Biology final study guide
Punnett Square
A chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross
dihybrid cross
A cross between individuals that have different alleles for the same gene
Pedigree
A diagram that shows the occurrence of a genetic trait in several generations of a family.
What is the role of mRNA?
A molecule of mRNA carries the genetic message from a gene (DNA) to ribosomes that translate it into protein.
Define bacteriophage
A virus that infects bacteria
How do viruses damage the body/host cell?
A virus will eventually cause the cell to burst and a virus damages the cell's ability to reproduce properly
Why is variation important to natural selection?
Without variation, all members of a species would be identical and have the same chance of survival.
Define mutagen
an agent, such as radiation or a chemical substance, that causes genetic mutation.
DNA Evidence
biological evidence, derived from testing samples of human tissues and fluids, that genetically links an offender to a crime
What is the role of tRNA?
carries amino acids to the ribosome and matches them to the coded mRNA message
What is a mutation?
change in DNA sequence
What type of cells are bacteria classified as?
prokaryotes, living
Gram + stain _______ color. Gram - stain ________ color.
purple, pink
What does fitness measure?
reproductive success
RNA stands for?
ribonucleic acid
What is artificial selection?
selective breeding of plants and animals to promote the occurrence of desirable traits in offspring
What is the only virus that has been eradicated?
smallpox
What are the three parts of a nucleotide?
sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base
What is a karyotype?
the number and visual appearance of the chromosomes in the cell nuclei of an organism or species.
Define taxonomy
the science of naming and classifying organisms
Why are some bacteria species no longer susceptible to certain antibiotics?
they have developed desirable traits and built up and immunity to the antibiotics (super bug)
Once a virus gains entry into the body, it invades the host cell for what purpose?
to reproduce
DNA undergoes _______ to produce ______
transcription, RNA
RNA undergoes ______ to produce _____
translation, proteins
Describe how a vaccine works.
weak or inactive dose of pathogen stimulates adaptive immune response, causes you to produce memory cells → immunity
Survival of the fittest is another way to describe what?
Natural Selection
possible blood types for a person who has O blood
O+ O-
What type of cell does cellular respiration take place in?
Plant and animal cell
What type of cell does photosynthesis take place in?
Plant cell
What types of living things rely on photosynthesis?
Plants and bacteria
Which kingdom include autotrophic and heterotrophic, unicellular and multicellular organisms?
Protista
Fossil Evidence
Remains of once living organisms show change over time
Vestigial Structures
Remnant of a structure that may have had an important function in a species' ancestors, but has no clear function in the modern species.
reproductive isolation
Separation of species or populations so that they cannot interbreed and produce fertile offspring
Homologous Structures
Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry.
Biogeography
Study of past and present distribution of organisms
Down syndrome is also called?
Trisomy 21
Bones or structures that aren't useful but still there are known as __________ structures.
Vestigial Structures
Organisms near the top of the cladogram have...
more traits in common with other organisms on the cladogram
mutations can be...
neutral, beneficial, or harmful
Chromosomes are arranged in ____ and organized by ____?
number, pairs
What is phenotype?
physical appearance
All mutations fall into _____ basic categories; What are those two categories and what kind of mutations fall into each?
2, Germline mutations, Somatic mutations. Germline example-cystic fibrosis. Somatic example-epilepsy
Where is the extra chromosome in down syndrome?
21, caused by an extra chromosome
How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?
23
Sex cells contain ___ chromosomes?
23
Meiosis produces how many cells?
4 haploid daughter cells
Body cells contain ____ chromosomes?
46
Humans have ___chromosomes?
46
What is a virus composed of?
1) DNA or RNA 2) Capsid - Protein coat 3) Lipid envelope
Mitosis produces how many cells?
2 diploid cells
What is the formula for photosynthesis?
CO2 + H2O + Sunlight --> C6H12O6 + O2
possible blood types for a person who has A blood
A+ A- AB+ AB-
Chargaff's Rule
A=T and C=G
possible blood types for a person who has AB blood
AB+ AB-
Any trait that helps an organism survive is called an ___
Adaptation
What types living things rely on cellular and respiration?
All living things
Recessive
An allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present
Heterozygous
An organism that has two different alleles for a trait
Homozygous
An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait
possible blood types for a person who has B blood
B+ B-
How are bacteria different from viruses?
Bacteria are classified as living things
Why are mutations important?
Because it is a process that introduces new variations with each generation, and developing mutations can help organisms survive.
What is the two-part naming system called when using taxonomy?
Binomial Nomenclature
What is the formula for cellular respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
Which scientist formulated the theory of evolution through natural selection?
Charles Darwin
In what organelle does photosynthesis take place?
Chloroplast
a mutation that produces a change in a whole chromosome is called?
Chromosomal Mutation
When scientists see similarities between embryos (plant or animal), this shows that they shared a ___
Common Ancestor
DNA structure
DNA consists of two long chains of nucleotides twisted into a double helix and joined by hydrogen bonds between the complementary bases adenine and thymine or cytosine and guanine
Dominant
Describes a trait that covers over, or dominates, another form of that trait.
Which pattern of evolution results in one species splitting into many over time?
Divergent evolution
What are the eight levels of taxonomic hierarchy?
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
The diversification of a species into two or more descendant species types is an example of ___
Evolution
Who was Gregor Mendel?
Father of genetics
What is speciation?
Formation of new species
Homologous structures are structures that look the same but have different ____
Function
What language are all scientific names written in? What is the advantage of this universal language system?
Latin is the primary language and the advantage of the universal language system is that all scientist will use the same term to describe a specific animal, clearing up and confusion.
In what organelle does cellular respiration occur?
Mitochondria
What is natural selection?
The idea that the fittest survive and pass along their traits to their offspring.
According to the definition of natural selection, which organisms survive?
The most fittest, with desirable traits
Why do some viruses require yearly vaccinations?
They mutate very quickly
Sex-linked traits
Traits controlled by genes located on sex chromosomes.
What is the role of rRNA?
combines with proteins to form ribosomes
Why are common names confusing for biologists?
common name usage can lead to confusion about what animal is being referred to and what their relationships are to other animals.
Describe the two ways bacteria can reproduce.
conjugation-sexually binary fission-asexually
DNA stands for?
deoxyribonucleic acid
Embryological development
development of an organism between conception and birth
geographic isolation
form of reproductive isolation in which two populations are separated physically by geographic barriers such as rivers, mountains, or stretches of water
A mutation that produces changes in a single gene is called a?
gene mutation
What is genotype?
genetic makeup of an organism
