Biology test chapter 3

How many liters of water does an average human replace each day by consuming food?

1.5 L

How much water does an average human lose each day through sweat, urine, and feces?

3 L

Why are unsaturated fats in a liquid state at room temperature?

Because they are kinked and do not pack tightly

Which cell component has barrel-shaped rings of microtubules to anchor structures and move chromosomes during animal cell division?

Centrioles

If Erin wants to use an unsaturated fat to make a stir fry, which fat should Sam suggest?

Cooking oil

What protein fibers help form the framework of structural support for cells?

Cytoskeletal Elements

Tanya eats a vegan diet, which means that she does not eat any animal products. What would be a good source of calcium for Tanya?

Dark green vegetables and legumes

Which item has not been tested by the Food and Drug Administration for safety and effectiveness?

Dietary supplements

Which process involves the movement of molecules or atoms down a concentration gradient across plasma membranes?

Diffusion

Extremely small viruses are still too large to enter cells by passive transport. What process brings viruses into a host cell?

Endocytosis

Phagocytic white blood cells digest many of the invasive bacteria that enter the human body. How could a bacterial cell enter a white blood cell to be digested?

Endocytosis

Which organelle is a network of membranes involved in the production of proteins?

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Which type of amino acids cannot be synthesized by the body?

Essential amino acids

What type of fatty acids include omega-3 and omega-6?

Essential fatty acids

Which process fuses vesicles with the plasma membrane to move substances out of a cell?

Exocytosis

How would amino acids and calcium ions from the bloodstream move across a plasma membrane?

Facilitated diffusion

Which vitamin could accumulate in the body and become toxic?

Fat-soluble vitamins like A, D, E, and K

Why is fiber important for a healthy diet?

Fiber maintains healthy cholesterol levels

Which organelle is a stack of membranous sacs that modifies and sends proteins to proper destinations?

Golgi apparatus

Which molecule requires the most ATP to be used for moving across a plasma membrane?

Ions in active transport such as K+

Imagine a balloon is made from a membrane that's permeable to water but not sugar molecules. How would the balloon be affected if it is filled with a 50% sugar solution and then placed in a beaker of water?

It would fill with water until it burst

Why do commercial food manufacturers hydrogenate foods?

Longer shelf life and seemingly less greasy

Which organelle contains digestive enzymes that degrade macromolecules?

Lysosomes

Which food would contain all essential amino acids?

Meat

Which problem might result from decreases in a body's normal water level?

Muscle cramps, fatigue, headaches, dizziness, nausea, confusion, increased heart rate

What is a fat with many unsaturated carbons called?

Polyunsaturated

Which essential mineral is provided by a diet rich in whole grains?

Potassium

In which eukaryotic cell structure are ribosomes made?

Rough ER

A plant is suffering from drought and beginning to wilt. Which cell component is affected?

The Central vacuole

Why are minerals necessary micronutrients?

They are essential for proper fluid balance, in muscle contraction and conduction of nerve impulses, and for building bones

What are the protein pores in the plasma membrane that allow water to enter cells?

Transport proteins

What membrane-bound structures fuse with plasma membranes during exocytosis or endocytosis?

Vesicles

Which vitamin is water soluble and cannot be synthesized by the body?

Vitamins B and C

What is the purpose of vitamins in the human body?

Vitamins function as co-enzymes, helping speed up real enzymes

Macronutrients

carbohydrates, proteins, and fats

What is a saturated fat?

carbons are bound to as many hydrogens as possible, no double bonds, solid at room temperature

Which organelle is found in plant cells but not in animal cells?

central vacuole

Inside a eukaryotic cell, what is the watery matrix where the organelles are found?

cytosol

Processes that involve molecules moving across cell membranes

endo- and exocytosis

What is the type of diffusion in which water moves down a concentration gradient?

facilitated diffusion

Which antioxidant is naturally found in cocoa?

flavonol

What characteristic applies to the interior of a phospholipid bilayer?

hydrophobic

What substances provide raw materials or energy needed for growth, maintenance, or repair?

nutrients

Which components form the structure of the plasma membrane?

phospholipids and proteins

What cell structure defines the outer boundary of all cells, separating the cell's contents from its environment? (two words)

plasma membrane

What type of molecules, embedded in phospholipid bilayers, transport hydrophilic molecules into or out of the cell?

proteins

What are the "workbenches" where cell proteins are assembled?

ribosomes

How would the permeability of the phospholipid bilayer of plasma membranes be described?

semipermeable

What is the liquid interior of the chloroplast called?

stroma

What is a function of antioxidants?

to decrease damage done to cells by free radicals

Micronutrients

vitamins, minerals, water