Biology II (DE), Chapter 13 Notes
Blood Vessels
? are known as tubes of the heart
Septum
A solid, wall-like ? separates the atrium and ventricle on the right side from their counterparts on the left
3
At the base of the aorta is the aortic valve which has ? cusps
Adipose Tissue, Myocardium
The deeper portion of the epicardium contains ?, particularly along the paths of coronary arteries and cardiac veins that carry blood through the ?
Lungs
The heart is bordered laterally by the ?
Between blood in the capillaries and air in the alveoli
Where does gas exchange occur?
Lubb-Dupp
A heartbeat through a stethoscope sounds like "?"
Functional Synctium
A mass of merging cells that function as a unit is called a ?
70%
About ?% of the returning blood enters the ventricles prior to contraction
Away
Arteries carry blood ? from the heart
Capillaries
Arterioles branch out into the tiniest tubes known as ?
Tricuspid Valve
As the right atrial wall contracts, the blood passes through the ? and enters the chamber of the right ventricle
Pericardial Cavity
Between the parietal and visceral layers of the pericardium is a space known as the ?
Mitral Valve
Blood passes from the left atrium into the left ventricle through the ? (bicuspid valve)
Right
Blood that is low in oxygen and high in carbon dioxide enters the ? atrium through the venae cavae and coronary sinus
Myocardial Capillaries
Branches of the cardiac veins, whose paths roughly parallel to those of the coronary arteries drain blood so that there is passageway through the ?
Myocardium
Branches of the coronary arteries feed the many capillaries of the ?
Venules, Veins
Capillaries converge into ? which in turn converge into ? that return blood to the heart, completing the closed system of blood circulation
Skeletal
Cardiac Muscle Fibers function much like those of the ? muscles, but the fibers connect in branching networks
Blocked
Detours in circulation may supply oxygen and nutrients into the myocardium when a coronary artery is ?
Carbon Dioxide, Left
Freshly oxygenated blood, low in ?, returns to the heart through the pulmonary veins that lead to the ? atrium
Alveoli
From the pulmonary arteries, blood enters the capillaries associated with the ? (microscopic air sacs) of the lungs
14 cm. long and 9 cm. wide
How long and wide is the average adult's heart
4
How many chambers does the heart have?
4
How many hollow chambers is the heart divided into?
2.5 billion
How many times does the heart contract in an average lifetime?
7,000 liters
How much blood does the heart pump through the body each day?
Oxygenated
In order for the heart to supply blood to body tissues, myocardial cells require a constant supply of freshly ? blood
Pulmonary and Systemic
List the 2 circuits the cardiovascular system is comprised of:
-Outer Epicardium -Middle Myocardium -Inner Endocardium
List the 3 distinct layers the walls of the heart are composed of:
-Atria (Upper Chambers) -Ventricles (Lower Chambers)
List the chambers of the heart:
Right and Left Coronary Arteries
List the first 2 branches of the aorta:
Dense
Rings of ? connective tissue surround the pulmonary trunk and aorta at their proximal ends
Friction
Serous fluid within the pericardial membranes reduce ? as the heart moves within them
Chordae Tendineae
Strong fibrous strings called ? attach to the cusps of the tricuspid valve on the ventricular side
Myocardium
The ? consists mostly of cardiac muscle tissue that pumps blood out of the heart chambers
Endocardium
The ? consists of epithelium and connective tissue that contains many elastic and collagenous fibers
Pericardial Cavity
The ? contains a small volume of serous fluid
Epicardium
The ? corresponds to the visceral pericardium and it protects the heart by reducing friction
Coronary Sinus
The ? drains blood into the right atrium from the myocardium of the heart itself
Coronary Sinus
The ? empties into the right atrium
Pericardium
The ? encloses the heart and the proximal ends of the large blood vessels to which it attaches
Parietal Pericardium
The ? forms the inner lining of the fibrous pericardium
Atria
The ? has thin walls and receive blood returning to the heart
Heart
The ? is a hollow, cone-shaped, muscular pump
Endocardium
The ? is the inner layer of the walls of the heart
Myocardium
The ? is the thick, middle layer of the walls of the heart
Aortic Valve
The ? opens and allows blood to leave the left ventricle as it contracts
Mitral Valve
The ? prevents blood from flowing back into the left atrium from the ventricle
Ventricles
The ? receive blood from the atria and contract to force blood out of the heart into the arteries
Left Atrium
The ? receives blood from the lungs through 4 pulmonary veins- 2 from the right lung and 2 from the left lung
Atrial Systole, Ventricular Distole
The action of the heart chambers are regulated so that the atria contracts, which is known as ? and while the ventricles relax, which is known as ?
Arterioles
The arteries connect to smaller-diameter vessels called ?
3
The base of the pulmonary trunk is a pulmonary valve with ? cusps
Purkinjie Fibers
The endocardium contains blood vessels and some specialized cardiac muscle fibers called ?
Dense
The fibrous pericardium is a ? connective tissue
Skeleton
The fibrous rings, together with other masses of dense connective tissue in the portion of the septum between the ventricles (interventricular septum), constitute the "?" of the heart
Coordinated
The heart chambers function in a ? fashion
Ventricle
The heart has 2 ? chambers on the bottom
Atria
The heart has 2 ? chambers on the top
Vertebral Column, Sternum
The heart is located posteriorly by the ? and anteriorly by the ?
Body Tissues
The heart must beat continually to supply blood to ?
Downward
The heart's distal end extends ? and to the left, terminating as a bluntly pointed apex at the level of the 5th intercostal space
Body Size
The heart's size varies with ?
Visceral Pericardium (Epicardium)
The innermost layer of the sac, the ? (?), covers the heart
Heart
The left and right coronary arteries supply blood to the tissues of the ?
Lungs
The left and right pulmonary arteries lead to the ?
Mitral Valve
The left atrium contracts and blood moves through the ? and into the chamber of the left ventricle
Atrioventricular Valves
The mitral and tricuspid valves are called ? because they are between the atria and ventricles
Arteries
The muscular pump forces blood through the ?
Pulmonary Trunk
The only exit for blood is through the ?
Aortic Valve
The openings of the left and right coronary arteries lie just beyond the ?
Fibrous Pericardium
The pericardium consists of an outer bag known as the ?
Semilunar
The pulmonary and aortic valves are called "?" because of the half-moon shapes of their cusps
Deoxygenated, Carbon Dioxide
The pulmonary circuit sends oxygen depleted (?) blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen and unload ?
Superior and Inferior Vena Cava
The right atrium receives blood from 2 large veins- the ? and the ?
Thinner
The right ventricle has a ? muscular wall than the left ventricle
Heart Vales and Muscle FIbers
The rings of the heart provide firm attachments for the ? and for ?
Cardiac Cycle
The series of events that occurs during heart actions constitutes a complete heartbeat, or the ?
Oxygenated, Wastes
The systemic circuit sends oxygen-rich (?) blood and nutrients to all body cells and removes ?
To
Veins carry blood ? the heart
Coronary Sinus
Veins join an enlarged vein on the heart's posterior surface known as the ?
The site of nutrient, electrolyte, gas, and waste exchange
What are capillaries?
Circulatory System
What do the structures of the heart (the pump and its vessels) form?
Veins
What does deoxygenated blood pass through?
Arteries
What does oxygenated blood pass through?
Mediastinum
What does the heart lie within?
-Lies within the thoracic cavity -Rests on the diaphragm
What does the heart lie within? What does the heart rest on?
Left and Right Pulmonary Arteries
What does the pulmonary trunk divide into?
Allows blood to leave the right ventricle and prevents backflow into the ventricular chamber
What does the pulmonary valve with 3 cusps allow?
Pressure within the heart chambers rises and falls; these changes open and close the valves
What happens during the cardiac cycle?
Vibrations in the heart tissues associated with the closing of the valves
What is the cause of the sounds a heartbeat makes through a stethoscope?
Papillary Muscles and Chordae Tendineae
What prevents the mitral valve from swinging back into the left atrium during ventricular contraction
Tissues would lack a supply of oxygen and nutrients and wastes would accumulate
What would happen with no circulation in the body?
When the ventricle contracts
When do the papillary muscles contract?
During Ventricular Contraction when the A-V valves close
When does the first part of a heart sound (lubb) occur?
During Ventricular Relaxation when the pulmonary and aortic valves are closing
When does the second part of a heart sound (dupp) occur?
30%
When the atria contracts, the remaining ?% of returning blood is pushed into the ventricles
Mitral Valve, Aorta
When the left ventricle contracts, the ? closes passively and the only exit is through a large artery known as the ?
Aorta
When the left ventricular wall contracts, the mitral valve closes and blood moves through the aortic valve and into the ? and its branches
Tricuspid Valve
When the muscular wall of the right ventricle contracts, the blood inside its chamber is put under increasing pressure, and the ? closes passively
Low
When the pressure in the ventricles is ?, early in diastole, the pressure difference between the atria and ventricles causes the A-V valves to open and the ventricles to fill
Pulmonary Valve
When the right ventricular contracts, the ? closes and blood moves through the ? and into the pulmonary trunk and its branches (pulmonary arteries)
A-V
When the ventricles contract during the cardiac cycle, ventricular pressure rises sharply, and as soon as the ventricular pressure exceeds the atrial pressure, the ? valves closes
Chordae Tendineae
When ventricular pressure occurs during the cardiac cycle, at the same time the papillary muscles contract and pull on the ?
Atrial and Ventricular Walls
Where are the 2 structures of mass merging cells, also known as a functional synctium, located in the heart?
Second
Which rib does the base of the heart, which attaches to several large blood vessels, lie beneath?
Left Ventricle
Which ventricle must force blood to all other parts of the body against a much greater resistance flow?
Atrial and Ventricular Synctium
Within the cardiac muscle fibers, the ? and ? are connected by fibers of the cardiac conduction system
