Biology test 2
All of the following contribute to genetic uniqueness EXCEPT
a. binary fission.
What type of reactions release energy by breaking down molecules?
a. catabolic
Chemical reactions that break down lipids are
a. catabolic.
Some kinds of drain cleaners use enzymes rather than strong, more dangerous chemicals. These enzymes must be able to
a. catalyze a catabolic reaction.
A worker is paid every two weeks. She uses some of this money to pay for essentials and puts the remainder of her money in a savings account at a bank. The money the worker saves is analogous to the
a. conversion of ADP and free phosphate into ATP.
Which of the following is NOT a factor that influences a cell's progression through the cell cycle?
a. gametes
Which step of cellular respiration occurs outside the mitochondria?
a. glycolysis
Ana Soto and Carlos Sonnenschein found evidence that nonylphenol interferes with the G1 checkpoint in the cell cycle of human breast cells. A possible consequence of disabling the G1 checkpoint is that the cell
a. may begin to replicate DNA before it is ready or allow damaged DNA to be replicated and then continue dividing inappropriately. If unchecked, this cell division could continue to form a potentially cancerous tumor.
The capture and use of energy by living organisms involves numerous chemical reactions. Collectively these processes are known as
a. metabolism.
Most inherited human disorders are the result of
a. recessive mutations of genes located on autosomes.
Glycolysis is an anaerobic process, indicating that the glycolytic reactions
a. require no oxygen.
Photosynthetic organisms capture energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical bonds by forming
a. sugars.
The following illustration indicates that photosynthesis and cellular respiration are both complementary and balanced. An excess of sugars produced fossil fuels like coal and petroleum; this suggests that in the past,
a. the amount of photosynthesis exceeded the amount of cellular respiration.
If two parents are heterozygous for an autosomal recessive disease,
a. they are both considered genetic carriers for the disease.
Which of these molecules carries the most energy?
b. ATP
Why are X-linked recessive genetic disorders more commonly seen in males?
b. Females must receive two copies of the recessive allele to exhibit the disorder, but males need only one copy.
What is the significance of crossing-over?
b. The resulting gametes are likely to be genetically different from each other and from the parent cell.
Which of the following is a similarity between photosynthesis and respiration?
b. They are both metabolic processes.
A chemical reaction that uses ATP to build cellular components is
b. anabolic.
When ATP breaks down into ADP and a phosphate group,
b. energy is released and can power cellular activities.
The energy required for life processes must be extracted from an organism's
b. environment.
The three stages of cellular respiration (in order) are
b. glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
Which of the following events in a cell would require ATP?
b. linking together amino acids to form a protein
In a human cell,
b. nearly all chemical reactions are catalyzed by enzymes.
Which of the following is known to result from the disruption of mitosis and meiosis in mice that are exposed to the chemical bisphenol A (BPA)?
b. prostate cancer
In photosynthesis, the carbon used to make sugars is
b. provided by carbon dioxide.
Most inherited single-gene human genetic disorders are inherited as __________ alleles.
b. recessive
The parents in the following figure are carriers of a genetic disorder. (The child illustrated with dark shading has the disorder.) Based on the Punnett square, the allele that causes the disorder must be
b. sex-linked.
If a genetic disorder is caused by a dominant allele, individuals with which of the following genotypes would be affected by the disorder?
c. AA and Aa
Which of the following statements comparing photosynthesis and cellular respiration is accurate?
c. Both photosynthesis and cellular respiration require electron transport chains.
Plants and animals use different energy storage molecules, yet they both use the same mechanism to metabolize their stored energy. How can plants and animals both be successful, even though they use different energy storage molecules?
c. The breaking of chemical bonds in a storage molecule results in the transfer of energy, regardless of the molecule that is stored.
If a recessive allele causes a fatal disease that kills the affected individual before he or she can reproduce, why doesn't that allele quickly become extinct in the population?
c. The recessive allele is carried in the genome of heterozygotes, who do not suffer from the disease.
Autosomal dominant diseases are exhibited by anyone who carries at least one dominant allele for that gene. How is it that dominant lethal genes, such as the one that causes Huntington disease, can persist in a population?
c. These diseases usually take effect later in life, after people have had children.
A plant cell is mutated so that ATP synthase no longer functions. Which process will be affected?
c. both photosynthesis and respiration
Most human genetic characters are
c. controlled by more than one gene.
In genetic engineering, molecular biologists often combine segments of DNA from two separate organisms. This is an example of genetic recombination that occurs in a laboratory setting. Which of the following is a form of genetic recombination that occurs naturally within cells?
c. crossing-over
The first law of thermodynamics states that
c. energy cannot be created or destroyed.
Select the correct statement regarding the chemical bisphenol A (BPA).
c. exerts its effects on cell division by mimicking the hormone estrogen
During exercise, the increase in respiration rate and heart rate are driven by the need to replenish the oxygen used to support
c. oxidative phosphorylation in muscle cell mitochondria.
Which of the following is a product of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?
c. oxygen
The role of water in photosynthesis is to
c. provide electrons to the chlorophyll.
Carbon dioxide is one product of a metabolic process, which occurs in both plants and animals. This process is called
c. respiration.
Each time a person takes a breath, they are bringing in the oxygen needed to stay alive. The ultimate source of the oxygen used by all aerobic organisms comes from a reaction that breaks down
c. water.
Which of the following is either consumed or synthesized in virtually every cellular reaction?
d. ATP
Why is it difficult to demonstrate that bisphenol A (BPA) causes disease in humans?
d. Most people have BPA in their bodies at all times due to constant exposure.
What is the importance of photosynthesis to organisms other than plants?
d. Photosynthesis captures energy that other organisms access when they ingest or absorb nutrients from photosynthetic organisms.
A boy affected with an X-linked recessive condition will have inherited the disorder allele from his
d. carrier mother.
Enzymes can catalyze a reaction only if they
d. encounter a substrate that fits their active site.
Which two processes combine to create genetic diversity and maintain chromosome number?
d. fertilization and meiosis
After an enzyme catalyzes a reaction there is a(n) __________ in the concentration of __________.
d. increase; products
The Krebs cycle functions to
d. transfer chemical energy from pyruvate to energy carriers.
A given enzyme
increases the rate of a particular reaction.
