Biology Test 5
Which statement accurately states the common (a) beginning (start) codon or (c) ending (stop) codon for the translation process?
(a) a, u g ; (b) uaa, uag, uga
What is the main function of (a) rRNA, (b) tRNA, or (c) mRNA?
(a) rRNA provides the site where polypeptides are assembled (b)tRNA-transport the amino acids to the ribosomes for use in building polypeptides (c)mRNA-transcribe from DNA and travel to the ribosome to direct which amino acids are made into polypeptides
Which statement describes what occurs during the termination stage of transcription?
(last step) will say to stop this process (repeated letter nucleotide, ex: AAA) dissociation= taking the pieces apart, takes apart the mRNA, hairpin loop
Human have approximately how many tRNAs within their cells?
25 (some can carry more than one type)
DNA is made up of long chains of nucleic acids. Which statement does not describe the components of a nucleic acids described in class?
5 carbon sugar (ribose (RNA)or deoxyribose (DNA)), OH - RNA; H - DNA A phosphate group A nitrogenous base (purine or pyrimidine) *NEED TO BE COMPLEMENTARY* Purines = Adenine, Guanine Pyrimidines = Cytosine (DNA + RNA), Thymine (DNA), Uracil (RNA)
According to the video DNA Replication: The Cell's Extreme Sport, what direction can the DNA polymerase work?
5' to 3'
Regarding the transcription process, synthesis proceeds from a _____ to ______ direction (the same as DNA replication).
5' to 3'
Regarding DNA replication, which statement accurately describes the function of (a) DNA polymerase I, (b) DNA polymerase II, or (c) DNA polymerase III?
DNA polymerase I = Adds new nucleotides to the 3'OH of a primer DNA polymerase II = Involves in DNA repair process DNA polymerase III = Main replication enzyme
There are three main stages of DNA replication. Which statement describes the elongation stage (only as discussed in class)?
DNA polymerase I attaches to primer and begins process of replication Continues until DNA polymerase III is complete Doubling up information
Regarding the process of translation, what is the function of elongation factors?
Assisting binding the tRNA amino acid to the exposed mRNA codon a the A-site
According to the video DNA Replication: The Cell's Extreme Sport, when does DNA replication take place within eukaryotes?
Before it divides, during interphase of meiosis or mitosis.
According to the video What Happens When Your DNA Is Damaged, what can be a bad result of a lot of damage done to your DNA?
Cancer, Mutations, Distortion of the helix
Which statement briefly describes how mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA work together within your cells? (we discussed it on chapter fifteen slide five)
Create an mRNA from your DNA, then it will go into your rRNA where it will be read as an instruction set on what proteins to make. The tRNA carries the amino acid which will then build the protein
There is no proofreading capabilities when completing the transcription process which can result in many copy errors. What do our cells do to try and fix this problem?
Create multiple mRNAs of the same template stand of DNA just to make sure that one is correct.
According to the video Amoeba Sisters Protein Synthesis, where does transcription take place within a cell?
In the nucleus
In eukaryotic organisms, the genes are interrupted by sequences that are not represented in the mRNA protein (not everything is a blueprint with the DNA). The noncoding DNA that interrupts the sequence of the gene is called the ________________ and _______________ are the coding sequences. Fill in the blanks.
Introns exons
Our bodies have many different specific DNA repairs systems. Which statement describes the UVR photorepair system?
Photorepair is a specific mechanism to repair damage to DNA caused by exposure to UV radiation. A photolyase enzyme recognizes the damage, binds to the dimer, and uses visible light to cleanse the dimer.
Regarding DNA replication, What is the main function of something within the polymerase class of enzymes?
Polymerase = Synthesize nucleic acids (Specific prokaryote polymerase)
__________________ repair is the only repair system able to handle double-strand breaks in DNA and can be found within eukaryotes. Fill in the blank.
Post-replication repair
During eukaryotic transcription, multiple different promoters are attached to the varying RNA polymerases. Which statement accurately describes the promoters attached RNA polymerase I, II, or III?
Promoter for polymerase I: Will not be the same for each species. Promoter for polymerase II-tata box sitting inside; Promoter for polymerase III- will vary among speces
43. Recombinational repair can occur within which phases of meiosis or mitosis within euakryotes?
Prophase, before Mitosis S and G2 phase
Regarding the process of translation, what is the function of released factors?
Proteins release the newly made polypeptide from the ribosome.
According to the video DNA Replication: The Cell's Extreme Sport, the primer used to initiate DNA replication is made of _______________.
RNA
Which sentence briefly describes the overview of what occurs and what is produced during the process of translation?
Read off the mRNA message as "blueprints" and will have the tRNA bring the pieces that you need and create that inside the rRNA. This will produce a chain of amino acids, which will turn into a long chain of polypides that will form a protein
Which statement describes what occurs during the elongation stage of translation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
The amino acid and tRNA bind and come in at the P-site. Then, the amino acids bond at the A-site. After, the tRNA moves out towards the E site. THEN, the newly bonded tRNA and amino acid will move to the P-site, and will repeat the process of handing off the now double amino acid.
What is the main function of a ribosome?
The protein making factory (the "r" in RNA)
What is the definition of a transcription bubble and when is it present within your nucleus?
The regions containing the RNA polymerase, DNA, and growing RNA transcript (50/sec)
What is the definition of transformation (when referring to bacteria)?
The transfer of genetic material from one cell to another
Which statement describes either the (a) experimental design or (b) the findings of the Avery experiments?
a. Avery removed 99.98% of protein from the bacteria, performed the same test as Griffith. b. He reached the same outcome as Griffith, proving protein was not the thing that transferred hereditary information (everything was made of DNA and that protein did not have an effect). (finished Griffith's work)
Which statement describes either the (a) experimental design or (b) the findings of the Hammerling experiment?
a. Hammeriling did reciprocal graphing on crenulata (taking off a stem of a plant and putting it in another plant). b. he found that all the hereditary information is stored in the nucleus of a plant.
Which statement describes either the (a) experimental design or (b) the findings of the Robert Briggs and Thomas King experiments?
a. He tested the nucleus of a frog egg. Without the frog egg nucleus = no frog with form/dead embryo/not developed With replaced nucleus = The frog was able to grow b. He found that the animal will not be able to grow if the nucleus is damaged because the nucleus is the place where hereditary information is stored.
Which statement describes either the (a) experimental design or (b) the findings of the Griffith experiment?
a. He tested the transformation of hereditary information: injected a strain of pneumonia in a mouse = dead (control) Injected a non-viral strain of pneumonia = mouse alive Injected a heat strain of pneumonia = mouse alive Injected a mixture of heat strain pneumonia and nonviral strain of pneumonia = dead mouse. b. He found out that there were other ways to pass hereditary information, like through organisms (other than humans). He found that hereditary information can be passed through bacteria. (however, he never understood if it was protein or DNA transferring hereditary information)
Which statement describes either the (a) experimental design or (b) the findings of the Hershey-Chase experiments?
a. Worked with bacteriophages (viruses that attack bacteria) he put a maker that could tell you the protein within the bacteriophages he marked one with a bio-marker and one without a bio-marker The protein never entered the bacterial cell inside he did see that the virus replicated. b. The protein code never entered and had nothing to do with viral replication, it DNA that has to do with viral replication.
Which statement describes either the (a) experimental design or (b) the findings of Franklin's experiments?
a. X-ray diffraction patterns (took a picture of DNA b. found that DNA is shaped as a "cork skrew"/double helix
The key translation steps are carried out by ____________ since they are responsible for binding the certain three-nucleotide sequence with the appropriate amino acid.
activating enzymes
According to the video Amoeba Sisters Protein Synthesis, in eukaryotes, the mRNA travels from the nucleus, through the cytoplasm to where?
attach to a ribosome
Know how to read and understand the codon chart on chapter fifteen slide eleven. There could be a question chosen for you to analyze involving this codon chart.
codon chart
Protein synthesis takes place on three different sties called the _________, ___________, and ___________ site of a ribosome
e, p , a site
The order of the nucleotides on DNA and RNA tell us the information needed to make certain products and are read as codons. What is the definition of a codon?
each block of 3 nucleotides corresponds to an amino acid in the encoded amino acid in the encoded protein
Which statement describes when the 3' poly-A tail is added to protect mRNA or what the 3'poly-A tail is made of?
filled with adanine, and protects it from getting getting taken apart, degradation, or destroyed in the cytoplasm.
Which sentence briefly describes the overview of what occurs and what is produced during the process of transcription?
going to transcribe the DNA into a message (happens in the nucleus)
According to the video Amoeba Sisters Protein Synthesis, amino acids are chained together with which type of bond?
peptide bond
During eukaryotic transcription, multiple RNA polymerases are utilized instead of using one general-use RNA polymerase. Which statement accurately describes the function of RNA polymerase I, II, or III?
polymerase I- rRNA + Promoters that are unique to this enzyme; Polymerase II- mRNA and small nuclear RNAs; Polymerase III- tRNA and small RNAs
In prokaryotes and eukaryotes, polypeptide synthesis (translation) begins with the formation of an initiation complex. What components make up this initiation complex?
rRNa,tRNA,mRNA
Which statement describes what occurs during the elongation process of transcription?
s the starting point of transcription and there is no primer, RNA strand gets longer, due to the addition of new nucleotide
In prokaryotes (and most eukaryotes), the beginning of each mRNA is marked by a ____________ complementary to one of the rRNA molecules on the ribosome, making sure it will be read from the beginning.
startcodon
Which statement describes what occurs during the initiation process of transcription?
the RNA polymerase to bind to the promoter, and unwind the DNA helix (same thing as initiation of DNA replication)
Which statement describes when the 5' cap is added to protect mRNA or what the 5' cap is made of?
the cap is added when mRNA the second its in the transcription process in the cytoplasm. It is made out of methol (non-polar)
According to the video Amoeba Sisters Protein Synthesis, how does the tRNA know which amino acids to bring to make a protein?
the mRNA directs tRNAs come in and therefore which amino acids are transferred.
Eukaryotic organisms complete RNA splicing in between the translation and transcription phases of gene expression. What is RNA splicing?
the product of transcript called the primary transcript, in addition to the capping of the poly- a tail, is cut a put back together product to produce mature RNA
What must be attached to an RNA polymerase (other than the DNA its copying) to begin the transcription process?
the promoter
Mitochondrial and chloroplast genetic codes are not the same in all eukaryotes. Is this statement true or false?
true, it transcribes differently in almost all organisms
Eukaryotic organisms complete RNA splicing in between the translation and transcription phases of gene expression. Where does RNA splicing occur within a cell?
within the nucleus
Watson and Crick discovered that DNA has complementary base-pairs. What does this mean?
Genetic information is complementary- one chain of the DNA molecule may have any conceivable base sequence, but this sequence of its partner in the duplex. (one base, you'll automatically know the other base)
Regarding DNA replication, what is a primer?
A short stretch of DNA or RNA nucleotides hydrogen-bonded to its completer strand
Regarding DNA replication, which statement accurately describes the function of (a) helicase, (b) primase, (c) DNA gyrase, or (d) DNA ligase?
A. Helicase: Unwinds the double helix, Unzips the helix B. Primase: Synthesizes RNA primers C DNA gyrase: Relieves Torque (Doesn't allow DNA to twist in the right direction), Keeps the DNA apart from tangling with one another D. DNA Ligase: Joins the ends of DNA segments and repair
According to the video What Happens When Your DNA Is Damaged, which statement accurately describes (a) homologous recombination repair or (b) non-homologous end joining repair?
A. Uses an undamaged section of Similar DNA as a template. Enzymes interlace the damaged and undamaged strands getting them to exchange sequence of nucleotides filling in the missing gaps B. Doesn't rely on a template. Uses a series of proteins to trim of f a few nucleotides and fuse the broken ends back together. Not accurate but used when sister DNA isn't available.
The nuclear genetic code is the same in almost all organisms. Which of these statements describes the example in class involving bacteria, humans, and all other organisms to prove this sentence?
AGA- arginine
What is usually needed in order to begin the elongation stage of transcription?
ATP or GTP (energy- not a passive process)
What is the abbreviation of the first amino acid placed within prokaryotes within the ribosome to begin the translation process?
AUG
Which statement accurately describes the findings of the Chargaff's analysis regarding DNA nucleotides?
Adenine = Thymine (DNA) Guanine = Cytosine (RNA)
Which statement is true regarding mismatch repairs? (know what they are, their function, and how they are used)
Designed to correct single nucleotide errors occurring during DNA replication
Watson and Crick were the first to make a full model of DNA and found the reasoning why our DNA is a double helix. Which of these statements does not accurately describe these discoveries?
Double helix backbone- long line of nucleotides on both sides Complementary base pairs- if you know one side, you will automatically know the other Adenine hydrogen bonds Guanine hydrogen bonds Antiparallel configuration (5' and 3' polarity) - one side goes to 5 prime to 3 prime, and the other does 3 prime to 5 five prime. (why we have a double helix--> polarity and twists and elecromagnitivity). horizontally will be hydrogen bonds
There are three main stages of DNA replication. Which statement describes the termination stage (only as discussed in class)?
Ending of process DNA gyrase zips up the DNA and makes sure nothing twists Termination site is essentially just where the process is finished
Regarding DNA replication, what is the difference between an endonuclease and an exonuclease?
Endonucleases = Remove a portion from the inside of the DNA section Exonucleases = Remove the end of a DNA fragment, outside of DNA section
According to the video What Happens When Your DNA Is Damaged, how can DNA get damaged after replication?
Environmental exposure and chemicals found inside cells (Hydrogen Peroxide)
Regarding DNA replication, what is the main function of an nuclease?
Enzymes that have the ability to remove nucleotides
How does the initiation stage of transcription vary between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Eukaryotes have an initiation complex (more complex)
Which statement does not describe a difference between the initiation stage of translation in eukaryotes verses prokaryotes?
Every code is readable for prokaryotes, splicing is required for eukaryotes Different amino acids (2nd difference) Initiation complex more complex in prokaryotes due to the larger amount of reading required
Within your cells, there are similar quantities of aminoacyl-tRNA synthase and amino acids. What is that number?
Exists for every amino acid, about 20 and they help readers to make instructions.
Regarding DNA replication, which statement accurately describes a (a) difference or (b) similarity between the leading and lagging strands of DNA templates?
Leading Strand Classified as a "continuous" strand, keeps on moving in one direction 5' to 3' , only uses one primer and DNA polymerase Lagging Strand (Okazaki fragments) Since the other strand is a template, the DNA polymerase moves from a 3' to 5' direction, requiring multiple primers and DNA polymerase
According to the video DNA Replication: The Cell's Extreme Sport, what enzyme takes care of the gaps in the Okazaki fragments?
Ligase (glues the gaps).
Which statement describes translocation which takes place during the elongation phase of translation?
Movement of tRNA Guided by elongation factors tRNA to E-site and ejects it Repositions to the P-site Continuously moves back and forth
Regarding DNA replication, what happens if no primer is present?
No DNA is replicated, DNA cannot be created without a primer
Which statement is true regarding excision repairs? (know what they are, what they can fix, and how they are used)
Non-specific system, removes whatever doesn't belong and replaces with what does belong
According to the video What Happens When Your DNA Is Damaged, A team of enzymes/proteins removes a 24 or so long strand of nucleotides and replaces them with fresh one during ______________ repair.
Nucleotide excision repair.
According to the video What Happens When Your DNA Is Damaged, why are double-strand breaks the most dangerous?
One Double Strand break can cause cell death.
Which statement describes the difference between what occurs at the P, A, and E sites of a ribosome?
P site (peptidyll), first location you will offload anything to; where all the information is initially stored A site (aminoacyl), where every successive Amino-Acid bearing tRNA will bind E site = (Exit) empty tRNAs will exit the ribosomes
The site of the opening of the DNA strand where active replication occurs (and other enzymatic activities) is called the ______________.
Replication Fork
Ribosomes are composed of two subunits, what happens when they are joined together and what occurs when they are separated?
Separated: You cannot make anything; together: can do its job/make protein
There are three main stages of DNA replication. Which statement describes the initiation stage (only as discussed in class)?
Short No replication occurs Recognizes the site of where the DNA replication process should occur Protein formation Opening of the replication fork
Our bodies have many different specific DNA repairs systems. Which statement describes the Aprymidinic (AP) site repair?
Specific system only made to fix uracil and replace it with thymine as DNA can't have uracil
One type of activating enzyme used during the translation process is called aminoacyl-tRNA synthase. What is its function?
Specific tRNA molecules become attached to specific amino acids through the action of these enzymes
Regarding DNA replication, what is the definition or function (i.e. why is it needed) of a single-stranded binding protein?
Stabilizes single-stranded regions Does not allow the DNA to be broken apart when being "unzipped". Armor of DNA replication
Which statement describes what occurs during the termination stage of translation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Termination occurs when a nonsense codon is reached Proteins release the newly made polypeptide from the ribosome.
According to the video DNA Replication: The Cell's Extreme Sport, where does DNA replication take place within eukaryotes?
The Nucleus
Regrading the transcription process, what is the difference between a template (antisense) strand and coding (sense) strand of DNA?
The coded strand is not coded, and is ignored, while the template strain is being read.
When mRNA meets in a ribosome (rRNA), what can occur?
Translation
Which statement accurately describes any information we discussed regarding nucleic acid bonds or direction (think the prime direction we discussed)? (all information was discussed on the chapter 14 PPT slide 9)
Use dehydration synthesis to eliminate water and use it for bonding two nucleic acids and made DNA. The bond that is created is called a phosphodiester bond. They are bonded in a 5 prime 3 prime direction
Regrading DNA replication, DNA replication begins at the ______________ site and ends at a specific site called the _______________.
origin, Termination
Which statement describes the central dogma of gene expression (i.e. what is gene expression)?
You are having your nucleus (from DNA) tell your body to do something/your cells to do something (tells a message) through transcription and translation.
Eukaryotes can complete pre and posttranscriptional modifications to protect the mRNA strand. Why does the mRNA strand have to be "protected?"
because it is sent to the cytoplasm, and it can be destroyed easily because its polar.
Regarding DNA replication, three models showing how it was completed were originally theorized until scientists realized is matched the semiconservative model. Which of these statements describes the three originally theorized conservative, dispersive, or semiconservative models of DNA replication?
conservative- one entirely new molecule and conserves the old. dispersive- produces hybrids with each strand a mixture of old and new (with no special format). semiconservative (DNA)- idk...she said "split it like a knife" and "unzipper it" which is slightly pornographic...
According to the video Amoeba Sisters Protein Synthesis, what is the job of an RNA polymerase and what does it create?
it will connect complementary RNA bases to the DNA. This creates a single stranded mRNA
During the transcription process, is a primer need to begin the process?
no primer, but a promoter
For three of the sixty-four codons known (shown on your codon chart), there exists no tRNA with a complementary anticodon, these are known as ______________.
nonsensecodons
