Biology L09 Labs
In glycolysis, a major portion of the energy remains in the final product, which is called _______.
Pyruvate
In the process of glycolysis, glucose is cleaved into a pair of three-carbon ________ molecules.
Pyruvate
The end product of glycolysis is
Pyruvate
What is the hydrogen acceptor in lactate fermentation?
Pyruvate
_________________ is the end product of glycolysis and is the starting material for the Krebs cycle.
Pyruvate
Which enzymes are involved in alcoholic fermentation?
Pyruvate decarboxylase, ethanol dehydrogenase
Flattened sacs of internal membranes associated with photosynthesis are called
Thylakoids
My Strategy
To determine the amount of cellular respiration, I will measure the volume of oxygen consumed.
My Strategy
To determine the rate of fermentation, I will measure the height of the CO2 bubble produced.
My Method
Yeast and one sugar in each test tube plus a distilled water control.
Is carbon dioxide produced in alcoholic fermentation?
Yes
The dark reactions of photosynthesis are those that
convert CO2 into reduced molecules (sugars).
Most eukaryotic cells go through a repeating process of growth and division referred to as the cell ______.
cycle
Electrons generated from the Krebs cycle go next to the
Electron transport chain.
How is NADH reoxidized in eukaryote cells?
- Fungi, such as yeast, use ethanol (alcohol) fermentation (plant cells, such as root cells under water logged conditions, can also use this pathway) - Animals use lactate fermentation.
Describe lactate fermentation
- reduced NAD must be reoxidised to NAD⁺- pyruvate is the hydrogen acceptor- it accepts hydrogens from the reduced NAD- NAD is now reoxidised and is available to accept more hydrogen atoms from glucose.- glycolysis can continue, generating enough ATP to sustain muscle contraction- the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase catalyses the oxidation of reduced NAD, together with the reduction of pyruvate to lactate.
Glucose
A monosaccharide
The stage of mitosis characterized by the physical separation of sister chromatids is called __________.
Anaphase
The cyclic carbon fixation reactions are also known as the
Calvin Cycle
How many net ATP are made in glycolysis?
2
During glycolysis, __________ molecules of ATP are used, and _____________ molecules of ATP are made.
2, 4
Choose all of the statements about redox reactions that are correct. 1. When a compound serves as an electron acceptor, it is oxidized.2. The electron donor in a redox reaction is reduced during the reaction.3. In biological redox reactions, hydrogens are often involved in the transfer process.4. A single molecule may serve as an electron acceptor first, and then as an electron donor.5. Electron donors are oxidized during redox reactions.
1. In biological redox reactions, hydrogens are often involved in the transfer process.2. A single molecule may serve as an electron acceptor first, and then as an electron donor.3. Electron donors are oxidized during redox reactions.
Select all of the statements that are true of fermentation .1. It does not require O2.2. It uses glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and an electron transport system.3. Two ATP are produced (per molecule of glucose).4. No NADH is produced.5. The final electron acceptor is an organic molecule, usually pyruvic acid or a derivative.6. Different fermentation pathways can produce ethanol, CO2, lactic acid, or other organic acids.7. It is only done by yeast.
1. It does not require O2.2. Two ATP are produced (per molecule of glucose).3. The final electron acceptor is an organic molecule, usually pyruvic acid or a derivative.4. Different fermentation pathways can produce ethanol, CO2, lactic acid, or other organic acids.
What concentration of ethanol kills yeast?
15%
A gram of fatty acid can yield how many more times the energy as one gram of glucose? A. 6B. 5C. 4D. 3E. 2
2
Diploid organisms use meiosis for the development of gametes. Meiosis consists of how many rounds of nuclear division?
2
How many molecules of ATP are produced per molecule of glucose during anaerobic respiration?
2
In all three stages of aerobic respiration, up to______________ molecules of ATP may be produced from a single molecule of glucose.
38
In bacterial cells, when glucose is completely oxidized by all the pathways of aerobic cellular respiration, what is the maximum number of ATP generated?1. 22. 33. 244. 365. 38
38
In the human, the body cells (non-sex cells) contain two sets of chromosomes totaling
46
How many revolutions of the Calvin cycle are required to produce the sugar glucose?
6
Which best represents the overall equation for photosynthesis? 6 CO2 + 12 H2O + Light energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O12 H2O + Light energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 CO2 + 6 H2OC6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 12 H2O + Light energy → 6 CO2 + 12 H2O6 CO2 + Light energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O6 CO2 + 12 H2O + Light energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2
6 CO2 + 12 H2O + Light energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O
Starch
A polysaccharide
Polysaccharide
A carbohydrate made up of hundreds to thousands of sugar molecules linked together. Cellulose, glycogen, and starch are polysaccharides.
Disaccharide
A carbohydrate made up of two sugar molecules linked together. Maltose and sucrose (table sugar) are disaccharides.
Sucrose
A disaccharide
During the soybean experiment the nongerminating soybeans consumed around 0.02 mL/min of oxygen. What does this tell you about the cellular respiration of the nongerminating soybeans?
A little cellular respiration was taking place but not enough for growth.
Fructose
A monosaccharide
maternal and paternal pairssingle strands of chromatinnumbered in a karyotype a) Homologous chromosomesb) sister chromatids
A) Homologous chromosomes
Why are glass beads used in tube 3? (Select all that apply.)
A. Because volume is being measured, each tube should start the same. B. To compare tubes 1 and 2, we have to ensure they are the same.
When substrate-level phosphorylation occurs, it means that A. NAD is converted into NADH.B. ATP is converted into ADP + a phosphate group.C. ADP is converted into ATP by addition of a phosphate group.D. cAMP is converted into ADP by adding a phosphate group.E. NADH is converted into NAD + H.
ADP is converted into ATP by addition of a phosphate group.
When substrate level phosphorylation occurs it means that
ADP is converted into ATP by the transfer of a phosphate group.
A molecule that stores energy by linking charged phosphate groups near each other is called
ATP
Cells use _____to power most cellular activities that require work
ATP
Chief energy currency of cells; formed by chemiosmosis. A. ATPB. FADC. G3PD. NAD+E. acetyl-CoA
ATP
The decarboxylation of pyruvate produces all of the following except a) NADHb) acetyl-CoAc) CO2d) ATP
ATP
ATP is synthesized by _______ in oxidative phosphorylation
ATP Synthase
What products of light reactions of photosynthesis are used in the Calvin cycle?
ATP and NADPH
Since membranes are relatively impermeable to ions, most of the protons re-enter the matrix by passing through special channels in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Because of the inward flow of protons these channels allow the synthesis of A. ADP from ATP and Pi.B. ATP from ADP and Pi.C. glucose from pyruvate.D. acetyl-CoA from pyruvate.E. citrate from oxaloacetate and acetyl-CoA.
ATP from ADP and Pi.
Which is true about glycolysis?
ATP is required
During the Krebs cycle, energy is captured in molecules of___________, ____________, and FADH2.
ATP, NADH
Under what environmental conditions do yeast carry out fermentation?
Absence of oxygen
Which best explains the role of plant pigments in photosynthesis?
Absorb light energy
Each pigment molecule has a characteristic ________ spectrum
Absorption
Pyruvate oxidation; carrier of acetyl groups. A. ATPB. FADC. G3PD. NAD+E. acetyl-CoA
Acetyl-CoA
Which of the following molecules does not cross the inner membrane of the mitochondria? A. ATPB. acetyl-CoAC. pyruvateD. oxygen
Acetyl-CoA
_______ is the molecule that enters the Krebs cycle.
Acetyl-CoA
Short Answer: Describe ATP synthase and its role.
Acts as a protein channel, helping the hydrogen ions cross the membrane.
Glucose is broken down to carbon dioxide and water in organisms which breathe air in a process called ________ respiration.anaerobic
Aerobic
Under which conditions is the rate of growth of yeast fastest?
Aerobic conditions
Although both aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration utilize glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and an electron transport system, ______ respiration uses O2 as the final electron acceptor at the end of the electron transport system, whereas ______ respiration uses an inorganic molecule other than O2 as the final electron acceptor.1. aerobic; anaerobic2. fermentative; aerobic3. aerobic; fermentative4. anaerobic; aerobic
Aerobic, anaerobic
In the absence of oxygen, what cellular respiration pathways can occur after glycolysis? (Check all that apply)
Alcohol fermentation, Lactate fermentation
The main products of yeast fermentation are (Check all that apply)
Alcohol, CO2, and NAD-
Chlorophyll b absorbs green wavelengths of light that chlorophyll a cannot absorb. In this respect, chlorophyll b acts as
An accessory pigment
Reactions that use energy and synthesize building blocks into macromolecules are part of _______, whereas ______ refers to cellular reactions that break larger molecules into smaller molecules and release energy.1. amphibolism; catabolism2. anabolism; catabolism3. catabolism; anabolism4. anabolism; amphibolism
Anabolism; catabolism
Cellular respiration in the absence of oxygen is called _________ respiration.
Anaerobic
What type of cell respiration occurs when an organic molecule accepts hydrogen atoms? A. aerobic respirationB. anaerobic respirationC. fermentationD. catabolismE. digestion
Anaerobic respiration
Which is incorrect about anaerobic respiration?
Anaerobic respiration consumes a small amount of oxygen.
Microtubules become shorter, pulling chromatids to the ends of the spindle, during
Anaphase
replica of single chromosomes attached by kinetochores possess cohesion proteins formed during mitosis separated during mitosis a) homologous chromosomes b) sister chromatids
B) Sister chromatids
Germinating
Beginning to grow
In oxidation respiration, energy is harvested from glucose molecules in a sequence of four major pathways. Which of the following is not one of these four pathways? a) Krebs cycleb) glycolysisc) electron transfer through the transport chaind) beta oxidatione) pyruvate oxidation
Beta Oxidation
When trying to determine the rate of cellular respiration (an aerobic process), why is oxygen measured and not carbon dioxide?
CO2 is produced during both aerobic and anaerobic processes; we couldn't be sure cellular respiration was taking place.
What is produced when wine is made?
CO2, ATP and ethyl alcohol
Which of the following is(are) products of the Krebs cycle?
CO2, ATP, NADH, FADH2
Most plants incorporate carbon dioxide into sugars by means of a cycle of reactions called the
Calvin Cycle
Which of the following is not part of the light-dependent reactions?a) primary photoeventb) charge separationc) Calvin cycled) electron transporte) chemiosmosis
Calvin Cycle
Carbon atoms of CO2 are incorporated into organic molecules in a series of dark reactions called
Carbon Fixation.
In bacterial cells, the electron transport system is located in the ______.1. cell membrane2. mitochondria3. chloroplasts4. ribosomes5. cytoplasm
Cell membrane
_________ releases the energy in glucose to make ATP.
Cellular Respiration
My Hypothesis
Cellular respiration is higher in nongerminating soybeans than in germinating soybeans.
Each chromosome has a ____________, a point of constriction containing certain repeated DNA sequences that bind specific proteins.
Centromere
The point of connection between the two sister chromatids before anaphase of mitosis separates them is called the
Centromere
Fall leaf color on deciduous trees is a result of
Cessation of chlorophyll production, which allows the accessory pigments to be revealed.
The general process whereby protons accumulate on one side of a membrane and can flow back across the membrane through ATP synthase resulting in ATP production is called ________________.
Chemiosmosis
A difference in H+ concentration on the two sides of the mitochondrial membrane
Chemiosmotic generation of ATP is driven by
Because the chemical formation of ATP is driven by a diffusion force similar to osmosis, this process is referred to as __________.
Chemiosmsis
Evidence of crossing over can often be seen under the light microscope as a structure known as a _______.
Chiasma
In eukaryotes, photosynthesis takes place inside the ________.
Chloroplasts
Most electron carriers are ______.1. coenzymes2. enzymes3. hydrogen4. inorganic phosphate
Coenzymes
When an inhibitor mimics the substrate and occupies the active site of the enzyme, this is referred to as ______ inhibition.1. competitive2. noncompetitive3. reference4. allosteric
Competitive
Sulfa drugs like Bactrim, given for bacterial infections, inhibit bacteria by blocking folic acid synthesis. The precursor molecule of folic acid is para-amino benzoic acid (PABA). Interestingly, PABA has a structure very similar to a sulfa drug. If a sulfa drug is present, the bacterial enzyme will bind the sulfa drug because of structural similarity. This is an example of ______.1. enzyme induction2. enzyme repression3. noncompetitive inhibition4. competitive inhibition5. catabolite repression
Competitive inhibition
Prophase is the first stage of mitosis characterized by the _________ of the chromosomes.
Condensation
Enzymes which are always present in a cell in relatively constant amounts
Constitutive enzyme
Chromosomes exchange genetic information by
Crossing Over
Metabolic pathways that regenerate their starting molecule are called _____ pathways.1. linear2. bidirectional3. convergent4. cyclic5. divergent
Cyclic
The progress of mitosis is regulated by ______ and their dependent kinases.
Cyclins
Its is during ___ when the cytoplasm divides
Cytokinesis
The physical distribution of cytoplasmic material into the two daughter cells is called
Cytokinesis.
The enzymes catalyzing the reactions of glycolysis are found in the
Cytoplasm
The first stage of cellular respiration takes place in the ___________ of a cell.
Cytoplasm
In eukaryotes, the glycolytic reactions take place in the
Cytoplasm of the cell
Glycolysis takes place in the ____________, and the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain take place in the __________.
Cytoplasm; Mitochondria
Unlike meiosis I, there is no doubling of ______ before the start of meiosis II.
DNA
Even though the Calvin cycle reactions require the products of the light reactions, its reactions can occur in the _______.
Dark
For further derivation of energy, aerobic cells must convert pyruvate into acetyl-CoA by stripping off a C02 molecule. This process is known as __________.
Decarboxylation
The return of the protons into the mitochondrial matrix through mitochondrial membrane channels occurs by the process of ________.
Diffusion
Sexual reproduction is significant in increasing genetic _____.
Diversity
Most of the ATP is produced in the stage _________ of cellular respiration.
Electron Transport Chain
Which stage of cell respiration makes the majority of ATP?
Electron transport chain
During which phase of cellular respiration is the majority of ATP formed?1. Electron transport system2. The Krebs cycle3. Glycolysis4. Processing of pyruvic acid for the Krebs cycle5. All phases produce the same number of ATP molecules.
Electron transport system
H2O provides ____ for the light dependent reactions Absorb light energy
Electrons
NADH and FADH2 donate ______ at diffrent points in the ETC
Electrons
ATP is most often used to drive an ________ reaction
Endergonic
Enzymes which function inside a cell
Endoenzyme
The light dependent reactions involve a series of ___ conversions
Energy
What is the hydrogen acceptor in alcoholic fermentation?
Ethanol
What are the end products of alcoholic fermentation?
Ethanol and Carbon Dioxide
Which are true statements about anaerobic respiration? Check all that apply.
Ethanol may be produced
ATP synthesis is driven by _______reactions
Exergonic
Enzymes which are secreted and function outside a cell
Exoenzyme
Coenzyme electron carrier; associated with Krebs cycle only. A. ATP B. FAD C. G3PD. NAD+ E. acetyl-CoA
FAD
The coenzyme electron carriers produced in the Krebs cycle areA. ATP and ADP.B. pyruvate and acetyl-CoA.C. FADH2 and NADH.D. NAD and NADH.E. NADH and ATP.
FADH2 and NADH
Cellular respiration involves the dismantling of food molecules to obtain oxygen.(True/False?)
FALSE
During anaerobic respiration, ATP is produced exclusively by glycolysis.
FALSE
In ethanol fermentation, pyruvate is reduced directly and the product is lactate.
FALSE
Oxygen is a product of the electron transport chain.
FALSE
True or False: Cellular respiration begins with the absorption of sunlight by the mitochondria photosystems.
FALSE
True or False: Like photosynthesis, cellular respiration begins with an electron transport chain.
FALSE. It starts with glycolysis.
True or False: Oxygen is the final electron acceptor during anaerobic respiration.
FALSE. It's aerobic respiration not anaerobic respiration.
True or False: Just like the chloroplast, the stroma separates the inner and outer membrane of the mitochondria.
FALSE. There is no stroma in the mitochondria.
When ATP levels are high, oxidative pathways are inhibited, so acetyl-CoA is channeled into A. fatty acid synthesis.B. pyruvate formation.C. the Krebs cycle.D. the electron transport system.E. NAD production.
Fatty Acid Synthesis
Beta oxidation of these molecules converts them into acetyl-CoA, which can then enter the Krebs cycle for energy derivation. These are A. fatty acids.B. amino acids.C. ATP.D. nucleic acids.E. sugars.
Fatty Acids
In the absence of oxygen, hydrogen atoms generated by glycolysis are donated to organic molecules in a process called
Fermentation
What type of cell respiration occurs when an organic molecule accepts hydrogen atoms?
Fermentation
In life cycles that alternate between haploid and diploid stages, acts to double the number of chromosome per cell from one set to two sets
Fertilization
Bacteria divide by binary _______, in which the cell divides into two nearly equal halves.
Fission
Plant cells typically achieve cytokinesis by
Forming a cell plate across the middle of the cell.
Animal cells typically achieve cytokinesis by
Forming a cleavage furrow that pinches the cell into two.
Glucose and fructose are both monosaccharides. During the yeast fermentation lab, why did glucose show a higher rate of fermentation than fructose?
Fructose had to be converted into glucose before the yeast could use it for fermentation.
The resting phase of the cell cycle is called
G0
The primary growth phase of a cell is
G1
Which of the following sequence of cell-cycle phases is characteristic of eukaryotes?
G1 to S to G2 to M to C
The ___ fills the gap between DNA synthesis and the beginning of mitosis
G2
Intermediate in glycolysis; finally oxidized to pyruvate. A. ATPB. FADC. G3PD. NAD+E. acetyl-CoA
G3P
All of the following animal cells are diploid except
Gametes
In animals, the cells that will eventually undergo meiosis to produce gametes are set aside early in the development. These are
Germline
My Hypothesis
Glucose > sucrose > fructose > starch > water
A process common to all living organisms, aerobic and anaerobic, is
Glycolysis
The first stage of cellular respiration, ____________, occurs with or without oxygen present.
Glycolysis
The first stage of cellular respiration, and the oldest in terms of evolution is
Glycolysis
The first stage of cellular respiration, called ___________, takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell and needs no oxygen.
Glycolysis
Which stage in cellular respiration evolved first?
Glycolysis
Select the correct sequence concerning glucose catabolism.
Glycolysis - pyruvate - acetyl - CoA - Krebs cycle - electron transport chain
If you were an anaerobic bacterium and needed to harvest energy, which of the following would be your best option? A. glycolysis and fermentationB. fermentation and cellular respirationC. Krebs cycle and fermentationD. fermentation only
Glycolysis and Fermentation
How do the products of glycolysis and the Krebs cycle relate to the electron transport chain?
Glycolysis and the Krebs cycle produce the molecules that shuttle electrons to the electron transport chain.
Substrate-level phosphorylation occurs in1. glycolysis and the electron transport chain.2. photosynthesis and glycolysis.3. glycolysis and the Krebs cycle.4. the Krebs cycle and the electron transport system.5. the electron transport system only.
Glycolysis and the Krebs cycle.
Select the correct sequence concerning glucose catabolism. A. glycolysis → Pyruvate → Acetyl CoA → Electron Transport Chain → Krebs CycleB. glycolysis → Pyruvate → Acetyl CoA → Krebs Cycle → Electron Transport ChainC. glycolysis → Acetyl CoA → Pyruvate → Electron Transport Chain → Krebs CycleD. glycolysis → Acetyl CoA → Pyruvate → Krebs Cycle → Electron Transport Chain
Glycolysis → Pyruvate → Acetyl CoA → Krebs Cycle → Electron Transport Chain
Fill In The Blank: The reactions of cellular respiration can be grouped into three stage: _____________,the _______________ cycle, and electron transport.
Glycolysis, Krebs
The stage of cellular respiration that does not require oxygen is
Glyolysis
Which of the following cell functions are maintained by cell division?
Growth and Reproduction
The oxygen utilized in cellular respiration finally shows up as A. CO2.B. ATP.C. new O2.D. H2O.E. part of a sugar.
H2O
______ cells such as gametes contain one set of chromosomes.
Haploid
If a eukaryotic cell has a single set of chromosomes, it is called
Haploid.
If an atom gains an electron in a chemical reaction, it is said that the atom:
Has been reduced
A biochemist wants to control the initial substrate-level phosphorylation that occurs in the trachealcells of grasshoppers once glucose has crossed the plasma membrane. This means that he will A. have to prevent cAMP from entering the tracheal cells.B. have to prevent pyruvate reduction from occurring.C. have to prevent glycolysis from occurring in the mitochondria.D. have to prevent glycolysis from occurring in the cytoplasm.E. have to prevent aerobic respiration in the cytoplasm.
Have to prevent glycolysis from occurring in the cytoplasm.
What happens to pyruvate, the end product of glycolysis, before it enters the Krebs cycle?
It is oxidized
________ depend on energy stored in chemical bonds by autotrophs for their food energy.
Heterotrophs
The two copies of each chromosome in body cells are called
Homologous chromosomes.
One of a pair of chromosomes with similar genetic information and from different sources like the sperm and egg.
Homologue
ATP synthase uses an electrochemical gradient of _____ to produce ATP
Hydrogen ions
As the electron transport carriers shuttle electrons, they actively pump _____ into the outer membrane compartment, setting up a concentration gradient called the proton motive force.1. ATP2. phosphate3. hydrogen ions4. oxygen5. NADH
Hydrogen ions
The energy released in the mitochondrial electron transport chain is used to transport protons into theA. matrix.B. cytoplasm.C. ER.D. inter-membrane space of mitochondria.E. enzyme complex of the Krebs cycle.
Inter-membrane space of mitochondria.
The photosynthetic electron transport causes the accumulation of protons in which part of the chloroplast?
Internal thylakoid space
_________ is the portion of the cell cycle in which the chromosomes are invisible under the light microscope because they are not yet condensed.
Interphase
All of the following pertain to glycolysis except 1. it occurs without oxygen.2. it ends with formation of pyruvic acid.3. it occurs during fermentation.4. it degrades glucose to CO2 and H2O.5. it involves reduction of NAD.
It degrades glucose to CO2 and H2O.
Why is cellular respiration important?
It generates ATP, which cells can use to do work.
Which is incorrect about fermentation?
It generates oxygen
Which is incorrect about fermentation?
It generates oxygen.
Why is distilled water used in this experiment?
It has no sugar, so it is an experimental control.
What happens to the lactate once it is produced in animals?
It is carried in the blood away from muscles, to the liver. when more oxygen is available the lactate can be converted back to pyruvate, which may then enter Krebs cycle via the link reaction, or it may be recycled to glucose and glycogen
Which of the following is not a role played by NADH in cellular respiration?
It oxidizes pyruvate.
Select the statement that accurately reflects fermentation.1. It results in the incomplete oxidation of glucose.2. It produces more ATP than aerobic respiration.3. It can only produce alcohol as a by-product.4. It rarely produces gas as a by-product.
It results in the incomplete oxidation of glucose.
Short Answer: What is the role of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration?
It's the 3rd stage in cellular respiration,in this stage NADPH and FADH2 which results from the Krebs cycle. It make ATP by ATP synthase.
The physical map of the array of chromosomes is called a(n)
Karyotype.
Most of the carbon dioxide that is made during aerobic respiration is from:
Krebs Cycle
What are the end products of lactate fermentation?
Lactate
Which of the following molecules is produced in the oxidation of NADH during fermentation?
Lactate
Which enzymes are involved in lactate fermentation?
Lactate dehydrogenase
When might lactate fermentation occur in an animal?
Lactate fermentation occurs in mammalian muscle tissue during vigorous activity when the demand for ATP (for muscle contraction) is high and there is an oxygen deficit.
In muscle cells, fermentation produces not alcohol but A. ATP.B. NADH.C. pyruvate.D. kinetic energy.E. lactic acid.
Lactic Acid
Sports physiologists at an Olympic training center wanted to monitor athletes to determine at what point their muscles were functioning anaerobically. They could do this by checking for a buildup of ________.
Lactic Acid
In muscle cells, fermentation produces not alcohol but
Lactic acid
The main products of lactate fermentation are (Check all that apply)
Lactic acid and NAD+
In the _____ reactions of photosynthesis, electron carrier molecules are reduced and ATP is synthesized.
Light
O2 is an important product of the
Light dependent reactions
Plants use the ___ to make organic molecules
Light dependent reactions
The enzymes of the Krebs cycle are located in the A. cytoplasm.B. inter-membrane space of mitochondria.C. vesicles of the ER.D. outer membrane of the mitochondria.E. matrix of the mitochondria.
Matrix of the mitochondria.
The activity of glycolysis would best be measured by which method a)Measuring the production of NAD+.b)Measuring the uptake of oxygen.c)Measuring the uptake of NADH.d)Measuring the production of pyruvate.e)Measuring the production of CO².
Measuring of the production of pyruvate
In life cycles that alternate between haploid and diploid stages, _____ acts to reduce the number of chromosomes per cell from two sets to one set
Meiosis
_______ is a process of nuclear division in which the number of chromosomes in certain cells is halved during gamete formation.
Meiosis
The chromosomes line up at the equator of the spindle during
Metaphase
__________ is the stage of mitosis characterized by the alignment of the chromosomes in a ring along the inner circumference of the cell.
Metaphase
The attachment of which molecules is critical for the proper separation of sister chromatids?
Mictrotubules
The last two stages of cellular respiration occur in the _____________.
Mitochondria
The second stage of cellular respiration takes place within the ________ of a cell.
Mitochondria
The ETC is located in the inner membrane of the
Mitochondrion
The decarboxylation step that occurs in oxidation of pyruvate takes place in the
Mitochondrion
After fertilization, the resulting zygote develops by which of the following processes?
Mitosis
All of the following are processes that promote new genetic combinations except
Mitosis
Nuclear division in eukaryotic cells is called
Mitosis
Which of the following produces identical cells?
Mitosis
the essential step in the separation of the two daughter genomes is
Mitosis
Meiosis and mitosis are both processes that involve nuclear division. What is the difference between the two?
Mitosis is nuclear division, which ultimately leads to diploid somatic cells. Meiosis is nuclear division, which ultimately leads to haploid gametes.
All of the following are the end products of glycolysis except
NAD+
All of the following are the end products of glycolysis except a) pyruvateb) ATPc) NADHd) NAD+e) energy
NAD+
Oxidized form of the most common electron carrier; needed in both glycolysis and Krebs cycle. A. ATPB. FADC. G3PD. NAD+E. acetyl-CoA
NAD+
Pyruvate undergoes oxidation when it loses electrons to:
NAD+
Regardless of the electron or hydrogen acceptor used, one of the products of fermentation is always A. ADP.B. ATP.C. NAD+.D. pyruvate.E. alcohol.
NAD+
During oxidative phosphorylation, ____ and FADH2 are oxidized to power ATP production
NADH
Which of these is an electron carrier molecule?
NADH
An electron carrier called ___ drives the light independent reactions
NADPH
The Calvin cycle is driven by ATP and _____ produced in the light reactions.
NADPH
Is carbon dioxide produced in lactate fermentation?
No
is ATP produced in alcoholic fermentation?
No
no is ATP produced in lactate fermentation?
No
Between the two divisions of meiosis there is
No S phase
Monosaccharide
One individual molecule of sugar; the building blocks of carbohydrates. Glucose and fructose are monosaccharides.
During which stage(s) of cellular respiration is CO2 produced?
Oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and Krebs cycle
Cellular Respiration
Oxidizes glucose and reduces oxygen.
During aerobic respiration the final acceptor of the hydrogen atoms is
Oxygen
During aerobic respiration the final acceptor of the hydrogen atoms is A. oxygen.B. carbon dioxide.C. water.D. glucose.E. pyruvate.
Oxygen
The final electron acceptor of the ETC is
Oxygen
________ is the final electron acceptor at the end of the electron transport chain,when water is formed.
Oxygen
What happens in respiration if there is no oxygen?
Oxygen acts as final electron acceptor in oxidative phosphorylation. If it is absent, the electron transport chain cannot function so krebs cycle and the link reaction also stop. This leaves the anaerobic process of glycolysis as the source of ATP.
The electron transport chain consists of all of the following except A. NADH dehydrogenase.B. cytochrome complex.C. oxygenase.D. cytochrome c oxidase.E. ubiquinone Q.
Oxygenase.
The electron transport chain, a series of membrane-associated electron carriers, loses most of the energy by driving several transmembraneA. proton pumps.B. electron pumps.C. Na+/K+ pumps.D. active transport pumps.E. water pumps.
Proton pumps
In substrate-level phosphorylation, ATP is formed when a _________ is transferred directly to ADP
Phosphate Group
Light consists of units of energy called
Photons
Which of the following is NOT a catabolic reaction that cells use to get energy from nutrients?
Photosynthesis
Which of the following is not a reaction that cells use to get energy from nutrients?
Photosynthesis
__________ is the process by which certain organisms capture energy from sunlight and use it to build energy-rich food molecules
Photosynthesis
Molecules that absorb light are called
Pigments
At least 90% of organisms on the earth are heterotrophs. Examples include all of the following except
Plants
Yeast cells under anaerobic conditions
Produce ethyl alcohol (ethanol).
The first stage of mitosis, when the chromosomes become visibly shorter and thicker is
Prophase
Crossing over of chromosomes takes place in
Prophase I
The majority of the meiosis I is spent in prophase I and metaphase I. After metaphase I is completed, anaphase I and telophase I quickly proceed, thus ending meiosis I. What immediately follows meiosis I?
Prophase I
The enzyme ATP synthase uses what type of gradient to phosphorylate ADP to form ATP?
Proton
During glycolysis, enzymes split a molecule of glucose into two molecules of __________.
Pyruvate
In the cyclic reaction sequence called the Krebs cycle, the following chemical events take place except a) the acetyl group is joined with a four carbon molecule, oxaloacetateb) the resulting six carbon molecule is oxidizedc) electrons generated are used to produce NADHd) pyruvate molecules are restored to the cycle
Pyruvate molecules are restored to the cycle
Which of the following is not part of the step that occurs between glycolysis and the Krebs cycle?1. Reduction of NAD+2. Coenzyme A attaches to an acetyl group3. Oxidation of pyruvic acid4. Pyruvic acid accepts electrons from NADH
Pyruvic acid accepts electrons from NADH
The two homologous chromosomes pair along their length early in the first nuclear division. During this physical joining genetic exchange occurs between them in a process called ________.
Recombination
The production of these enzymes can be turned on or off as needed
Regulated enzyme
Fermentation ______.1. requires an organic electron acceptor2. requires oxygen3. only occurs in aerobic organisms4. is equivalent to aerobic respiration in ATP production5. is the same as anaerobic respiration
Requires an organic electron acceptor
Cells release energy from molecules such as glucose in a process very similar to inhalation of air and exhalation of carbon dioxide by humans. This process is known as cellular A. oxidation.B. reduction.C. photosynthesis.D. radiation.E. respiration.
Respiration
Simple molecules are further broken down in cells in a process called ________, during which energy stored in their chemical bonds is used to power the production of ATP.
Respiration
A device that can be used to measure the rate of exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide during fermentation is called a
Respirometer
Why does the procedure ask you to dispose of the pipette with each solution?
Reusing the pipette will contaminate the solutions due to residue remaining in them.
In the dark reactions of photosynthesis, CO2 is added to a five-carbon sugar-phosphate known as
RuBP
Before cell division of the body cells, each homologue replicates into two parts. These parts are connected by a centromere and are called
Sister chromatids
In which part of the chloroplasts are the Calvin cycle enzymes located?
Stroma
When ATP is made during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, it is by:
Substrate-level phosphorylation
A process in which pairs of homologous complex chromosomes line up side by side.
Synapsis
The homologous chromosomes (homologues) pair up during meiosis I. Each homologue pairs along its entire length. This process is called
Synapsis
The pairing of chromosomes along their lengths which is essential for crossing over is referred to as
Synapsis
During ___ the cell replicates the genome
Synthesis
True or False: Cellular respiration that proceeds in the presence of oxygen is called aerobic respiration.
TRUE
True or False: Mitochondria posses their own DNA and ribosomes.
TRUE
True or False: The Krebs cycle comes after glycolysis, during cellular respiration.
TRUE
True or False: Cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria.
TRUE and FALSE. It most of the time occurs but not all the time.
The last stage of mitosis is characterized by the disassembly of spindle apparatus, the reestablishment of the nuclear membrane, and the decondensation of the chromosomes into invisible threads. This stage is known as _________.
Telophase
Within mitochondria, the Krebs cycle takes place in
The Matrix
My Conclusion
The amount of cellular respiration is greater in germinating seeds.
Choose the statement that most accurately states the significance of the electron transport system. 1. The role of the electron transport system is to dispose of electrons that were removed during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle by using these electrons to make water.2. The electron transport system is instrumental in the creation of an electrochemical gradient of electrons across the cell membrane (bacteria) or inner mitochondrial membrane (eukaryotes). The electron gradient drives the phosphorylation of ADP by the ATP synthase enzyme.3. The movement of electrons from one carrier to the next provides the energy necessary to split glucose.4. The electron transport system transforms the energy of electrons into the potential energy of an electrochemical gradient (proton gradient) across the cell membrane (bacteria) or inner mitochondrial membrane (eukaryotes). This proton gradient provides the energy used by ATP synthase to phosphorylate ADP, producing
The electron transport system transforms the energy of electrons into the potential energy of an electrochemical gradient (proton gradient) across the cell membrane (bacteria) or inner mitochondrial membrane (eukaryotes). This proton gradient provides the energy used by ATP synthase to phosphorylate ADP, producing ATP.
What is the role of rubisco in the Calvin cycle?
The incorporation of CO2 into RuBP.
Which best represents an example of carbon fixation?
The incorporation of CO2 into organic molecules.
What information did the movement of the bubble over a specified distance in the calibrated respirometer provide? (Check all that apply)
The rate of cellular respiration, +/The volume of oxygen used
What would you predict would happen to the fermentation rate if you used yeast suspension that had not been swirled/mixed each time before it was dispensed into test tubes?
The reaction rate would be very low.
What happens so that glycolysis can keep operating?
The reduced NAD, generated during the oxidation of glucose, has to be reoxidised so glycolysis can keep operating.
What causes muscle fatigue?
The reduction in pH reduces enzyme activity in the muscles (lactate is acidic)
What is the definition of anaerobic respiration?
The release of energy from substrates such as glucose in the absence of oxygen.
During the experiment measuring energy production in plants, the highest rate of cellular respiration occurred in
The tube containing germinating seeds
Meiosis also has been called reduction division because
There is a reduction in the chromosome number during two separate nuclear and cell divisions to produce gametes.
What is the fate of the NADH and FADH2 made during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle?
They carry electrons to the electron transport chain.
Why can't mammalian tissues carry out alcoholic fermentation of pyruvate under anaerobic conditions?
They do not have pyruvate decarboxylase that catalyses the change of pyruvate to ethanal
How can diving mammals, such as seals, can swim below water without suffering muscle fatigue?
They have more buffers in their blood, or more efficient buffers.
Each of the following are true of enzymes except 1. they can be used over and over.2. they may or may not require cofactors.3. their active site is specific to the substrate.4. they increase the activation energy of a reaction.5. their action may involve minerals.
They increase the activation energy of a reaction.
Why are polyester fluffs used in this experiment?
They protect the seeds from touching the KOH
The zygote has
Two copies of each chromosome.
What does glycolysis produce?
Two molecules of ATP, two molecules of NADH and two molecules of pyruvate per molecule of glucose.
A single glucose molecule can drive the Krebs cycleA. one turn.B. two turns.C. three turns.D. four turns.E. six turns.
Two turns.
Describe alcoholic fermentation
Under anaerobic conditions in yeast cells:- each pyruvate molecule loses a carbon dioxide molecule and becomes etganal.- this reaction is catalysed by the enzyme pyruvate decarboxylase (not present in animals) which has a coenzyme (thiamine diphosphate) bound to it.- ethanal accepts hydrogen atoms from NADH which becomes reoxidised as ethanal is reduced to ethanol (catalysed by ethanol dehydrogenase)- the reoxidised NAD can now accept more hydrogen atoms from glucose during glycolysis.
In green plant photosynthesis, the electron donor for the light dependent reaction is
Water
is NAD reoxidised in alcoholic fermentation?
Yes
is NAD reoxidised in lactate fermentation?
Yes
Short Answer: What is the role of oxygen in cellular respiration?
You would not be able to produce as much ATP and our bodies would go into aerobic conditions plus hydrogen ions could not produce water.
The cell produced by the fusion of an egg and a sperm is the
Zygote
In dark reactions, when CO2 is added to a molecule of RuBP the product is
phosphoglycerate.
In the cyclic reaction sequence called the Krebs cycle, the following chemical events take placeexceptA. the acetyl group is joined with a four carbon molecule, oxaloacetate.B. the resulting six carbon molecule is oxidized.C. electrons generated are used to produce NADH.D. two carbons per cycle are made into CO2 molecules.E. pyruvate molecules are restored to the cycle.
pyruvate molecules are restored to the cycle.
The bacterial genome exist as a
single, circular, uncoated, double stranded DNA molecule.
Carbon fixation occurs during the dark reactions, or ____________, in photosynthesis.
the Calvin Cycle
Which of the following is common to both cellular respiration and the light reactions of photosynthesis?
the chemiosmotic formation of ATP
Short Answer: Summarize how up to 38 molecules of ATP are produced for each glucose molecules.
up to 38 molecules of ATP are produced for each glucose molecules. ATP can be produced from just one molecule of glucose in the process of aerobic respiration.