Biology II Test 2

probably evolved from one single ancestral species from the mainland.

Charles Darwin concluded that the 13 species of finches on the Galapagos islands:

I, IV, II, III

Determine the correct sequence of events for the production of a human protein in a bacterium. I. Target gene is inserted into a plasmid II. Bacterium replicates in a fermenter III. Bacteria produces target protein IV. Modified plasmid is inserted into bacterium

True

Determine whether the following statement is true or false and why. "Variation caused by the environment is not heritable, so it is not subject to natural selection."

They no longer have a purpose but indicate whales evolved from 4 legged animals.

Whales have small, shrunken hip bones that do not connect to an actual leg or appendage sticking out of the body. What is the purpose of these hip bones?

Two light and two heavy polypeptide chains.

What are antibodies composed of?

Introduce new DNA during Gene Therapy.

What are blood transfusions NOT used for?

Bacteria that have become resistant to antibiotics.

What are superbugs?

They are the result of Common Ancestry.

What conclusion did Darwin reach after carefully observing the similarities between different species?

Sticky ends

What does a restriction enzyme create that allows a gene to bond to a plasmid?

Measures the electrical activity of a heart by measuring the current in the skin above it.

What does an Electrocardiogram do?

His observations during his voyage around the world.

What event gave Darwin the idea for his theory of Evolution?

Mammals

What form of life first appears in the fossil record 175 million years ago?

The Church

What group was outraged, first at the Heliocentric model (Earth revolves around the sun) and then at Darwin's Theory of Evolution?

Methicillin Resistant Staphyloccocus aureus

What is MRSA?

To diagnose problems with the heart.

What is an Electrocardiogram used for?

Natural selection

What is the mechanism by which evolution occurs?

To make them produce a specific protein or other product that can be used by humans.

What is the purpose of inserting a target gene into bacteria?

Restriction enzymes

What is used to isolate and cut the target gene during genetic engineering?

Age of the Earth

What knowledge did Darwin's theory need in order to be tested, which he didn't have at the time?

All of these

What might an elevated ST segment of an ECG mean?

Breeding for specific traits

What process is similar in function to genetic engineering but different in the mechanism it uses?

A bacterial plasmid with a target gene inside it.

Which of the following best describes Recombinant DNA?

Intelligent Design

Which of the following is NOT a Scientific Theory?

Bloodletting

Which of the following is NOT a commonly used medical technology today?

Selective pressure

Which of the following is NOT a component of Natural Selection?

Loss of a limb from an accident.

Which of the following is NOT an example of a component of Natural Selection?

Surgery

Which of the following is NOT an example of a selection pressure?

Caterpillar entering a chrysalis and turning into a butterfly.

Which of the following is NOT an example of evolution?

All organisms have Pentalipid membranes surrounding them.

Which of the following is NOT molecular evidence that supports the theory that all life evolved from a single common ancestor?

It can be injected by a virus.

Which of the following is a way that new DNA can be introduced to bacteria?

Altering the DNA of yeast to create vaccines.

Which of the following is an example of Genetic Engineering?

Plants colonizing inland areas after developing vascular systems that can hold and transport water.

Which of the following is an example of evolution?

At the beginning of the fossil record, there are only bacteria, no other organisms. Then multi-celled organisms appear. As you move forward in time, more complex fossils are found.

Which of the following is an example of how the fossil record is evidence for evolution?

Enhancing the effectiveness of the new DNA by spreading it to other plants

Which of the following is not a benefit of Genetic Engineering?

Ultraviolet radiation levels

Which of the following is not a variable that Bioreactors control to produce large amounts of microbes?

Gene for human antibodies being introduced to goats.

Which of the following situations involves Transgenics?

Using yeast to convert sugar into alcohol

Which of the following situations is not genetic engineering?

Polyclonal antibodies are part of the natural immune response; monoclonal antibodies are clones of plasma cells used for medical research.

Which of the following statements are true about antibodies?

None of these.

Which of the following statements is true about Charles Darwin?

It is a transitional fossil that shows how fish evolved into amphibians and reptiles

Which of the following statements is true about Tiktaalik?

DNA

Which of the following was NOT a type of evidence Darwin had available in his time?

All of these

Which of the following would be an ancient treatment for illness?

Variable regions

Which part of an antibody recognizes and binds antigens?

O type

Which type of blood can be donated to anyone in a transfusion?

Disruptive selection

Which type of selection is the most likely to result in Speciation?

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

Who developed an incorrect theory for evolution in the late 1700's before Darwin improved on it?

Hippocrates

Who developed the theory that diseases only have natural causes?

Bacteria make proteins differently than mammals, and cannot make certain human proteins.

Why are genetically engineered mammalian cells sometimes needed to produce certain proteins instead of genetically engineered bacteria?

Because if they don't take all of them, drug resistant strains of Tuberculosis will evolve much faster.

Why are health care workers paid to make sure patients take every pill for Tuberculosis, even after they stop showing symptoms?

Different blood types have different antigens that will be attacked by someone with antibodies against that blood type.

Why do doctors have to check what blood type a person has before receiving a transfusion?

The pathogens it contains are dead or weakened.

Why will you NOT get sick from a vaccine?

The modified crops could make people very sick.

You are part of a research group that is attempting to improve on the beneficial genetic modification of golden rice, to further reduce global hunger issues. Which of the following difficulties will you NOT encounter?

Allergic reactions to the rice from people who were previously unaffected.

You are part of a research group that is attempting to improve on the beneficial genetic modification of golden rice, to further reduce global hunger issues. Which of the following difficulties will you likely encounter?

Rice crops that can also be put in fermenters to produce useable proteins

You are part of a research group that is attempting to improve on the beneficial genetic modification of golden rice, to further reduce global hunger issues. Which of the following is NOT a benefit you would see?

97%

______ % of scientists accept the Theory of Evolution?

Homo erectus

______________ was a human ancestor that lived between 1-2 million years ago.

Unbalanced humors

Hundreds of years ago, which of the following did doctors believe was a major cause of disease?

Hepatitus B vaccine

If a scientist isolates genes for Hepatitus B antigens from a Hepatitus virus, then inserts them into a bacterial plasmid and replicates the bacteria in a fermenter, what product will be collected?

Influenza evolves very quickly and its antigens mutate so that your memory cells from the last vaccine won't recognize it.

If a vaccine protects you for most of your life against a particular pathogen, why do you need a new flu shot every year?

Alfred Wallace

In addition to Charles Darwin, who also proposed a theory of Evolution prompting Darwin to publish his Origin of Species?

Natural selection

Survival of the fittest refers to __________

Artificial selection

A farmer decides to try to increase his profits by mating his two goats that produce the most milk together. The farmer's descendants continue the process and over 400 years the family produces goats that make more milk than any in the country. Eventually the goats change enough that they are designated a new species. This is an example of:

Stabilizing selection

A population of Blue Jays originally lays between 1 and 10 eggs at a time. As the environment changes, more predators arrive, and eat the eggs. Mothers with only a few eggs lose all of them and do not reproduce successfully. At the same time, there is a scarcity of worms, and mothers that lay 10 eggs cannot feed all of them. After a few generations the majority of Blue Jays lays 4-6 eggs only. What type of selection has occurred?

Directional selection

A population of finches experiences a drought where all of the normal food types disappear leaving only ant hills that certain finches with thin beaks can access. Over time, almost all of the population has a similar long sharp beak. This is an example of:

Transgenics

A research group is looking for a way to use spider silk, valued for its high tensile strength, to make extremely strong ropes, but spiders only produce small amounts of silk. They have isolated the gene and have inserted it into cows to produce the silk protein in their milk where the scientists can collect it in large quantities. What is this process called?

Bacteriophage

A scientist is attempting to produce a large quantity of Insulin. In order to transfer the gene for Insulin production into the bacteria that will be making it, the scientist should use a(n) ___________.

Putting the bacterium into a fermenter.

A scientist successfully creates a bacterium with a recombinant plasmid for producing Insulin; however, one bacterium can only create a tiny amount of Insulin. What process should be used next?

Punctuated equilibrium

A species of alligator remains unchanged for 100 million years, then suddenly an ice age forces them to adapt to colder temperatures producing a sudden burst of evolution. What is this an example of?

A small amount of dead or weakened pathogens used to stimulate the production of antibodies and memory cells.

A vaccine is:

A and B antigens

AB blood type contains what type of antigens?

He collected evidence for his theory for 8 years.

After Darwin completed his voyage on the HMS Beagle, what did he do before publishing his Origin of Species?

Artificial selection

All of the different dog breeds we see today were developed through ___________.

False, it should read "There is an unbroken line, going from you, to your ancestors, back billions of years to the first life to exist on Earth."

Determine whether the statement is true or false and why. "There is an unbroken line, going from you, to your ancestors, back billions of years to the first person to exist on Earth."

True

Determine whether the statement is true or false and why. "We have discovered a series of humanoid fossils that are similar to humans, but not human. Each of these humanoid species dates to a different period in time becoming more human-like the closer to the present they are, showing a clear evolution into humans."

False, it should read "Plasma cells are fused with cancerous myeloma cells to produce immortal hybridoma cells that produce a single type of antibody indefinitely."

Determine whether the statement is true or false, and why. "Plasma cells are fused with cancerous myeloma cells to produce immortal hybridoma cells that produce multiple types of antibodies indefinitely."

MMR vaccines can cause Autism.

Determine which of the following statements is false.

Gradualism

Discovery of a series of fossils of human-like skulls, all slightly different from each other and from us, dating from throughout the past 4 million years indicates what process?

They bond to the Recognition site.

During genetic engineering, how do Restriction enzymes know what base pairs to act on?

To bond the target gene to the plasmid with covalent bonds .

During genetic engineering, what is the function of a Ligase enzyme?

changing the DNA of a living thing to change its characteristics.

Genetic engineering is best described as:

Genetically engineered mammalian cells

Herceptin cancer fighting antibodies cannot be produced through genetic engineering of bacteria. What is used instead to accomplish this?

their environment changed from forest to grassland as the forests shrank.

Horses evolved teeth with a cement covering and evolved from multiple toes to a single hoof because:

As pollution increased, rare dark colored moths were selected to survive and became common, while abundant light colored moths were selected against and started to disappear.

How are the peppered moths of 19th century England, during the Industrial Revolution, proof of evolution?

They can be given bacterial DNA to produce a toxin that only works on bugs and other pests.

How can plant crops be modified so that they do not need to be sprayed with pesticides that are also harmful to humans like normal crops are?

It causes memory cells to be generated so that next time the pathogen is encountered the immune response is very fast, killing the pathogen before it can do any harm.

How do vaccines work if the pathogen in them is dead?

Mercury was used to treat many illnesses long ago, and after being deemed unsafe by modern doctors it is no longer used.

Mercury is the only metal to be a liquid at room temperature. Which of the following statements about it is true?

All of these

Natural variation is important to the mechanism of Natural Selection. Which of the following is an example of a cause of natural variation?

A and B antibodies

O type blood contains what type of antibodies?

No antigens

O type blood contains what type of antigens?

There is no coordinated contraction of the heart, death is possible in minutes.

On an ECG, what does Ventricular Fibrillation mean?

V, II, III, IV, I

Put the following fossils into the correct order, from oldest to most recent, based on when evidence of their evolution first appears in the fossil record. I. Humans II. Trilobites III. Winged insects IV. Dinosaura V. Bacteria

III, II, IV, I

Put the main steps of genetic engineering in the correct order. I. Replicate the new organism II. Isolate the genes from the specialist cell III. Select the desired trait IV. Insert the genes into the target organism

Development of a new species

Speciation is best defined as:

share a common ancestor.

Species with homologous structures most likely:

Different types of food, to avoid competition.

The beaks of the Galapagos finches that Darwin observed evolved into multiple shapes, and each is adapted for what?

The remains of organisms that lived millions of years ago

The best definition for a fossil is:

An idea must be tested and supported by evidence before it can become a Scientific Theory.

The difference between a theory and a Scientific Theory is that:

Vestigial structure

The human appendix is an example of a(n) ___________.

adaptation

The opposable thumb is a trait that connects us to other primates; allowing us to grab and use tools and increasing chances for survival. This means it is a(n) __________.

Analogous structures

The wings of birds, bats, and pterosaurs are examples of ____________.