Biology Test 1 review
What did the "separate but equal" doctrine do?
Permitted a system of segregated social facilities.
Under a system of dual federalism, the national and state governments are?
Seen as distinct entities providing separate services
Over the last century the supreme court has gradually applied the bill of rights to the states on an amendment-by-amendment basis. This process is known as?
Selective incorporation
When it comes to the criminal justice system blacks are?
more likely than whites to be convicted of the same crime and serve longer sentences once convicted
NAACP litigation leading to Brown v. Board of Education challenged and weakened the __________ doctrine?
Separate but equal
Which amendment gives the states reserved powers?
10th Amendment
Which amendment provides best explains modern civil rights legislation?
14th amendment
When was the era of "jim crow" laws?
1877 to 1964
Protection against cruel and unusual punishments can be found in which amendment?
8th amendment
When the national government tells the states they have to do something but fails to provide funding for it, this is known as?
An unfunded mandate
In _____________ the supreme court ruled that homosexual behavior was not protected by the constitution, but overruled this decision nearly 20 years later?
Bowers v. Hardwick
Which case ended segregation in public schools?
Brown v. School of Education
Which of the following people was an important leader in the fight for latino rights in america?
Cesar Chavez
What act prevented chinese immigrants already in the US from becoming citizens and halted almost all immigration from china?
Chinese exclusion act
Segregation that exists because of circumstances that occur outside the law is called ________ segregation
De facto
The 1930s saw a shift from ______ federalism to _______ federalism.
Dual;Cooperative
The clear and present danger test is directly related to which freedom in the 1st amendment?
Freedom of speech
If one state recognizes a marriage sanctioned by another state, which constitutional clause is being exemplified?
Full faith and Credit Clause
Gibbons v. Ogden in 1824 was important because it?
Gave the national government significant new authority to regulate interstate commerce.
The elastic clause
Gives Congress the ability to pass laws related to its expressed powers
New federalism was generally characterized by?
Granting state and local governments greater control of nationally funded programs
The Constitutional proposals of New Jersey and Virginia found a middle ground in the?
Great Compromise
Anti Federalists' concerns about the constitution?
Included a concern that it did not specifically list protected civil liberties.
Cases involving gender discrimination fall under which legal test?
Intermediate security
WHy was the court case Plessy v. Ferguson important?
It established the idea of separate but equal
What effect did the "rights revolution" have on the relationship between the federal and state governments?
It gave the national government control over areas that had traditionally been left to the states.
Written false statements that damage a persons reputation are known in legal terms as?
Libel
_______ refers to written false statements while ________ refers to verbal false statements?
Libel; Slander
In 1973, the Supreme court established the ______ test to determine whether materials are obscene and can therefore be regulated by governments?
Miller
In a unitary government, which level of government holds the ultimate authority?
National
The central tensions at the constitutional convention included debates between?
National power v. States' rights
The Bill of Rights initially applied to the _______ government(s), while today the Bill of Rights applies to the ________ government(s)?
National; national and state
Which group formally received the right to vote in 1924
Native americans
Prior restraint is when the government?
Prevent the media from publishing something
Which of the following best summarizes the current policy on affirmative action in college and university admission decisions?
Race may be one of several factors in a holistic approach to determine admissions
Which of the following did Thomas Paine's Common sense advocate?
Republicanism
What did the "separate but equal" doctrine do?
Required public facilities be shared by whites and blacks
One of the key early sparks of the mid-twentieth century civil rights movement happened when _____ refused to give up a seat on a bus to a white person?
Rosa Parks
The toughest test for allowable discrimination is the _________ test?
Strict scrutiny
States are immune from being sued in federal court by citizens of a different state. This was established in?
The 11th Amendment
Shay's Rebellion helped lead to which major event?
The Constitutional convention
As a condition of admitting california to the united states as a free state, representatives from southern states demanded congress pass what law?
The fugitive slave act
Why is there so much debate over the meaning of the 2nd Amendment?
The wording of the right to bear arms is ambiguous and open to interpretation.
How was the supreme court ruled on attempts to establish English as the official language in several states?
They have upheld such attempts
What was the biggest problem with the articles of confederation?
They swung too far in the direction of limited national government
Which compromise stated that every slave would be counted as a fraction of a person for the purposes of taxation and representation?
Three-Fifths Compromise
What does the 4th amendment provide protection from?
Unreasonable searches and seizures
The Federalist Papers?
Were advocacy pieces meant to sway public opinion
When comparing wealth levels of white americans and black and hispanic americans?
White households on average have far more wealth than minority households.
Competitive federalism leads to the idea that citizens?
Will move to a state that fits their priorities