Biology midterm 2

pass through pores that span both membranes

The nucleus has a double membrane that encloses the DNA. Inside the nucleus, the 3 DNA acts as the template to produce mRNA and ribosomes. To exit the nucleus, these molecules must

chlorophyll a

The reaction center of photosystem I consists of what type of molecule?

not allowing them to produce proteins.

There is an antibiotic called streptomycin that doctors prescribe for infection. The antibiotic combines with the bacteria's ribosomes causing them to lose their function. Consequently, the cells die and the person gets better. In other words, the antibiotic destroys bacteria by

codes for the synthesis of ribosomal RNA

What function does the nucleolus have?

preparatory reaction and citric acid cycle

When you exhale, what two stages of cellular respiration produce the carbon dioxide you are breathing out?

Golgi apparatus

Where do the vesicles that are being made for secretion from the cell become modified and packaged?

mitochondria

Where within the cell is ATP produced?

diffusion

Which form of passive transport allows small molecules, such as oxygen, to cross the cell membrane?

Cells in our kidneys reabsorb water to reduce the amount of water lost in our urine.

Which of the following is an example of osmosis?

the energy of a ball rolling down a hill

Which of the following is not a type of potential energy?

Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but it can be changed from one form to another.

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the first law of thermodynamics?

disorder

Which of the following terms best describes entropy?

Both plant and animal cells have a plasma membrane, and plant cells also have a cell wall.

Which statement below is correct when comparing plant and animal cells?

Energy cannot be changed from one form to another without a loss of usable energy.

Which statement most accurately describes the second law of thermodynamics?

Proteins

Which structures determine the flexibility of the extracellular matrix?

The additional pigments are able to absorb other light wavelengths that chlorophyll cannot

Why do plants contain other pigments besides chlorophyll?

bind to signal proteins from other parts of the body.

Without receptor proteins, a cell would not be able to

fluids may leak out past the barrier the junction would create.

Without tight junctions in certain tissues

a nonprotein helper that works with an enzyme.

A coenzyme is defined as

10-100 micrometers.

A general eukaryotic cell is typically in the area of

The cell would never leave metaphase.

A mutation results in a cell that no longer produces a normal protein kinase for the M-phase checkpoint. Which of the following would likely be the immediate result of this mutation?

does not promote cell division.

A mutation that causes an increase in function in a tumor suppressor gene would not likely cause cancer because a tumor suppressor protein

pyruvate.

A product of glycolysis is

does not have a membrane-bound nucleus.

A prokaryotic cell

stimulates mitosis in a normal cell, whereas a tumor suppressor gene inhibits mitosis.

A proto-oncogene differs from a tumor suppressor gene because a proto-oncogene

CAM

A small, low-growing plant found on the surface of a sun-exposed rock on a dry hillside would most likely use which type of photosynthesis?

developing finger-like projections.

Surface-to-volume ratio is an important characteristic for cell function; some cells increase their ratio by

NADPH; ATP

The ________ from the light reactions is used to reduce CO2 to a carbohydrate using energy derived from ________.

induced fit model.

The changing of an enzyme's shape as the substrate binds to the active site is called the

oxygen.

The final acceptor for hydrogen ions in aerobic cellular respiration is

funnel electrons to a central chlorophyll a molecule.

The function of a photosystem is to

thylakoid membrane; stroma

The light-harvesting complexes of a chloroplast are located in the ________; the enzymes of the Calvin cycle reactions are located in the ________

a phosphate is removed.

ATP releases energy when

cytoplasm, a plasma membrane, and DNA.

All cells have some characteristics in common; both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have

synthesis of DNA.

All of the following occur during the latter stages of mitotic prophase except the

a hydrophilic layer of phospholipid heads, then a hydrophobic layer of phospholipid tails, and then another hydrophilic layer of phospholipid heads.

As a molecule moves through the plasma membrane it passes through,

concentrate H+ in the intermembrane space.

As electrons are passed down the electron transport chain, the energy released is used immediately to

diffusion

Because it is a passive process, which membrane transport process can continue whether the cell is alive or dead?

glucose phosphate

Before being converted into sucrose, starch, or cellulose, G3P must first be converted into which compound?

open stomata only at night, limiting water loss because of heat and low humidity.

CAM photosynthesis limits CO2 fixation to nighttime hours in order to

reflect and transmit yellow and orange wavelengths of light.

Carotenoids are found in high concentrations in yellow and orange leaves or vegetables. This color is seen because the carotenoid pigments

Cell division can be inhibited by the proximity of other cells of the same type, a process called contact inhibition.

Cells grown in a petri dish tend to divide until they form a thin layer covering the bottom of the dish. Which of the following statements explains why this occurs?

energy in ATP.

Cellular respiration uses oxygen to convert the chemical energy stored in organic molecules into

condensed chromatin.

Chromosomes are made from

an enzyme binds one specific substrate.

Enzymes are named based on the substrate that they bind. This is possible because

30

How many ATP are produced from the 10 NADH that are formed during the citric acid cycle?

ATP is comprised of a sugar, base, and two phosphate groups.

Identify which of the following statements is not true.

It is lowest in the intermembrane space.

If you were able to stop the process of cellular respiration after the completion of the electron transport chain but prior to chemiosmosis, what would you find is true about the pH in the mitochondria?

maintaining cell shape.

In bacterial cells and plant cells, cell walls function in

thylakoid membrane.

Inside the chloroplasts, chlorophyll is found in the

Glucose absorption would decrease.

Intestinal cells absorb glucose via facilitated diffusion. What would happen if all the mitochondria within these intestinal cells were destroyed?

are involved in energy conversions; are found in nearly all eukaryotic cells

Mitochondria and chloroplasts are similar in that they both ________, but are different in that mitochondria, but not chloroplasts, ________.

transmit information from outside the cell so that the cell can respond to stimuli.

Receptor proteins

Avoid a high-fiber, low-sodium diet.

Rick has a high incidence of cancer in his family. Four of the following five statements are preventative measures to avoid cancer. Which of the following is not correct?

an electron microscope.

Some proteins within a cell can be viewed with