Biology Mastering Ch. 13
Which sample is consistent with a cell that is in telophase I? a) I b) II c) III d) Either I or II
a) I
For the following question, match the key event of meiosis with the stages listed below. I.Prophase IV.Prophase IIII.Metaphase IVI.Metaphase IIIII.Anaphase IVII.Anaphase IIIV.Telophase IVIII.Telophase II Haploid cells form containing joined sister chromatids. a) IV b) VII c) VIII d) III
a) IV
Which of the following explanations correctly describes a reproductive approach? a) In asexual reproduction, a single individual is the sole parent and passes copies of its genes to its offspring without the fusion of gametes. b) During mitosis, DNA replication occurs twice to insure each daughter cell contains a full set of chromosomes. c) Single-celled organisms can fuse their cells, to form new cells that are not identical to the parent cell. d) Mitosis, followed by cytokinesis, produces daughter cells that are genetically different from the parent cell, thus insuring variation within the population.
a) In asexual reproduction, a single individual is the sole parent and passes copies of its genes to its offspring without the fusion of gametes.
A cell has completed meiosis I and the first cytokinesis, and is just beginning meiosis II. Which of the following statements describes its genetic contents? a) It has half the amount of DNA as the cell that began meiosis. b) It has twice the DNA of the cell that began meiosis. c) It has one-fourth the DNA and one-half the chromosomes as the cell that began meiosis. d) It is genetically identical to the other cells produced by this cytokinesis.
a) It has half the amount of DNA as the cell that began meiosis.
How does natural selection apply to sexual reproduction as opposed to asexual reproduction? a) Sexual reproduction results in new gene combinations, some of which will have increased reproductive fitness. b) Sexual reproduction results in more new mutations, some of which will be better adapted. c) Sexual reproduction allows more offspring to be produced increasing odds of survival. d) Sexual reproduction utilizes far less energy than asexual reproduction.
a) Sexual reproduction results in new gene combinations, some of which will have increased reproductive fitness.
Which of the following statements describes a major difference between mitosis and meiosis I in a diploid organism? a) Sister chromatids separate in mitosis, while homologous pairs of chromosomes separate in meiosis I. b) Only meiosis I results in daughter cells that contain identical genetic information. c) DNA replication takes place prior to mitosis, but not before meiosis I. d) Sister chromatids separate in mitosis, while homologous pairs of chromosomes separate in meiosis II.
a) Sister chromatids separate in mitosis, while homologous pairs of chromosomes separate in meiosis I.
Two different species of protists living in a tide pool. Species A reproduces both sexually and asexually, and Species B reproduce only asexually. The pool gradually becomes infested with disease-causing viruses. Which species are more likely to survive in the changing environment? a) Species A only b) Species B only c) Both species are equally likely to survive. d) Neither species will be able to survive.
a) Species A only
Identify all possible products of meiosis in plant and animal life cycles. a) Spores b) Gametes (sperm and eggs) c) Multicellular adult organisms
a) Spores b) Gametes (sperm and eggs)
What must happen to a chromosome before a cell starts mitosis? a) The single DNA molecule in the chromosome must be replicated. b) The two chromatids of the chromosome must become attached to each other. c) The chromatin of the chromosome must be completely condensed. d) Both molecules of DNA in the chromosome must be replicated.
a) The single DNA molecule in the chromosome must be replicated.
This chromosome has two chromatids, joined at the centromere. What process led to the formation of the two chromatids? a) The two chromatids were formed by duplication of a chromosome. b) The two chromatids were formed by synapsis and the formation of a synaptonemal complex. c) The two chromatids were formed by fertilization, bringing together maternal and paternal chromatids.
a) The two chromatids were formed by duplication of a chromosome.
For the following question, match the key event of meiosis with the stages listed below. I.Prophase IV.Prophase IIII.Metaphase IVI.Metaphase IIIII.Anaphase IVII.Anaphase IIIV.Telophase IVIII.Telophase II Cohesins at centromeres of sister chromatids breakdown. a) VII b) III c) IV d) V
a) VII
During which of the following phases of meiosis do homologous chromosomes separate? a) anaphase I b) mitosis c) prophase I d) anaphase II
a) anaphase I
During which of the following processes does independent assortment of chromosomes occur? a) in meiosis I only b) in meiosis II only c) in mitosis and meiosis II d) in mitosis and meiosis I
a) in meiosis I only
In a human karyotype, chromosomes are arranged in 23 pairs. If one of the autosomal pairs is examined, which of the following characteristics will the two chromosomes of the pair have in common? a) loci and staining pattern b) length and DNA sequence c) X-like shape and alignment on the metaphase plate d) alleles and centromere position
a) loci and staining pattern
Which of the following processes occurs in meiosis but not in mitosis? a) synapsis of chromosomes b) chromosome replication c) condensation of chromosomes d) alignment of chromosomes at the metaphase plate
a) synapsis of chromosomes
Independent assortment of chromosomes is a result of which of the following processes? a) the random way each pair of homologous chromosomes lines up at the metaphase plate during meiosis I b) the random combinations of eggs and sperm during fertilization c) the diverse combination of alleles that may be found within any given chromosome d) the random distribution of the sister chromatids to the two daughter cells during anaphase II
a) the random way each pair of homologous chromosomes lines up at the metaphase plate during meiosis I
Which of the following results when homologous chromosomes cross over in meiosis? a) DNA repair machinery alters maternal alleles so they match paternal ones b) Corresponding segments of non-sister chromatids are exchanged. c) Two sister chromatids exchange identical pieces of DNA. d) Two sister chromatids get tangled, resulting in one re-sequencing its DNA.
b) Corresponding segments of non-sister chromatids are exchanged.
Which of the following statements describes one characteristic of each chromosome in a cell during the entire process of meiosis I? a) Each chromosome is paired with a homologous chromosome. b) Each chromosome consists of two sister chromatids joined by a centromere. c) Each chromosome is joined with its homologous pair to form a synaptonemal complex. d) Each chromosome consists of a single strand of DNA.
b) Each chromosome consists of two sister chromatids joined by a centromere.
Measurements of the amount of DNA per nucleus were taken on a large number of cells from a growing fungus. The measured DNA levels ranged from 3 to 6 picograms (pg) per nucleus. During the entirety of which stage of the cell cycle did the nucleus contain 6 pg of DNA? a) S b) G2 c) G1 d) M
b) G2
Which diagram represents anaphase I of meiosis? a) II b) I c) V d) IV
b) I
For the following question, match the key event of meiosis with the stages listed below. I.Prophase IV.Prophase IIII.Metaphase IVI.Metaphase IIIII.Anaphase IVII.Anaphase IIIV.Telophase IVIII.Telophase II Homologous chromosomes are aligned at the middle of the spindle. a) I b) II c) IV d) VI
b) II
Which sample is consistent with a cell that is entering mitosis? a) I b) II c) III d) Either I or II
b) II
Which sample is consistent with a cell that is in metaphase I? a) I b) II c) III d) Either I or II
b) II
For a species with a haploid number of 23 chromosomes, how many different combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes are possible for the gametes based on the independent assortment of chromosomes during meiosis? a) 46 b) about 8 million c) 23 d) about 1,000
b) about 8 million
Which of the following processes will most likely produce a human zygote with 45 chromosomes? a) incomplete cytokinesis after meiosis I in sperm production b) an error during anaphase II while the sperm was produced c) failure of the egg nucleus to fuse with the sperm nucleus d) failure of an egg to complete meiosis II
b) an error during anaphase II while the sperm was produced
Many diploid organisms produce haploid gametes for reproduction. Which of the following best describes how the diploid number of chromosomes is restored in the offspring of these organisms? a) DNA replication creates homologous chromosomes b) fertilization combines chromosomes from each parent into resulting zygote c) independent assortment in meiosis allows random combinations of chromosomes d) synapsis during prophase of meiosis I creates random combinations of alleles
b) fertilization combines chromosomes from each parent into resulting zygote
Crossing over of chromosomes normally takes place during which of the following processes? a) mitosis b) meiosis I c) meiosis II d) mitosis and meiosis II
b) meiosis I
During which of the following processes do homologous pairs of chromosomes align adjacent to one another at the metaphase plate of a cell? a) metaphase of mitosis b) metaphase I of meiosis c) metaphase II of meiosis d) telophase II of meiosis
b) metaphase I of meiosis
Asexual reproduction __________. a) is limited to plants b) produces offspring genetically identical to the parent c) requires both meiosis and mitosisis d) limited to single-cell organisms e) leads to a loss of genetic material
b) produces offspring genetically identical to the parent
Which of the following processes has just occurred when chiasmata can first be viewed under a microscope? a) anaphase II b) prophase I c) meiosis II d) the separation of homologs
b) prophase I
Somatic cells of roundworms have four individual chromosomes per cell. How many chromosomes would you expect to find in an ovum from a roundworm? a) a diploid number b) two c) eight d) four
b) two
What number and types of chromosomes are found in a human somatic cell? a) 21 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes b) n chromosomes c) 44 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes d) 45 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome e) 22 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome
c) 44 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes
Two sister chromatids are joined at the centromere prior to meiosis. Which statement is correct? a) The cell that contains these sister chromatids must be haploid. b) These chromatids make up a diploid chromosome. c) Barring mutation, the two sister chromatids must be identical.
c) Barring mutation, the two sister chromatids must be identical.
Which of the following events happens at the conclusion of meiosis I? a) Sister chromatids are separated. b) The chromosome number per cell remains the same. c) Homologous chromosomes of a pair are separated from each other. d) Four daughter cells are formed.
c) Homologous chromosomes of a pair are separated from each other.
Which diagram represents prophase of mitosis? a) I b) IV c) III d) VI
c) III
Which sample is consistent with a cell that has completed meiosis? a) I b) II c) III d) Either I or II
c) III
Which sample is consistent with a cell that has completed mitosis? a) I b) II c) III d) Either I or II
c) III
Which of the following statements about the human X chromosomes is correct? a) It is present in every gametic cell of males and females. b) It is the smaller than other chromosomes. c) It carries genes that influence an individual's biological sex. d) It is referred to as an autosome.
c) It carries genes that influence an individual's biological sex.
Which of the following statements correctly describes a karyotype? a) It reveals the appearance of an organism. b) It is a display of all of the cell types in an organism. c) It is an organized image of a cell's chromosomes. d) It is a display of a cell's mitotic stages.
c) It is an organized image of a cell's chromosomes.
Which of the following phases make up the stages of mitosis? a) Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis b) G1, S, and G2 c) Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase d) Interphase
c) Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
Genetic variation leads to genetic diversity in populations and is the raw material for evolution. Which of the following statements best represents the connection between reproduction and evolution? a) Plants that use sexual reproduction are rare since this type of reproduction in plants does not contribute to genetic diversity and evolutionary pressures select against them. b) Since prokaryotic organisms reproduce asexually, they have no mechanism to add genetic diversity for evolutionary pressures to act upon. c) Sexual reproduction increases genetic variation because random mutations can be shuffled between organisms. d) In order for evolutionary pressures to affect sexually reproducing organisms, mutations must occur in the zygote after fertilization.
c) Sexual reproduction increases genetic variation because random mutations can be shuffled between organisms.
What is the best evidence telling you whether this cell is diploid or haploid? a) The cell is haploid because the chromosomes are not found in pairs. b) The cell is diploid because each chromosome consists of two chromatids. c) The cell is diploid because it contains two sets of chromosomes.
c) The cell is diploid because it contains two sets of chromosomes.
Which of the following statements best describes homologous chromosomes? a) They carry the same alleles. b) They were inherited from the same parent. c) They carry information for the same traits. d) They align on the metaphase plate in meiosis II.
c) They carry information for the same traits.
Look at the cell in the figure. Based on this figure, which of the following statements is true? a) This cell is haploid. b) It is impossible to tell whether the cell is haploid or diploid. c) This cell is diploid.
c) This cell is diploid.
Which diagram represents anaphase II of meiosis? a) I b) IV c) V d) III
c) V
Which diagram represents metaphase of mitosis? a) III b) I c) VI d) V
c) VI
Which of the following events characterizes metaphase of mitosis? a) condensing of the DNA into discrete chromosomes b) movement of the chromosomes toward the equator c) alignment of the chromosomes at the equator d) separation of sister chromatids
c) alignment of the chromosomes at the equator
Heritable variation is required for which of the following? a) asexual reproduction b) meiosis c) evolution d) mitosis e) the production of a clone
c) evolution
Genetic variation occurs when chromosomes are shuffled in fertilization and what other process? a) genetic drift b) mutation c) meiosis d) natural selection e) mitosis
c) meiosis
Asexual reproduction occurs during which of the following processes? a) the exchange of chromosomes between organisms of different species b) meiosis c) mitosis d) fertilization
c) mitosis
Which of the following processes facilitates the fastest way for animal species to adapt to a changing environment? a) mutation b) mitosis c) sexual reproduction d) asexual reproduction
c) sexual reproduction
Which of the following occurs during meiosis, but not during mitosis? a) chromosomes align at the metaphase plate b) chromosomes migrate to opposite poles c) synapsis occurs d) a spindle apparatus forms e) chromosomes condense
c) synapsis occurs
Which of the following phrases defines the term genome? a) the complete set of a species' polypeptides b) The complete set of a species expressed traits c) the complete set of an organism's genes and other DNA sequences d) the complete set of an organism's polypeptides
c) the complete set of an organism's genes and other DNA sequences
Which of the following answers describes the phenomenon of crossing over in meiosis? a) the movement of genetic material from one chromosome to a nonhomologous chromosome b) also referred to as the independent assortment of chromosomes c) the exchange of homologous portions of nonsister chromatids d) making an RNA copy of a DNA strand e) a direct consequence of the separation of sister chromatids
c) the exchange of homologous portions of nonsister chromatids
A (hypothetical) diploid organism has different genes that control wing length and wing color.A female of this species with short blue-colored wings has a chromosome pair with two short-wing alleles and a second chromosome pair with one blue-wing allele and one orange-wing allele. The eggs from this individual will have which of the following combinations of alleles? a) all of the eggs will have alleles for short orange-colored wings b) all of the eggs will have alleles for short blue-colored wings c) 3/4 of the eggs have alleles for short blue-colored wings and 1/4 of the eggs have alleles for short orange-colored wings. d) 1/2 of the eggs will have alleles for short blue-colored wings and 1/2 will have alleles for short orange-colored wings
d) 1/2 of the eggs will have alleles for short blue-colored wings and 1/2 will have alleles for short orange-colored wings
The figure represents the nucleus of an animal cell about to enter mitosis. How many different pairs of chromosomes are present in the diagram? a) 1 b) 8 c) 16 d) 4
d) 4
Which of the following processes occur during meiosis but not mitosis? a) Haploid cells fuse to form diploid cells. b) A diploid cell combines with a haploid cell. c) Haploid cells multiply into more haploid cells. d) Diploid cells form haploid cells.
d) Diploid cells form haploid cells.
Which of the following statements is true of a species that has a chromosome number of 2n = 16? a) The species is diploid and has 32 chromosomes per cell. b) A gamete from this species has four chromosomes. c) The species has 16 sets of chromosomes per cell. d) Each diploid cell has eight homologous pairs of chromosomes.
d) Each diploid cell has eight homologous pairs of chromosomes.
A (hypothetical) diploid organism has different genes that control wing color and wing length. A female of this species has a paternal chromosome set containing one orange-wing allele and one long-wing allele and a maternal set containing one blue-wing allele and one short-wing allele. Which of the following types of eggs would she be expected to produce after meiosis? a) All eggs will have paternal types of gene combinations. b) Half the eggs will have maternal and half will have paternal combinations. c) All eggs will have maternal types of gene combinations. d) Each egg has a one-fourth chance of having either blue long, blue short, orange long, or orange short combinations.
d) Each egg has a one-fourth chance of having either blue long, blue short, orange long, or orange short combinations.
Which of the following statements about reproduction is correct? a) Asexual reproduction produces only haploid offspring. b) In asexual reproduction, offspring are produced by fertilization without meiosis. c) Asexual reproduction, but not sexual reproduction, is characteristic of only plants and fungi. d) In sexual reproduction, individuals transmit half of their nuclear genes to each of their offspring.
d) In sexual reproduction, individuals transmit half of their nuclear genes to each of their offspring.
A particular organism has 46 chromosomes in its karyotype. Which of the following statements is correct regarding this organism? a) It must be human. b) It reproduces asexually. c) It must be an animal. d) It produces gametes with 23 chromosomes.
d) It produces gametes with 23 chromosomes.
Which of the following statements describes a major difference between meiosis II and mitosis in a diploid animal? a) Sister chromatids separate in mitosis, and homologous chromosomes separate in meiosis II. b) Crossing over of chromosomes takes place in meiosis II but not in mitosis. c) Homologous chromosomes align on the metaphase plate in meiosis II but not in mitosis. d) Meiosis II occurs in a haploid cell, while mitosis occurs in diploid cells.
d) Meiosis II occurs in a haploid cell, while mitosis occurs in diploid cells.
A triploid cell contains three sets of homologous chromosomes. Which of the following describes the chromosomes in a triploid cell where n = 6? a) The cell has 12 total chromosomes at the end of mitosis. b) The cell has 24 sister chromatids when in prophase I. c) The cell has 3 homologous pairs of chromosomes at the beginning of mitosis. d) The cell has 18 total chromosomes in 6 sets.
d) The cell has 18 total chromosomes in 6 sets.
Which of the following statements describes the chromosomal makeup of each daughter cell after telophase of meiosis I? a) The cells are diploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of a single chromatid. b) The cells are diploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of two chromatids. c) The cells are haploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of a single chromatid. d) The cells are haploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of two chromatids.
d) The cells are haploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of two chromatids.
How do cells at the completion of meiosis compare with cells that are in prophase of meiosis I? a) The cells have half the amount of cytoplasm and twice the amount of DNA. b) The cells have half the number of chromosomes and half the amount of DNA. c) The cells have the same number of chromosomes and half the amount of DNA. d) The cells have half the number of chromosomes and one-fourth the amount of DNA.
d) The cells have half the number of chromosomes and one-fourth the amount of DNA.
The somatic cells of a particular plant each contain a total of 46 chromosomes. How do the chromosomes of this plant differ from the chromosomes of humans, who also have a total of 46? a) This plant's sex cells would have 92 chromosomes when entering meiosis. b) This plant's sex cells have chromosomes that can synapse with human chromosomes in the laboratory. c) This plant is more like animals than like another plant that has 10 total chromosomes. d) The genes on this plant's largest chromosome are significantly different than those on the largest human chromosome.
d) The genes on this plant's largest chromosome are significantly different than those on the largest human chromosome.
During which of the following phases of meiosis do centromeres split and sister chromatids migrate to opposite poles of the cell? a) anaphase I b) telophase II c) telophase I d) anaphase II
d) anaphase II
If a plant biologist succeeds in generating a single plant with a particularly desirable flower, which of the following approaches would be the most efficient way to generate more plants with this trait? a) force the plant to self-pollinate b) backtrack through her previous experiments to obtain another plant with the same traits and cross the two d) clone the plant e) breed this plant with a plant that does not flower
d) clone the plant
During which of the following processes do sister chromatids separate from each other? a) during meiosis I only b) during meiosis II only c) during both mitosis and meiosis I d) during both mitosis and meiosis II
d) during both mitosis and meiosis II
Which of the following pairs of processes make the greatest contribution to genetic diversity between generations of a diploid insect? a) gametophyte fusion and mitotic division b) alternation of generations and crossing over c) random fertilization and cytokinesis d) independent assortment and random fertilization
d) independent assortment and random fertilization
In a typical animal, mitosis produces _________, while meiosis produces____________. a) two diploid daughter cells, two diploid daughter cells b) four diploid daughter cells, four haploid daughter cells c) two diploid daughter cells, two haploid daughter cells d) two diploid daughter cells, four haploid daughter cells e) four haploid daughter cells, two diploid daughter cells
d) two diploid daughter cells, four haploid daughter cells
Which of the following statements correctly describes how sister chromatids and homologous chromosomes differ from each other? a) They are not different.; homologous chromosomes and sister chromatids are both identical copies of each other. b) Homologous chromosomes are identical copies of each other. One sister chromatid comes from the father, and one comes from the mother. c) Homologous chromosomes are closely associated with each other in both mitosis and meiosis. Sister chromatids are only associated with each other during mitosis. d) Sister chromatids are only formed during mitosis. Homologous chromosomes are formed during meiosis. e) Homologous chromosomes contain the same gene loci but may have different alleles of a particular gene. Sister chromatids are identical copies of each other produced during DNA replication.
e) Homologous chromosomes contain the same gene loci but may have different alleles of a particular gene. Sister chromatids are identical copies of each other produced during DNA replication.
For what purpose(s) might a karyotype be prepared? a) for prenatal screening, to determine if a fetus has the correct number of chromosomes b) to determine whether a fetus is male or female c) to detect the possible presence of chromosomal abnormalities such as deletions, inversions, or translocations d) The first and second answers are correct. e) The first three answers are correct.
e) The first three answers are correct.
