Biology Test Review Ch. 12, 13, 14

Are small DNA fragments faster or slower than bigger DNA fragments?

Faster

If a Karyotype contained two X chromosomes, would it be male or female?

Female

What is translocation?

Part of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another

What are the two ways to make RNA?

Transcription and Translation

What benefits can some mutations bring?

ability to eat new foods withstand extreme changes in the environment able to resist infection

What are Mutagens?

chemical agetns that can cause mutation ( such as pesticide)

What is deletion?

the loss of all or part of a chromosome

What were the two main goals of the Human Genome Project?

1. Sequence all 3 billion base pairs of human DNA 2. Identify all human genes

How many genes are in a X chromosome?

1200

How many enes are in a Y chromosome?

140

What percent of the human genome actually encodes instructions for protein synthesis?

2%

How many pairs of chromosomes are there in an average human?

23 (46 chromosomes total)

How many possible sequences are there in the Genetic code?

64

What is point mutation?

A change in one or a few nucleotides that occurs at a single point in the DNA sequence

What is Trisomomy 21? (47XX or 47XY)

A chromosome fails to seperate during Meiosis, that chromosome has an extra copy Can cause mental retardation and birth defects (Know what it looks like; 3 chromosomes instead of two)

What is a Genome?

A full set of genetic imformation that an organism carries in its DNA

What is frameshift mutation?

A kind of mutation that can change every amino acid that follows the point of mutation

What is duplication?

A mutation that produces an extra copy of all or part of a chromosome

What is RNA?

A nucleic acid that consists of a long chain of nucleotides

What is the Human Genome Project?

A program launched in 1990 by the U.S. and many other countries, 13 year long project

What is inversion?

A chromosomal mutation that reverses the direction of parts of a chromosome

What is the study that came out of this program combining Molecular Biology with Information Science?

Bioinformatics

What base pairs with Guanine?

Cytosine

What happens during Gel Electrophoresis?

DNA strands are placed in gel and voltage is applied, smaller DNA strands move to the edge of the dish while bigger DNA strands stay towards the middle

What are the 3 differences between DNA and RNA?

Different sugars (Deoxyribose vs. ribose) Number of strands (Double vs. single helix) Different bases (Uracil replaces thymine in RNA)

What order does genetic information travel? (DNA, protein, RNA)

From DNA to RNA before becoming protein (unless interrupted by a virus)

What happens if nondisjunction occurs during Meiosis?

Gametes will form an abnormal number of chromosomes, which can lead to a disorder in chromosome numbers

What are the 2 types of mutations?

Gene Mutations Chromosomal Mutation

Short Answer #2: What did Griffith conclude transformed the harmless bacteria in his experiment?

Griffith concluded that the transforming factor had to be a gene.

Short Answer #4: How did Hershey/Chase know that it was DNA that infected the bacterial cells in their experiment?

Hershey and Chase grew viruses in cultures containing radioactive isotopes of phosphorus and sulfur. Since proteins contain almost no phosphorus, and phosphorous contains no sulfur, this was a useful way to discover whether the DNA core or the protein coat of a bacteriophage was the transforming factor in bacteria.

What is the function of Transfer RNA?

It carries amino acids to the ribosome as the Messenger RNA tells it to

What is the function of Messenger RNA?

It carries information about protein assembly from the DNA to other parts of the cell

How do you read the Genetic Code?

It's read in sets of 3 letters (ex. UGG) which makes one codon

What is the function of Ribosomal RNA?

Makes up the subunits of Ribosome (where proteins are assembled)

If a Karyotype contained one X chromosome and one Y chromosome, would it be male or female?

Male

What are the three types of RNA?

Messenger RNA (mRNA) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Transfer RNA (tRNA)

What is a chromosome's failure to seperate called?

Nondisjunction

What is Klinefelter's Syndrome? (47XXY)

Nondisjunction in males that causes an extra X chromosome Males that have Klinefelter's Syndrome have greatly reduced chances of reproduction (only occurs in males) (Know what it looks like; two X and one Y)

What is the main function of RNA?

Protein synthesis

What do scientists use to seperate DNA so they can read it?

Restriction Enzymes (seperated pieces of DNA are Restriction Fragments)

What tells the sequence where to start and when to stop transcribing DNA?

Start and stop codons

What is Turners Syndrome? (45X)

The X chromosome fails to seperate, females get one X chromosome instead of two Woman who have Turners Syndrome are sterile (only occurs in females) (Know what it looks like; only one X chromosome, no Y)

What is insertion?

The addition of a base to a DNA sequence

What is substitution?

The change of one base to another in a DNA sequence

Short Answer #1: Explain how the bacteria in Griffith's experiment transformed.

The formerly harmless R strain became harmful after being combined with the heat-killed S strain. Somehow the heat-killed bacteria passed their disease causing ability to the harmless bacteria. Some chemical compound transfered from the heat-killed cells of the S strain into the live cells of the R strain.

What is the Genetic Code?

The language established by using A's, G's, C's, and U's. This code contains instructions for 20 amino acids.

What is Transcription?

The process in which an enzyme called RNA Polymerase binds to and separates DNA strands. One of these strands is then used to create another RNA.

What is Translation?

The process of decoding mRNA to make a protein

What is Genomics?

The study of whole genomes, including genes and their functions

Short Answer #5: In Gel Electrophoresis, DNA fragments move across a gel. What causes them to move.

The voltage applied to the gel causes the DNA fragments to move.

What base pairs with Adenine?

Uracil (no Thymine in RNA)

Can genetic disorders be helpful in some cases?

Yes Ex. 1: Sickle Cell Disease occurs in African Americans to protect from Malaria Ex. 2: Cystic Fibrosis occurs in European Caucasians to protect from Typhoid Fever

What is a pedigree?

a chart that shows the prescence or absence of a trait according to the relationships between parents, siblings, and offspring (Be ready to interpret)

What does a circle represent on a pedigree?

a female

What is a mutation?

a heritable change in genetic information

What is a Gene Mutation?

a mutation that produces a change in a single gene

What is a Chromosomal Mutation?

a mutation that produces a change in whole chromosomes

What is a Karyotype?

a picture that shows a complete diploid set of chromosomes grouped together in pairs, arranged in order of decreasing size

What is Gel Electrophoresis?

a technique used after DNA is cut (Restriction Enzymes) to seperate and analyze the differently sized fragments

What is X chromosome inactivation?

females do not need genes from two X chromosomes and will sometimes inactivate these genes in places (most common in females who have 2400 genes total while males only have 1340; ex. calico cats)

What are sex linked genes?

genes that are in a X or Y chromosome

What is a genetic disorder?

occurs when changes in a gene's DNA sequence change proteins by altering their amino acid sequences ( can affect phenotype)

What is a chromosomal disorder?

occurs when homologous chromosomes fail to seperate

How does RNA get its base pairings? (DNA is a double helix but RNA is a single)

tRNA carries amino acids to the mRNA each tRNA carries 3 bases that pair with the bases in the mRNA just like DNA

What are sex chromosomes?

the 2 chromosomes that determine the sex of a human (X and Y)

What are autosomal chromosomes?

the remaining 44 chromosomes (normal chromosomes)

How do scientists sequence DNA after reading it?

they place the DNA fragments in a test tube with polymerase and add dye, the polymerase copies the DNA fragments and the dye colors the DNA so it can align in a colored pattern

What are the 4 bases of DNA?

Adenine Thymine Guanine Cytosine

What are the 4 bases of RNA?

Adenine Uracil Thymine Guanine

Short Answer #3: How did Avery build on Griffith's work?

Avery and his team used enzymes to eliminate certain protein groups from the heat-killed bacteria to find the transforming factor. After removing one individual group of proteins from the bacteria each time, Avery used the process of elimination to conclude that the transforming factor in bacteria was DNA.