Biology II Chapter 39 & 40

Tissues associate to form:

organs

The condition that is characterized by the wearing-down of joints due to insufficient cartilage repair is called:

osteoarthritis

Large, multinucleate cells that break down bone are called:

osteoclasts.

Bone cells called __________ continually remodel bone.

osteocytes

Which of the following is not a source of energy for muscle contraction?

oxygen

The type of tissue illustrated in Figure 39-1 is:

pseudostratified epithelium.

In a nerve cell, the function of the dendrites is to:

receive impulses and conduct them to the cell body.

Which of the following is one of the main locations for the type of tissue in Figure 39-1?

respiratory passages

In Figure 40-3, the function of the structure labeled C, particularly in small children, is:

to act as a growth center.

Both smooth muscle fibers and cardiac muscle fibers:

are under involuntary control.

Hair follicles and blood vessels are found in which layer of the skin?

dermis

Which of the following correctly represents length of axons found in humans?

1 mm to 1 m

Arrange the events of muscular contraction in chronological order. 1) muscle shortens 2) calcium binds to troponin 3) filaments slide 4) T tubules are depolarized 5) acetylcholine is released 6) ATP molecule is split

5 4 2 6 3 1

Refer to Figure 40-5. The molecules required to bind at the sites labeled 1 and 2 for a cross bridge to form are:

Ca2+ and myosin.

Which statement about muscle contraction is false?

During contraction, the muscle length does not change, but the actin and myosin filaments shorten.

Which of the following statements about UV radiation is true?

Exposure to ultraviolet rays causes the epidermis to thicken and produce more melanin.

Which of the following statements about hydrostatic skeletons is true?

Fluid is moved throughout an organism due to alternating contractions of antagonistic muscles.

Which of the following statements about stress is true?

It causes a body response to attempt to maintain homeostasis.

Which of the following statements about keratin is false?

It facilitates diffusion across the body surface.

Which of the following statements concerning the heart is false?

It is an organ system.

Which of the following statements concerning an exoskeleton is false?

It is composed of living tissue that grows along with the animal.

Which of the following statements concerning malignant melanoma is false?

It is the third most common form of cancer in humans.

Refer to Figure 40-3. In which portion of the bone would red blood cell production occur?

J

Studies suggest that to become malignant, neoplasms must establish

a blood supply.

In Figure 39-3, the responses initiated at point A in response to an increase in body temperature include:

a decrease in muscle activity.

The ability of animals to adjust to seasonal changes in temperature is called:

acclimatization

Which of the following is not a modification of epithelial cells?

an endoskeleton

Smooth muscle has all of the following characteristics except:

being attached to bones via tendons.

One difference between cardiac muscle fibers and skeletal muscle fibers is that cardiac muscle fibers:

branch and form complex networks, while skeletal muscle fibers do not.

Carcinomas describe:

cancers that develop from epithelial tissue.

Intercalated disks are gap junctions between cells of:

cardiac muscle tissue.

The type of tissue represented by Figure 39-2 is:

cartilage

Bone cells communicate with one another by:

cellular extensions running through canaliculi

The type of epithelial tissue you would expect to find lining the upper respiratory tract is:

ciliated columnar epithelium.

A tissue is represented by a group of __________ adapted to carry out __________.

closely associated, similar cells; specific functions

The major constituent of regular dense connective tissue is:

collagen fibers.

The type of tissue forming the covering around muscle fibers is:

connective tissue.

Which of the following statements is false? Typically, one surface of an epithelial tissue layer:

consists of loosely packed cells with several intermediate spaces.

The flight muscles of insects:

contain more mitochondria than any known variety of muscle.

Epithelial tissue is least likely to:

contract

Skeletal systems can serve all of the following purposes except:

contraction

You would not expect sebum to be involved in:

contributing to the color of the skin.

Which of the following is not a region of the vertebral column?

cranial region

Ectothermic animals:

depend on heat from the external environment to adjust their body temperatures.

The anti-bacterial peptides secreted by frogs and toads is produced by:

epithelial cells.

The four basic animal tissues are:

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

The state of torpor caused by lack of food or water during periods of high temperature is called:

estivation

Based on Figure 39-3, which of the following is not a response to a decrease in body temperature?

evaporation of water.

Which of the following is not a specialized function of epithelial coverings?

facilitation of flexibility for movement

A sprinter would have a high proportion of __________, and a marathon runner would have a high proportion of __________.

fast-oxidative fibers; slow-oxidative fibers

One function of the type of tissue represented in Figure 39-2 is:

flexible support.

Sutures can be classified as __________ joints.

immovable

Which of the following is an example of a positive feedback mechanism?

increased muscle contractions during labor

Thermoregulation in ectotherms can be accomplished by all of the following except:

increasing their metabolism.

The difference between spongy bone and compact bone is that spongy bone:

is filled with red bone marrow, while compact bone is not.

Accumulation of __________ contributes to muscle fatigue.

lactic acid

Cartilage-producing cells occupy small cavities in cartilage called __________, while bone-producing cells occupy cavities in bone called __________.

lacunae; lacunae

A person with fair skin produces less __________ than a person with dark skin.

melanin

Which membrane type lines body cavities that open to the outside of the body, such as the digestive tract?

mucous membrane

Which of the following molecules has an enzymatic site that splits ATP during muscle contraction?

myosin

Which of the following is not a part of the axial skeleton?

pelvis

Which cells or cell components play an essential role in the clotting of blood?

platelets

A negative feedback system is designed to set off mechanisms that will:

return the system to steady-state levels.

The organizational unit of skeletal muscle tissue is the:

sarcomere

Calcium ions are commonly stored in the __________ of the muscle cell.

sarcoplasmic reticulum

For gas exchange to occur quickly and efficiently, which type of epithelium must be present on all respiratory surfaces?

simple squamous epithelium

A single, quick contraction of skeletal muscle is called a:

simple twitch.

Which of the following is not a type of connective tissue?

skin

Select the best reason why collagen fibers are abundant in tendons.

strength

The fluid that provides lubrication for movable joints is called:

synovial fluid.

Skeletal muscles produce movement by pulling on __________, which attach to bones.

tendons

During contraction of your arm muscle:

the I band and the H zone shorten.

A primary difference between a normal cell and a cancerous cell is

the cell must lose normal cell division controls

The components of the pectoral girdle are:

the clavicles and the scapula.

The portion of the bone labeled B in Figure 40-3 is called:

the epiphysis.

Muscles occur in antagonistic pairs because:

they are only capable of contracting and not pushing.

A person with a severe calcium deficiency:

would have a problem with cross bridge formation.