Biology Unit 9b Ecology Test Review

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introduced species' effects on biomes

disrupt food webs, usually have no natural predators, reproduced rapidly, and outcompete native species

Tundra

An extremely cold, dry biome.

desert

An extremely dry area with little water and few plants

taiga

Biome in which the winters are cold but summers are mild enough to allow the ground to thaw

Biomagnigication

CONCENTRATIONS OF A CONTAMINANT INCREASE AS IT PASSES UP THE FOOD CHAIN THROUGH MULTIPLE TROPHIC LEVELS

tropical rainforest

a broadleaf evergreen forest found in wet and hot regions near the equator.

temperate rainforest

a coastal biome typified by moderate temperatures and high precipitation

community

a group of different species that live together in one area

population

a group of the same species that lives in one area

biome

a major regional or global community of organisms characterized by the climate conditions and plant communities that thrive there

exponential growth

a rapid population increase due to an abundance of resources

secondary succession

a reestablishment of a damaged ecosystem (ex: soil already present)

keystone species

a species that has an unusually large effect on its ecosystem

mutualism

both organisms benefit (ex: bat gets food, cactus gets pollinated)

density dependent factors

competition, predation, parasitism, disease

generalists

consumers that have a varying diet

ecosystem

all of the organisms as well as the climate, soil, water, rocks and other nonliving things in a given area

computer and mathematical models

allows scientists to learn about organisms or ecosystems

organism

an individual living thing

Biotic factors in an ecosystem

animals, plants, fungi, bacteria

interspecific competition

between different species

intraspecific competition

between same species

temperate grasslands

biome characterized by deep, nutrient-rich soil that supports many grass species

birth rate

births increase number of individuals in a population

logistic growth

due to a population facing limited resources

Why does a level in a food chain have much less energy than the level below it?

each level loses 90%

energy source for consumers

eating other living or once-living things

ecological niche v. habitat

ecological niche- an animal's role in its habitat habitat- all aspects of an area where it lives

flow of energy v. carbon, water, oxygen, phosphorus, and nitrogen

energy isn't recycled but the others are

arrows in a food chain represent

flow of energy

food chains v. food webs

food chains- show a sequence of feeding relationships food webs- emphasize feeding relationships

spindle-shaped pyramid of numbers

forest food chains (ex: oak tree: producer, cardinal: consumer, hawk: carnivore)

temperate deciduous forest

forest in a temperate region, characterized by trees that drop their leaves annually

tropical grassland

grasses and scattered trees adapted to a tropical wet and dry climate

generalists' advantages

if one species of their prey dies then they still have more food to choose from without decreasing in population size

competitive exclusion principle

keeps two species from occupying the same niche

biome

land-based, global communities of organisms

reasons for a population crash

limited resources, overpopulation, and harsh climate

abiotic factors in an ecosystem

moisture, temperature, sunlight, water, and wind

immigration

movement of individuals into a population from another population

introduced species

nonnative species that are either intentionally or unintentionally transported to a new habitat

competition

occurs when two organisms fight for the same limited resources

nonrenewable resources

oil and coal

Commensalism

one organism benefits other is unharmed (ex: egrets get an easy meal, cattle aren't affected)

Paratism

one organism is benefit other is harmed (ex: wasp larvae get a meal, caterpillar is the meal)

inverted pyramid of numbers

parasitic food chains (ex: flees: parasite, dog: consumer, grass: producer)

experiments

performed, in lab, gives researches more control, or in the field, gives a more accurate picture of natural interactions

photosynthesis v. chemosynthesis

photosynthesis- obtains energy from sun chemosynthesis- obtains energy from chemicals

human disruptions to the cycles

poor farming practices and burning fossil fuels

base of all food webs

producers

biomass pyramid

pyramid showing the amount of dead animals

what type of biome has the most diversity?

rainforests

succession

regenerates or creates a community after a disturbance

pyramid of numbers

shows the number of living organisms at each trophic level

death rate

size of population decreases when individuals die

renewable resources

solar energy and wind energy

primary succession

started by pioneer species in an area previously uninhabited and without soil or other life (ex: lichens and mosses)

energy source for producers

sun

observation

the act of carefully watching something over time (visual survey)

the main reservoir of nitrogen in the biosphere

the atmosphere

what determines of carrying capacity

the circumstances of the environment

pioneer species

the first organisms that live in a previously uninhabited area

biota

the living thins within the biosphere

carrying capacity

the maximum number of individuals in a population that an environment can support

biogeochemical cycles

the movement of a particular chemical through the biological and geological parts of an ecosystem

emmigration

the movement of individuals out of a population into another population

bioshpere

the part of Earth where life exists

predation

the process by which one organism captures and feeds upon another organism (ex: bear hunting for salmon)

Ecology

the study of the relationships among organisms and their environments

importance of microclimates

they can change dramatically

density independent factors

unusual weather, natural disasters, human activities

natural disruptions to the cycle

volcanic eruptions, forest fires, landslides and earthquakes, and living organisms


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