3'

5'-CAU-3'

A template DNA strand contains the sequence 5'-ATGCTGAC-3'. The corresponding sequence in the RNA transcript is:____. 5'-GUCAGCAU-3' 5'-GTCAGCAT-3' 5'-UACGACUG-3 5'-TACGACTG-3'

5'-GUCAGCAU-3'

Consider the events that describe the progress of a protein that will be secreted from the cell. 1. SRP binds to the growing polypeptide chain and to the ribosome. 2. Translation resumes. 3. SRP binds to its receptor on the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). 4. The signal sequence is cleaved. 5. Protein synthesis begins in the cytosol. 6. Translation pauses. Which of the following is the correct sequence of events? 3→6→1→2→4→5 6→1→5→3→4→2 5→6→1→3→2→4 5→1→6→3→2→4 5→1→4→3→2→6 3→5→1→2→6→4

5→1→6→3→2→4

You have a solution with a Hydrogen Ion concentration of .000001. What is the pH of this solution? 3 4 7 8 5 6

6

Carbon has an atomic number of ______ ["6", "4", "2", "12"] which represents the number of ______ ["electrons", "protons", "atoms", "bonds", "neutrons"]. Carbon has _______ ["4", "2", "6", "12"] electrons with _______ ["2", "4", "12", "6"] in the inner shell and _______ ["2", "6", "12", "4"] in the outer, valence shell. Carbon has an atomic mass of _______ ["12.011", "4", "6", "12"] . This indicates that most carbon atoms have _______ ["12", "2", "4", "6"] neutrons (mass minus protons). The fact that this is not an even number indicates that there are other rare forms of Carbon, called isotopes, that have different numbers of _______ ["electrons", "protons", "neutrons"] .

6 protons 6 2 4 12.011 6 neutrons

The element carbon (C) has an atomic number of 6. A neutral atom of C has ____ ["3", "6", "4", "none of these answers are correct"] proton(s) and _____ ["4", "6", "12", "none of these answers are correct"] electron(s). Its valence shell is the _____ ["third", "second", "first"] shell and contains _____ ["6", "none of these answers are correct", "4", "2"] electron(s). C will typically make 4 bond(s).

6, 6, second, 4, 4

In a solution that has pH=7.0, the ratio of protons (H+) to hydroxide ions (OH-) equals ______. 7 1/70 1/7 70 1

7

Which statement is true of DNA? -It is used by ribosomes for translation. -The percentage of the purine A always equals the percentage of the purine G. -Successive nucleotides in a strand are connected by hydrogen bonds. -A phosphate group in a nucleotide is attached to the 3' carbon in ribose. -A purine always forms a complementary base pair with a pyrimidine.

A purine always forms a complementary base pair with a pyrimidine.

Atractyloside is a poison that inhibits the transport of ADP from the cytosol across the mitochondrial membranes and into the mitochondrial matrix. The direct effect of this drug is to stop ATP synthesis because: -ADP is a necessary substrate for the reactions catalyzed by ATP synthase. -no concentration gradient is available. -the poison prevents proton pumping across the inner mitochondrial membrane. -the poison prevents electron transfer from NADH to complex I. -the poison prevents electron transfer to O2.

ADP is a necessary substrate for the reactions catalyzed by ATP synthase.

The hydrolysis of _____ is an exergonic reaction that drives many endergonic reactions in a cell. -Carbondioxide -water -oxygen -ATP

ATP

The sodium potassium pump is a form of primary active transport because it directly uses ______ for energy to move molecules against their concentration gradient. -osmosis -ions -transporter -ATP

ATP

Which factor is NOT required for net movement of a substance to occur by facilitated diffusion? -a concentration gradient -ATP -a plasma membrane -a transport protein

ATP

The nucleotide sequence of the codon on mRNA used to initiate protein synthesis is -UAA -AUG -GUA -there is no such codon, translation begins with the first codon

AUG

Transcription of RNA from DNA in eukaryotes requires: -transcription factors -A promoter sequence on DNA -All of these -Activator proteins -RNA polymerase

All of these

f you crossed two heterozygous yellow-seed pea plants (genotypes Aa), the relative frequency of: -green-seed plants (genotype aa) would be 1/4. -All of these choices are correct. -Heterozygous yellow-seed pea plants would be 1/2. -homozygous yellow-seed plants (genotype AA) would be 1/4. -the a allele in each parent's gametes would be 1/2. -the A allele in each parent's gametes would be 1/2.

All of these choices are correct.

DNA is a polymer of nucleotides while Proteins are a polymer of _______________. -ATP -Amino acids -Side chains -lipids

Amino acids

Which of these statements is true? -During transcription of a given protein-coding gene, both strands are used as template. -None of these answers are correct -An exon is considered a "coding sequence" of DNA, and its information is retained in the processed mRNA within a cell. -The same strand in a DNA double helix is used as the template strand for transcription of every gene in a given chromosome. -During transcription, the RNA/DNA complex extends for the entire length of the gene (DNA sequence of interest). -all of these choices are correct.

An exon is considered a "coding sequence" of DNA, and its information is retained in the processed mRNA within a cell

Why does active transport require ATP? -An input of energy is needed to both speed up the rate of facilitated diffusion and maintain the conformation of transport proteins. -An input of energy is needed to speed up the rate of facilitated diffusion. -An input of energy is needed to allow the movement of molecules from an area of low concentration to one of higher concentration. -An input of energy is needed to maintain the conformation of transport proteins.

An input of energy is needed to allow the movement of molecules from an area of low concentration to one of higher concentration.

All of the following are TRUE statements about atoms except: -Atoms contains protons, electrons, and neutrons (almost always). -Atoms are the smallest building block that is considered to be alive. -Atoms are the unit of composition for elements. -Atoms cannot be broken down by normal chemical means but can gain or loose electrons -Atoms are the basic unit of matter. -Atoms have negatively charged particles circling around a positively charged nucleus.

Atoms are the smallest building block that is considered to be alive.

The movement of water into, or out of, a cell is an example of: -lysis -diffusion. -osmosis. -active transport -BOTH, osmosis and diffusion

BOTH, osmosis and diffusion

Protein polarity is described as having an N-terminus and a C-terminus. Consider a ribosome that is actively engaged in translation. As the ribosome moves along the mRNA, the protein grows at the ________ terminal end by addition of the amino acid that is bound to the tRNA at the _______ site. (Try drawing and labeling the previous picture before you answer this) C-terminus, E site C-terminus, A site N-terminus, E site C-terminus, P site N-terminus, P site N-terminus, A site

C-terminus, A site

Which molecule would most likely require a transporter protein to cross the plasma membrane of a red blood cell? (Hint: think which molecule has the least permeability and would thus need the most assistance to cross the plasma membrane) -C6H12O6, glucose -H2O -O2 -CO2

C6H12O6, glucose

In chloroplasts, _____ is the source of the CARBON needed for photosynthesis. -soil -fertilizer -CO2 (in air) -G3P -ATP -H20 -citrate -glucose

CO2 (in air)

What unique property of carbon enables this element to be "life's chemical backbone"? -Carbon can form double or single bonds. -Carbon's bonding behavior as it has four valence electrons. -Carbon is the most abundant element in the universe -Carbon has four electrons.

Carbon's bonding behavior as it has four valence electrons.

What is the central dogma? -DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is translated into protein. -DNA is transcribed into protein, which is translated into RNA. -RNA is transcribed into protein, which is translated into DNA. -RNA is transcribed into DNA, which is translated into protein.

DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is translated into protein.

There are two divisions in Meiosis, but only one _______ ["cytokinesis", "DNA replication."] . Meiosis I separates the two _______ ["homologs", "sister chromatids"] thereby a diploid (2n) cell is reduced to become _______ ["haploid", "final gamete"] (1n). Meiosis II separates the _______ ["two sister chromatids.", "homologs again"] .

DNA replication. homologs haploid two sister chromatids.

Assuming that transcription and translation both proceed from left to right, which is the correct orientation of the DNA template, the RNA transcript, and the protein product? -DNA template 3'- ......... -5' / RNA transcript 5'- ......... -3' / Protein product HOOC-......... -NH2 -DNA template 5'- ......... -3' / RNA transcript 3'- ......... -5' / Protein product HOOC-......... -NH2 -DNA template 5'- ......... -3' / RNA transcript 5'- ......... -3' / Protein product H2N-......... -COOH -DNA template 3'- ......... -5' / RNA transcript 5'- ......... -3' / Protein product H2N- ......... -COOH

DNA template 3'- ......... -5' / RNA transcript 5'- ......... -3' / Protein product H2N- ......... -COOH

Match the following: [Exergonic catabolic reactions; Endergonic anabolic reactions] Reactions with a negative delta G release energy and proceed spontaneously ________. Reactions with a positive delta G require energy and are not spontaneous ________.

Exergonic catabolic reactions Endergonic anabolic reactions

The correct sequence of steps in the eukaryotic cell cycle is: G0→ S phase → G1→ G2→cytokinesis → mitosis. G0→ S phase → G1→ S phase → G2→ mitosis → cytokinesis. G0→ S phase → G1→ S phase → G2→ cytokinesis → mitosis. G1→ S phase → G2→ mitosis → cytokinesis. G1→ S phase → G2→ cytokinesis → mitosis.

G1→ S phase → G2→ mitosis → cytokinesis.

What is the principle product of the Calvin cycle that is exported from the chloroplast for use by the plant cell? -ATP -NADPH -G3P (triose phosphate) -sucrose and glucose -RuBP

G3P (triose phosphate)

Order the stages of cellular respiration in the order that they occur. -Glycolysis> Citric acid cycle>Pyruvate oxidation>oxidative phosphorylation -Glycolysis> Pyruvate oxidation>Citric acid cycle>oxidative phosphorylation -Oxidative phosphorylation> Pyruvate oxidation> citric acid cycle>glycolysis -Pyruvate oxidation> Glycolysis> Oxidative phosphorylation

Glycolysis> Pyruvate oxidation>Citric acid cycle>oxidative phosphorylation

In chloroplasts, _____ is the source of the ELECTRONS needed for photosynthesis. -H2O -O2 -CO2 -glucose -NADPH -H+

H2O

Which of the following sequences accurately represents the flow of electrons through living organisms? CO2 → H2O → chlorophyll → carbohydrate → cellular respiration → ATP CO2 → photosynthesis → carbohydrate → cellular respiration → ATP H2O → photosynthesis → carbohydrate → cellular respiration → H2O O2 → cellular respiration → carbohydrate → photosynthesis → CO2 H2O → photosynthesis → carbohydrate → cellular respiration → ATP

H2O → photosynthesis → carbohydrate → cellular respiration → H2O

During photosynthesis in plants and algae, ____ is oxidized and ____ is reduced. ATP; NADPH CO2; H2O O2; CO2 H2O; CO2 NADPH; ATP H2O; O2

H2O; CO2

Which statement describes the proton gradient generated by the electron transport chain? -The concentration is highest in the hydrophobic center of the outer membrane. -It results from differences in the concentration of hydroxide ions. -It is an electrochemical gradient. -It contains a great deal of kinetic energy. -The concentration is highest in the hydrophobic center of the inner membrane.

It is an electrochemical gradient.

Which biomolecule is defined by a physical property instead of a chemical structure? Lipids Nucleic Acids Carbohydrates Proteins

Lipids

What is hyponatremia? -Low concentration of water in your body fluids -Excessive concentration of sodium in your body fluids -Excessive concentration of water in your body fluids -Low concentration of sodium in your body fluids

Low concentration of sodium in your body fluids

Which example is an electron carrier in its reduced form? ADP NADH NAD ATP

NADH

Which of the answer choices are produced directly as a result of the movement of electrons through the photosynthetic electron transport chain? NADPH ATP H20 CO2 carbohydrates NADH

NADPH

Which of the following is a product of the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis? -carbondioxide -NADPH -ATP -carbohydrate

NADPH

What would happen if complexes I-IV of the mitochondrial electron transport chain pumped protons in the opposite direction? -Too much ATP would be synthesized. -No ATP would be synthesized. -ATP synthase would operate in reverse. -There would be too many electrons in the mitochondrial matrix.

No ATP would be synthesized.

Humans are often referred to as "carbon-based" life forms. Given that humans breathe oxygen, shouldn't humans be referred to as "oxygen-based" life forms? -No, because humans exhale carbon dioxide -Yes, because oxygen is the most abundant element in human cells, not carbon -No, because oxygen is not an organic molecule -No, because carbon is the most abundant element in human cells, not oxygen -Yes, because humans inhale oxygen

No, because carbon is the most abundant element in human cells, not oxygen

You have learned that mutations can occur in DNA sequences. Are all mutations deadly? -No, some mutations can have no effect or can be beneficial. -Yes, because all mutations in DNA disrupt the central dogma. -No, all mutations are benign meaning have no effect -Yes, all mutations are deadly meaning have a negative impact

No, some mutations can have no effect or can be beneficial.

Recall that a carbon atom behaves as if it possesses four valence electrons. Given this information, what is the most likely structural formula for carbon dioxide (CO2)? _______ ["O=C=O", "C-O-O", "O=C-O", "O-C-O", "O-C=O"] Carbon dioxide is _______ ["polar", "nonpolar", "ionic"] because the molecule is _______ ["nonsymmetrical and partial charges cancel out", "symmetrical and partial charges cancel out", "symmetrical and partial charges do NOT cancel out", "nonsymmetrical and partial charges do NOT cancel out"] .

O=C=O nonpolar symmetrical and partial charges cancel out

Which one of the following statements BEST represents the relationship between cellular respiration and photosynthesis? -Photosynthesis stores energy in organic molecules, while respiration releases it. -Photosynthesis occurs only during the day and respiration occurs only at night. -Photosynthesis reverses the biochemical pathways of respiration. -Respiration occurs only in animals and photosynthesis occurs only in plants.

Photosynthesis stores energy in organic molecules, while respiration releases it.

Which one of the following statements BEST represents the relationship between cellular respiration and photosynthesis? -Photosynthesis stores energy in organic molecules, while respiration releases it. -Photosynthesis reverses the biochemical pathways of respiration. -Photosynthesis occurs only during the day and respiration occurs only at night. -Respiration stores energy in organic molecules, while photosynthesis releases it. -Respiration occurs only in animals and photosynthesis occurs only in plants.

Photosynthesis stores energy in organic molecules, while respiration releases it.

At physiological pH, the ionized state of the carboxyl group in the R group of aspartic acid is: R-CO-O- R-COO- R-COOH- R-COOH+ R-C0-R R-COOH

R-COO-

At physiological pH, the ionized state of the amino group in the R group of lysine is: R-NH2 R-NH- NH4++ R-NH3+

R-NH3+

What is the name of the enzyme complex that is responsible for synthesis of RNA? -RNA polymerase -Helicase -Ligase -DNA polymerase

RNA polymerase

Which example correctly lists the components necessary for eukaryotic transcription? -RNA polymerase, general transcription factors, DNA, and DNA nucleotides -ribosomes, general transcription factors, DNA, and RNA nucleotides -ribosomes, general transcription factors, DNA, and RNA nucleotides -DNA polymerase, primase, DNA, and RNA nucleotides -RNA polymerase, general transcription factors, DNA, and RNA nucleotides

RNA polymerase, general transcription factors, DNA, and RNA nucleotides

Which statement about RNA is correct? -RNA has the same 5-carbon sugars as DNA. -RNA is a more stable molecule than DNA. -RNA uses the same pyrimidine bases as DNA. -RNA uses the same purine bases as DNA. -All of these choices are correct.

RNA uses the same purine bases as DNA.

Exergonic reactions _______ ["Absorb", "Release"] energy and have a _______ ["Positive", "Negative"] deltaG. Such reactions are seen in when polymers are _______ ["made", "broken"] . On the other hand endergonic reactions _______ ["release", "absorb"] energy and have a _______ ["positive", "negative"] deltaG. Such reactions are seen in when polymers are _______ ["broken", "made"] .

Release Negative broken absorb positive made

DNA replication in _________ ["M", "G1", "G2", "transcription", "S"] phase results in _________ ["RNA", "chromatin", "homologous chromosomes", "sister chromatids"] . These are _________ ["proteins", "identical DNA double helices", "each single stranded DNA", "similar DNA molecules but can have different alleles"] that are connected to each other at the _________ ["spindle", "centriole", "centrosome", "centromere"] . Each member of a pair of _________ ["sister chromatids", "homologs, or homologous chromsomes", "centrioles", "nucleotides"] comes from a different parent at fertilization, one from Mom (maternal) and one from Dad (paternal). Gametes (sperm or egg) are _________ ["haploid", "diploid", "ploidy", "triploid"] and have _________ ["two sets", "half of a set", "one set"] of all genetic information. When they join, the resulting zygote is _________ ["haploid", "aneuploid", "diploid", "ploid", "triploid"] and undergoes _________ ["mitosis", "meiosis"] to make a multicellular body.

S sister chromatids identical DNA double helices centromere homologs, or homologous chromsomes haploid one set diploid mitosis

A researcher is studying phases of the cell cycle in a population of cells during which there is an increase in the DNA content. This stage is most likely: -G2 phase. -G1 phase. -mitosis. -meiosis. -cytokinesis. -S phase.

S phase

Which of the following statements are true? (choose all that apply) -Some amino acids are specified by just one codon, whereas others are specified by multiple codons. -Because there are three different possible reading frames in a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, most mRNAs can be translated in a cell into three different proteins. -Because there are 4 RNA nucleotides and each codon is 3 nucleotides long, there are 64 possible codons, each of which directs the ribosome to incorporate a different amino acid into a growing polypeptide chain. -The limitations of the genetic code are such that a single amino acid may be specified by no more than four codons.

Some amino acids are specified by just one codon, whereas others are specified by multiple codons.

If you made a change in the promoter sequence in the DNA that inactivates the promoter, what would happen at the RNA level? -Nothing, because the RNA would be made as usual. -The RNA polymerase would not be able to recognize and bind the DNA, so no RNA would be made. -The DNA helicase would not be able to recognize and bind the DNA, so the RNA would not be made. -The mutation of the DNA would be carried through to the RNA sequence.

The RNA polymerase would not be able to recognize and bind the DNA, so no RNA would be made.

Which of the following statements must be true in order for mitochondrial ATP synthase to function properly? -There must be no difference in pH between the mitochondrial matrix and the intermembrane space. -The pH of the intermembrane space must be higher than the pH of the mitochondrial matrix. -pH has nothing to do with the production of ATP. -The pH of the intermembrane space must be lower than the pH of the mitochondrial matrix.

The pH of the intermembrane space must be lower than the pH of the mitochondrial matrix.

Several chemical properties make water uniquely suited for its role as an essential "molecule of life". Which statement is FALSE? -Hydrogen bonding leads to high cohesiveness between water molecules. -The structure of one water molecule is stabilized by hydrogen bonds. -Water resists temperature changes.

The structure of one water molecule is stabilized by hydrogen bonds.

The enzyme rubisco can catalyze two seemingly conflicting reactions. It is both a carboxylase and an oxygenase. When the enzyme first evolved, why was this probably less of a problem? -There was very little O2 in the atmosphere. -There was much more CO2 in the atmosphere. -The atmosphere had mostly heavy O2 (18O2). -There was very little CO2 in the atmosphere. -The only photosynthetic organisms were bacteria.

There was very little O2 in the atmosphere.

Which of the statements describes catabolic reactions? -They are endergonic and have a positive change in free energy. -They are endergonic and have a negative change in free energy. -They are exergonic and have a positive change in free energy. -They are exergonic and have a negative change in free energy.

They are exergonic and have a negative change in free energy.

A 0.9% NaCl solution is isotonic (aka same concentration) to red blood cells. Which of these describes the results if red blood cells are placed into a 9% solution of NaCl? -They will stay the same. -They will shrink. -They will burst

They will shrink.

Promoters of many genes have regions that are rich in adenines and thymines. What is the most likely reason for this? -It is possible to create more unique sequences for recognition with adenines and thymines than with guanines and cytosines. -RNA polymerases are better at incorporating uracils and thymines into RNA molecules than incorporating guanines and cytosines. -None of the other answer options is correct. -all of these choices are correct. -Transcription factors bind more easily to AT-rich sequences than they do to GC-rich sequences. -This is the region where template and non-template strands separate, and A-T base pairs require less energy to separate than G-C base pairs.

This is the region where template and non-template strands separate, and A-T base pairs require less energy to separate than G-C base pairs.

Energy in the form of ATP is made in many cells using the energy of chemiosmosis which means that... -a concentration gradient of ions is used to drive ATP synthesis -Chemicals are broken to directly synthesize ATP via exergonic reactions -water diffuses across a current to drive ATP synthesis

a concentration gradient of ions is used to drive ATP synthesis

A mutation takes place in a protein-coding gene that changes one codon resulting in a single amino acid replacement. Which type of replacement is most likely to result in a disruption of protein structure and function? -a basic amino acid to a polar amino acid -a hydrophobic amino acid to a hydrophilic amino acid -a hydrophilic amino acid to a polar amino acid -a polar amino acid to an acidic amino acid -a polar amino acid to a basic amino acid

a hydrophobic amino acid to a hydrophilic amino acid

Eukaryotic cells differ from prokaryotic cells in that a eukaryotic cell has.... -DNA and RNA -a membrane-bound nucleus -proteins -all the properties of life -a cell membrane -a smaller size

a membrane-bound nucleus

Which of these is considered an integral membrane proteins? -a protein attached to a transmembrane protein via hydrogen bonding -a protein capable of diffusing throughout the cytoplasm of a cell -a protein with its amino-terminus in the cytoplasm and its carboxy-terminus sticking out of the cell membrane in the extracellular space -A protein attached to the cytoskeleton

a protein with its amino-terminus in the cytoplasm and its carboxy-terminus sticking out of the cell membrane in the extracellular space

Energy released by transferring electrons along the electron transport chain is stored as potential energy in the form of: -a protein gradient. -coenzymeQ. -ATP. -ATP synthase. -a proton gradient. -a photon gradient. -NADH -redox pairs

a proton gradient.

After meiosis, which of these are NOT possible genotypes for the sperm from aaBbccDd? (Assume that each gene assorts independently) abcD abcd aBCD aBcD

aBCD

The carboxyl functional group (R-COOH) tends to act as a(n) ______________ because it often ______________ protons in aqueous solutions base; accepts acid; accepts base; donates acid; donates

acid; donates

Which of the answer choices must have arisen after the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis? -ATP as the major energy currency of cells -bacteria -lactic acid fermentation -ethanol fermentation -living cells -aerobic cellular respiration

aerobic cellular respiration

A true-breeding black rabbit is crossed with a true-breeding white rabbit to produce an F1 generation of 16 individuals. If the black color trait is dominant, which of the outcomes represents the expected phenotype of an F1 generation cross? -all white rabbits -all black rabbits -all gray rabbits -9/16 black rabbits, 3/16 white rabbits, 3 /16 gray rabbits, and 1/16 spotted rabbit -5/16 black rabbits, 4/16 white rabbits, 7/16 gray rabbits

all black rabbits

After meiosis, which of these are possible genotypes for the eggs from AaBbCCdd? (Assume that each gene assorts independently) -AbCd -all of these are possible -aBCd -ABCd -abCd

all of these are possible

Transcription is sometimes described as a process in which RNA is "copied" from the template strand of DNA. This statement is potentially misleading because: -RNA molecules contain uracil instead of thymine. -the RNA transcript and the DNA template strand are complementary and antiparallel. -RNA nucleotides contain ribose and so cannot be an exact copy of DNA. -all of these are true

all of these are true

Which of the following statements about water is CORRECT? -Water is the most abundant molecule in living cells. -Water is a polar molecule. -Water has good solvent properties. -All of these choices are correct -Water molecules form hydrogen bonds with other polar molecules.

all of these choices are correct

The interactions between amino acids are major factors in determining the shape of a protein. These interactions can be affected by the environment surrounding a protein. Which factor would have an effect on the shape of a protein? -Whether the other molecules in the environment are predominantly hydrophilic or hydrophobic affects the shape of a protein.. -The temperature of the environment affects the shape of a protein. -all of these choices are correct. -The pH of the environment affects the shape of a protein. -The concentrations of ions present in the environment affects the shape of a protein.

all of these choices are correct.

Two major types of protein secondary structures are referred to as: -residual and permanent. -tertiary and quatenary -alpha helix or beta pleated sheet -primary and secondary -amino and carboxyl

alpha helix or beta pleated sheet

Glyphosate is the active ingredient in the herbicide called ROUND-UP. What common biological molecule does glyphosate resemble? -water -an amino acid -a nucleotide -a carbohydrate -an acyl chain

an amino acid

Recall that alleles of a single gene will segregate from one another during ______ ["metaphase II of meiosis", "metaphase of mitosis", "metaphase I of meiosis", "anaphase II of meiosis", "anaphase of mitosis", "anaphase I of meiosis"]. This is the basis for Mendel's ______ ["Second Law: the Law of Segregation", "Second Law: the Law of Independent Assortment", "First Law: the Law of Independent Assortment", "First Law: the Law of Segregation"]. When do alleles for two different genes—located in two different chromosomes—segregate? ______ ["metaphase II of meiosis", "metaphase of mitosis", "metaphase I of meiosis", "anaphase II of meiosis", "anaphase of mitosis", "anaphase I of meiosis"].

anaphase I of meiosis First Law: the Law of Segregation anaphase I of meiosis

Animals breathe in air containing oxygen and breathe out air containing less oxygen. The consumed oxygen is used: -in the citric acid cycle. -in photosynthesis. -in the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl Co-A. -as an electron acceptor in the respiratory electron transport chain. -in the glycolysis pathway.

as an electron acceptor in the respiratory electron transport chain.

You find a way to attach either a red or green fluorescent dye to nucleotides. Double-stranded DNA molecules with both strands labeled red fluoresce red, those with both strands labeled green fluoresce green, and those with one strand labeled red and the other green fluoresce yellow. You grow human cells in the presence of "red" nucleotides until both DNA strands of all chromosomes fluoresce red. You then allow one round of DNA replication in the presence of "green" nucleotides. What pattern of fluorescence do you expect to see in the sister chromatids of each chromosome? -one chromatid green, the other yellow -one chromatid red, the other green -one chromatid red, the other yellow -both chromatids yellow

both chromatids yellow

What cellular process(es) is/are responsible for the increase in protein content associated with the gap (G1 and G2) phases of the cell cycle? -transcription alone -glycolysis -both transcription and translation -DNA replication -translation alone

both transcription and translation

Anabolic pathways of metabolism are pathways that: -make large quantities of ATP. -take place primarily in skeletal muscle. -build complex molecules from simple ones. -release stored chemical energy.

build complex molecules from simple ones.

An organic molecule must contain which of these elements? Oxygen Carbon Nitrogen all of these Phosphorus

carbon

Mutations that cause insertions and deletion of single nucleotides: -cause cancer -cause missense mutations. -shorten chromosomes. -add or delete amino acids to or from the normal polypeptide. -cause frameshift mutations

cause frameshift mutations

When carrying out a controlled experiment, it is important to:

change only one variable at a time.

Atoms can combine to form molecules which are a group of two or more atoms attached together and acting as a single unit. For example, water is a molecule of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen. When two atoms form a molecule, the individual atoms interact through what is called a ______ ["compounds", "molecular orbital", "atomic mass", "chemical bond"] . These interactions are determined in large part by the electrons farthest from the nucleus called ______ ["isotope", "valence", "molecular", "shell"] electrons.

chemical bond, valence

In aerobic respiration, NADH is oxidized at _____, while FADH2 is oxidized at _____. -photosystem I; photosystem II -complex II; complex III -complex II; complex I -complex I; complex II -complex I; complex IV

complex I; complex II

When depicting a chemical structure, a solid line between elements denotes a -ionic bond -non-polar ionic bond -hydrogen bond -none of these answers are correct -covalent bond

covalent bond

A peptide bond is a ____________ bond that connects the __________ functional group of the first amino acid to the __________ functional group of the second amino acid. -covalent; carboxyl; amino -hydrogen; carboxyl; amino -covalent; amino; carboxyl -hydrogen; amino; carboxyl

covalent; carboxyl; amino

Which one of the choices is capable of phosphorylating key proteins involved in regulating the cell cycle? -CDK alone -p53 protein -cyclin-CDK complex -cyclin alone -phosphatases

cyclin-CDK complex

The amount of _____ is fairly constant throughout the cell cycle, but the amount of _____ varies. -cyclin-dependent kinase; DNA -cyclins; cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) -cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK); cyclins -DNA; cyclins -cyclins; DNA

cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK); cyclins

Chemicals called uncouplers can make membranes permeable to small molecules and ions. What effect might uncouplers have on cellular respiration? -increased ATP production because cyclic electron transport would increase -decreased NADPH production because the proton gradient would decrease -decreased ATP production because the proton gradient would decrease -decreased NADPH production because the proton gradient would increase -decreased ATP production because the proton gradient would increase

decreased ATP production because the proton gradient would decrease

Chemicals called uncouplers can make membranes permeable to small molecules and ions. What effect might uncouplers have on photosynthesis? -decreased NADPH production because the proton gradient would increase -decreased ATP production because the proton gradient would decrease -increased ATP production because cyclic electron transport would increase -decreased ATP production because the proton gradient would increase -decreased NADPH production because the proton gradient would decrease

decreased ATP production because the proton gradient would decrease

The biochemical reaction used to make chains of biological polymers and involves the removal of water molecule is called..... (Note: we are getting you used to remembering commonly used terms) -dehydration synthesis -hydrolysis -liquefaction -oxidation

dehydration synthesis

The DNA sense strand shown below is within a exon. 5' ...CGG TCG TAC AGG TGA CGC CAG 3' If the highlighted nucleotide (second T) is deleted, the amino acid sequence coded by this DNA would be ________. -shortened by several amino acids. -different after the deletion. -shortened by one amino acid. -unchanged. -no amino acid sequence would be produced

different after the deletion.

For genotype AaBbCCdd, what do "A" and "a" represent? -different loci -different alleles -different genes -non-homologous chromosomes

different alleles

How does the metabolism occurring in chloroplasts differ from that of mitochondria? -None of the other answer options is correct. -different proton acceptors -different proton sources -one makes ATP, the other makes NADPH -different electron acceptors and electron sources

different electron acceptors and electron sources

Which of the following does NOT lead to genetic variability? -orientation of chromosomes during metaphase of meiosis -mutation -division of chromosomes during anaphase of mitosis -crossing over during meiosis -random fertilization

division of chromosomes during anaphase of mitosis

For genotype AaBbCCdd, why are there two of each letter? -sister chromatids are identical -because this person is a twin -genes are duplicated on a single chromosome -each chromosome has a homolog (diploid)

each chromosome has a homolog (diploid)

Ions are formed when an atom gains or looses one or more _______ ["protons", "bonds", "neutrons", "electrons"] _______ ["Interaction", "Hydrogen", "Covalent", "Ionic"] bonds are formed with atoms share electrons. _______ ["Nonpolar covalent", "Polar covalent", "Interactions", "Ionic", "Hydrogen"] bonds are formed with atoms share electrons equally. _______ ["Polar covalent", "Nonpolar covalent", "Interactions", "Ionic", "Hydrogen"] bonds are formed with atoms share electrons UNequally. _______ ["Ionic", "Hydrogen", "Covalent", "none of these answers are correct"] bonds are interactions between partially positive hydrogen atoms and partially negative atoms like O and N (highly electronegative). _______ ["Ionic", "Hydrogen", "Covalent", "none of these answers are correct"] bonds are interactions between oppositely charged ions. (Ions have full charge not partial).

electrons Covalent Nonpolar covalent Polar covalent Hydrogen Ionic

Most of the proteins of the mitochondrial electron transport chain are: -embedded in the outer mitochondrial membrane. -embedded in both mitochondrial membranes. -located in the intermembrane space of mitochondria. -located in the mitochondrial matrix. -embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Synthesis of a protein is an example of a chemical reaction that is: -exergonic and anabolic. -endergonic and catabolic. -exergonic and catabolic. -endergonic and anabolic.

endergonic and anabolic.

Antennae pigments work with reaction centers by providing: -energy transfer. -heat loss. -fluorescence. -electron transfer. -H+ transfer.

energy transfer.

You hypothesize that plants grow slower when exposed to green light as compared to other color lights. You set up two greenhouses with seedlings and for the experimental greenhouse you expose seedlings to light from green lamps . Which of the following would be the set up for the other control greenhouse? -expose seedlings to light from red lamps -expose seedlings to soil without fertilizer -expose seedlings to no light at all -expose seedlings to increased watering

expose seedlings to light from red lamps

The plasma membranes of some cells use transport proteins to move molecules out of the cell with their concentration gradient. This is an example of: -passive transport. -simple diffusion -facilitated diffusion. -active transport. -endocytosis.

facilitated diffusion

A phenotype always refers to something that you can see with your eyes, like hair color or eye color. True False

false

All RNA is translated to generate proteins. -True -False

false

The energy from the movement of electrons through the electron transport chain is directly used to synthesize ATP. True False

false

The reporter says that kids born to couples 1 and 2 will all be genetically identical. Is this true or false and why? -True, because parents are identical -False, because of environmental influence. -False, because they are born at different times -False, because independent assortment, crossover and random fertilization ensure genetic variation

false, because independent assortment, crossover and random fertilization ensure genetic variation

Where does the globular F1 subunit of ATP synthase get its energy to catalyze the synthesis of ATP? -directly from food -from rotational (kinetic) energy provided by the flow of protons through the channel in the Fo subunit -from the oxidation of NADH -the pH difference causes F1 and F0 protein subunits to unfold -from ADP -from the hydrolysis of ATP

from rotational (kinetic) energy provided by the flow of protons through the channel in the Fo subunit

According to the principle of segregation, a heterozygous plant with alleles Aa will produce: -gametes in the ratio of 1 A allele:1 a allele (1:1). -some gametes with the A allele and some with the a allele, but in no predictable ratio -gametes with only the A allele. -gametes in the ratio of 3 A alleles:1 a allele (3:1). -gametes with only the a allele.

gametes in the ratio of 1 A allele:1 a allele (1:1).

In genetic crosses, the symbol Aa refers to a: -morphotype. -phenotype -genotype. -halotype

genotype

In plants and animals, _____ is the immediate source of the ELECTRONS, ENERGY and CARBON needed for cellular respiration. -NADPH -H2O -sunlight -H+ -ATP -CO2 -glucose

glucose

Meiosis... -halves the number of chromosomes in cells -is responsible for body growth and repair -is important in asexual reproduction -is the process by which the body produces diploid cells -follows mitosis and splits the cytoplasm in two

halves the number of chromosomes in cells

A pair of atoms joined by a polar covalent bond: -mixes well with non-polar solvents. -has the charge spread evenly across both atoms. -is unlikely to form hydrogen bonds with water. -has a slight positive charge on one atom and a slight negative charge on the other.

has a slight positive charge on one atom and a slight negative charge on the other.

An organism that has two different alleles of a given gene has a(n) _____ genotype. -homozygous -heteromorphic -heterozygous -aneuploid

heterozygous

Where does the energy for primary active transport come from? -synthesis of ATP -cellular metabolism -hydrolysis of ATP -osmosis -diffusion

hydrolysis of ATP

Where must the SRP receptor be located in a cell? -in the membrane of the Golgi apparatus -in the membrane of the rough endoplasmic reticulum -in the membrane of the lysosome -in the nuclear envelope

in the membrane of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

Certain complexes of the mitochondrial electron transport chain pump protons. Protons are pumped across the _____ mitochondrial membrane, from the _____ to the _____. -plasma; outside of cell; inside of cell. -outer;cytoplasm;intermembranespace -inner; matrix; intermembrane space -inner; intermembrane space; matrix -outer; inside of cell; outside of cell. -outer; intermembrane space; cytoplasm

inner; matrix; intermembrane space

FRAP experiments measure: -lateral movement of fluorescently labeled proteins. -fluorescence of natural products in the cell. -movement of fluorescently labeled lipids from one bilayer to the other. -movement of fluorescently labeled proteins from one bilayer to another.

lateral movement of fluorescently labeled proteins.

Acidic solutions have a pH ______ [less, higher] than 7 and a ______ [less, higher] concentration of hydrogen ions.

less higher

Can form a hydrophobic/water repelling barrier. [lipid, protein, water, nucleic acids] Primary information storing biomolecule ______. [lipid, protein, water, nucleic acids] Most abundant organic biomolecule in an organism _______. [lipid, protein, water, nucleic acids] Solvent in which nearly all life's chemical reactions occur _______. [lipid, protein, water, nucleic acids]

lipid nucleic acids protein water

The fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane refers to the fact that the _______ bilayer is a fluid structure in which molecules move laterally and its a mosiac of ______ and _________. -lipids; lipids and proteins -carbohydrates; proteins and lipids -proteins; proteins and lipids -carbohydrates; proteins and carbohydrates

lipids; lipids and proteins

Homologous chromosomes separate from each other in: -mitosis and meiosis I. -mitosis. -mitosis and meiosis II. -meiosis I. -meiosis II. -They never separate from each other during any form of cell division.

meiosis I

Which of the following is NOT a component of a phospholipid -two fatty acid chains -phosphate -glycerol -non polar head -hydrophobic chain of fatty acid

non polar head

What is the atomic MASS of an atom that has 4 protons, 5 neutrons, and 4 electrons? 5 8 4 none of these answers are correct 13

none of these answers are correct

A protein that is found in the Golgi apparatus was synthesized: -on ribosomes located in the chloroplast. -on ribosomes bound to the rough ER. -on ribosomes located in the smooth ER. -in the nucleus. -on ribosomes located in the cytoplasm..

on ribosomes bound to the rough ER.

In double-stranded DNA, the sugar-phosphate backbones are: -on the inside, separated by grooves of unequal size. -on the outside, separated by grooves of unequal size. -on the outside, separated by grooves of equal size. -on the inside, separated by grooves of equal size.

on the outside, separated by grooves of unequal size.

A reproductive cell, or gamete (egg/sperm), has: -two alleles of each gene (diploid) -one allele of each gene if it is true-breeding and two if it is an F1 offspring. -one allele of each gene if it is homozygous and two if it is heterozygous. -between one and four alleles of each gene -one allele of each gene (haploid)

one allele of each gene (haploid)

In a double-stranded DNA molecule, the strands are said to be antiparallel because: -only one of them is a template strand. -they form an uneven pair of grooves on the outside of the molecule. -one strand runs in 5' to 3' direction and the other in 3' to 5'. -each purine of one strand pairs with a pyrimidine of another.

one strand runs in 5' to 3' direction and the other in 3' to 5'.

The mitochondrial electron transport chain is part of: -the citric acid cycle. -oxidative phosphorylation. -fermentation. -substrate-level phosphorylation. -pyruvate oxidation. -glycolysis.

oxidative phosphorylation.

A molecule that is _____ loses electrons, and a molecule that is _____ gains electrons. -reduced; oxidized -negative; positive -oxidized; reduced -weak; polar

oxidized; reduced

What is the final (terminal) electron acceptor in the mitochondrial electron transport chain? -oxygen (O2) -glucose -ADP -NADH -ATP -NAD+

oxygen (O2)

Amino acids in a protein polymer are connected by a covalent bond called a _______ ["amino", "side chain/R group", "central carbon atom", "peptide", "carboxyl"] bond that connect the _______ ["amino", "side chain/R group", "central carbon atom", "carboxyl"] group of the first amino acid to the _______ ["central carbon atom", "amino", "side chain", "carboxyl"] group of the second amino acid. Such successive amino acid bondings generate a protein polymer called a _______ . ["polypeptide", "side chain/R group", "central carbon atom", "carboxyl"]

peptide carboxyl amino polypeptide

Photosynthesis in green plants is comprised of _____, in which H2O is oxidized; _______, in which NADPH is produced; and _____, in which CO2 is reduced. -photosystem II; photosystem I; the Calvin cycle -Calvin cycle; photosynthetic electron transport chain; ATP synthase -photosystem I; photosystem II; the dark cycle -CO2 reduction; NADPH oxidation; rubisco -photosystem II; electron transport chain: photosystem I

photosystem II; photosystem I; the Calvin cycle

PO4 (electronegativity of P is 2.19, O is 3.44) _______ ["polar covalent", "non polar covalent", "ionic", "hydrogen"] CH4(electronegativity of C is 2.5 and H is 2.1) _______ ["non polar covalent", "ionic", "hydrogen", "polar covalent"] KBr (electronegativity of K is 0.8, Br is 2.96) _______ ["polar covalent", "non polar covalent", "ionic", "hydrogen" HCl (electronegativity of H is 2.1, Cl is 3.2) _______ ["polar covalent", "non polar covalent", "ionic", "hydrogen" H2O (electronegativity of H is 2.1, O is 3.44 _______ ["polar covalent", "non polar covalent", "ionic", "hydrogen"] Bond type in ONE water molecule What type of bond is formed between two H2O molecules? _______ ["polar covalent", "non polar covalent", "ionic", "hydrogen"

polar covalent non polar covalent ionic polar covalent polar covalent hydrogen

In a single water molecule, hydrogen and oxygen are held together by a ____________ bond whereas when a hydrogen in one water molecule interacts with an oxygen in another different water molecule, these two atoms are held together via a ________ bond. -non-polar covalent; ionic -polar covalent; hydrogen -polar covalent; non-polar covalent -hydrogen; non-polar covalent

polar covalent; hydrogen

According to the codon table, which amino acid sequence results from a synthetic "poly-A" mRNA consisting only of A-bearing ribonucleotides (that is, 5'-AAAAAA . . . AAAAAA-3')? -polylysine -polyproline -polyglycine -polyphenylalanine

polylysine

Suppose you are studying the transport of a certain polar molecule across the plasma membrane of cells in a lab. Over a period of time, you measure the concentration of a polar molecule inside and outside of the cells. You find that the concentration of the molecule is higher in the cell and is gradually increasing. You also measure the ATP concentration inside the cell and find that it is decreasing. Which of the following is probably responsible for the transport of this polar substance into the cell? -endocytosis -simple diffusion -secondary active transport -primary active transport -facilitated diffusion

primary active transport

The plasma membranes of some cells use transport proteins and energy from ATP to directly move molecules out of the cell against their concentration gradient. This is an example of: -primary active transport -osmosis -facilitated diffusion -secondary active transport -diffusion

primary active transport

Which of the following is NOT a function of mitotic cell division in animals? -asexual reproduction -repair of damaged organs -cell replacement -growth -production of gametes

production of gametes

The _____ forms of the electron carriers NAD+/NADH and FAD/FADH2 have high potential energy. -oxidized -reduced

reduced

Which step of the Calvin cycle would be affected first by a lack of NADPH? -proton pump in the thylakoid -carboxylation in the Calvin cycle. -chemiosmosis in the thylakoid -regeneration of intermediate in the Calvin cycle. -reduction in the Calvin cycle. -All of these choices are correct. -light harvesting in the thylakoid

reduction in the Calvin cycle

During meiosis II: -non-sister chromatids exchange maternal and paternal DNA. -All of these choices are correct. -sister chromatids are separated. -bivalents are formed during prophase II and are taken apart during anaphase II. -chromosomes undergo reductional division.

sister chromatids are separated.

In chloroplasts, _____ is the source of the ENERGY needed for photosynthesis. -H20 -sunlight -NADPH -glucose -CO2 -O2

sunlight

Which of the following brings amino acids to the ribosome for use in translation? -t-RNA -ribosome -transcription factors -mRNA

t-RNA

What is energy? _______ ["the capacity to do work", "a measure of calories", "metabolism", "a measure of disorder", "the capacity to cause movement"] With each energy transformation, there is a(n) _______ ["increase in order of the system as you build molecules.", "production of antimatter.", "breaking of bonds.", "increase in entropy, or disorder.", "conservation of matter.", "conservation of heat"] . A rock on the top of a mountain contains _______ ["motion", "potential", "conserved", "kinetic", "no"] energy. ATP contains _______ ["ionic", "kinetic", "work", "potential"] energy. A system with more H+ on one side of a membrane contains _______ ["ionic", "kinetic", "work", "potential"] energy. The movement of H+ through ATP synthase represents _______ ["ionic", "kinetic", "work", "potential"] energy.

the capacity to do work increase in entropy, or disorder. potential potential potential kinetic

A phenotype is: -the location of a gene in a chromosome. -the particular combination of alleles present in a given organism. -the expression of a trait in an individual. -one of several forms of a gene.

the expression of a trait in an individual.

Energy is required in order to add a nucleotide to the growing strand of DNA during replication. From where does that energy come? -DNA ligase -the incoming nucleotide -ATP -helicase -primase -DNA polymerase

the incoming nucleotide

A genotype is: -the expression of a trait in an individual. -the particular combination of alleles present in a given organism. -the location of a gene in a chromosome. -one of several forms of a gene.

the particular combination of alleles present in a given organism.

Which of these events includes a checkpoint in the cell cycle? -All of these events include a checkpoint in the cell cycle. -the transition from S phase and the completion of DNA synthesis to G2 phase -the transition from anaphase to telophase -the transition from G1 to S phase

the transition from G1 to S phase

An explanation supported by a large body of observations and experimentation is referred to as a(n):

theory

A researcher is evaluating the expression of p53 in cells she is culturing in the laboratory. She notices that in a small group of cells, high levels of phosphorylated p53 occur in the nuclei. What can she deduce about these cells? -These cells have entered meiosis. -These cells have entered mitosis. -These cells likely contain damaged DNA. -Within these cells, the cell cycle has been halted at the G2/M transition. -These cells are normal.

these cells likely contain damaged DNA.

Chloroplast ATP synthases are powered by the flow (facilitative diffusion) of protons from the: -intermembrane space to the matrix. -thylakoid lumen to the stroma. -stroma to the thylakoid lumen. -stroma to the intermembrane space. -intermembrane space to the cytoplasm. -thylakoid lumen to the intermembrane space.

thylakoid lumen to the stroma.

The Gibbs Free Energy of a system is defined as the system's capacity to do work. True False

true

A cell in prophase I of meiosis has _____ as many chromosomes as each of the daughter cells following cytokinesis of meiosis II. half twice four times one quarter

twice

A skin cell in G2 of interphase has _____ as much DNA as it had in G1. -exactly -twice -four times -half -one-fourth

twice

In plants and algae, ____ is the source of the electrons needed for photosynthesis. -NADPH -Carbondioxide -Water -oxygen

water

When we say that DNA replication is semiconservative, we mean that: -when DNA is replicated each new double helix contains one parental strand and one newly synthesized daughter strand. -only half of an organism's DNA is replicated during each cell division. -parental DNA stays in the parent cell and daughter DNA ends up in the daughter cell. -None of the other answer options is correct.

when DNA is replicated each new double helix contains one parental strand and one newly synthesized daughter strand

How would the addition of an enzyme to the reaction A⇋B affect ΔG? -Increases ΔG -ΔG is unaffected by enzymes -Decreases ΔG

ΔG is unaffected by enzymes