biopsych
Adam has been given curare. What is happening in his body? Curare is blocking postsynaptic receptors. Curare is blocking the enzymes that breakdown acetylcholine in the synapse. The vesicles that release acetylcholine have been made leaky. Curare is helping make more acetylcholine.
Curare is blocking postsynaptic receptors.
_____ is a common food source precursor for serotonin. Lemon juice Turkey Tomato Vinegar
Turkey
Nicotine is sufficiently similar to _____ to cause a response at its receptor. acetylcholine norepinephrine dopamine epinephrine
acetylcholine
Which of the following is NOT a type of brain tumor? glioma metastatic meningioma blastoma
blastoma
An antagonist would _____ a receptor on the postsynaptic cell. open engulf block degrade
block
The number of synapses between a sensory neuron and a motor neuron is _____ during habituation and _____ during sensitization. decreased; increased decreased; decreased increased; increased increased; decreased
decreased; increased
MDMA, or Ecstasy, has been shown to: overexcite glutamate cells. inhibit norepinephrine cells. kill dopamine cells. degenerate serotonergic nerve terminals.
degenerate serotonergic nerve terminals.
Resting-state fMRI has been used successfully to detect abnormalities in diseases such as: dementia and schizophrenia. multiple sclerosis. Parkinson disease and ALS. depression and anxiety.
dementia and schizophrenia.
Which of the following procedures is confined to studying neurons grown in a dish? single-cell recording event-related potentials electroencephalogram magnetoencephalogram
single-cell recording
Hydrogen sulfide: slows cellular metabolism. interferes with neurotransmitter binding. assists with neurotransmitter binding. activates cellular metabolism
slows cellular metabolism.
What types of substances can pass through the endothelial membranes of the blood-brain barrier? small molecules amino acids hormones glucose
small molecules
Which of the following transmitter classes can be stored in vesicles? -lipid and peptide -lipid and gaseous -ion and gaseous -small-molecule and ion
small-molecule and ion
Which of the following prohibits entry of toxins into the brain? the blood-brain barrier hydrocephalus mutations tubule
the blood-brain barrier
On a CT scan, fluid (e.g., cerebrospinal fluid) appears: dark. yellow. light. white.
dark
How many neurons are believed to be part of the enteric nervous system? 200-500 million The number of cells in the enteric nervous system is largely unknown. 50-100 million 500-800 million
200-500 million
How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have? 32 28 10 23
23
The brain contains about _____ billion glial cells. 55 42 26 87
87
_____ is a complex brain disorder characterized by escalation, compulsive drug taking, and relapse. Sensitization Substance abuse Addiction Drug-induced psychosis
Addiction
How might epigenetics help explain susceptibility to addiction? Addictive drugs can change genetics, which can be passed down to future generations. Nutritional deficiencies in addicts may lead to long-term genetic changes that make the addictive process more difficult to overcome. Learned associations with drugs become part of the genetic code that contributes to addiction. Being in social situations where drug abuse is likely may activate genetic programming that results in addiction.
Addictive drugs can change genetics, which can be passed down to future generations.
A decrease in acetylcholine in the neocortex has been related to: Alzheimer disease. poor attention. obsessive-compulsive disorder. schizophrenia.
Alzheimer disease.
A decrease in acetylcholine in the neocortex has been related to: schizophrenia. obsessive-compulsive disorder. poor attention. Alzheimer disease.
Alzheimer disease.
_____ occurs when people are more affected by local and immediate cues in a situation, while ignoring remote cues or consequences. Learned avoidance Behavioral myopia Habituation Disinhibition
Behavioral myopia
A doctor suspects that Mark has a tumor in his brain. Which of the following techniques would enable the doctor to detect the presence of the tumor? diffusion tensor imaging ECG magnetic spectroscopy CT
CT
Which of the following is NOT part of the evidence in support of drug addiction having a genetic component? Although most animals do not like alcohol, scientists can selectively breed animals that will consume large quantities of alcohol. Children of alcoholic parents get more intoxicated on less alcohol than children who don't have alcoholic parents. If one identical twin abuses alcohol, it is more likely that the other twin will abuse it than would be the case if they were fraternal twins. Adopted children are more likely to abuse alcohol if their biological parents were alcohol abusers even if they were not exposed to alcohol in the adoptive family.
Children of alcoholic parents get more intoxicated on less alcohol than children who don't have alcoholic parents.
The text describes a study in which researchers studied normal rats and rats that had their adrenal glands removed (which led to degeneration of the dentate gyrus neurons). They then tested these rats in an object-context mismatch task. What was the conclusion of this study? Dentate gyrus neurons are not required for rats to attend to contextual cues. Rats without an adrenal gland do not live long enough to be tested. Rats with an adrenal gland do not attend to contextual cues. Dentate gyrus neurons are necessary for contextual learning.
Dentate gyrus neurons are necessary for contextual learning.
Which of the following is the sequence of events that must occur to make a protein? DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into a protein. Ribosomes transcribe RNA into DNA, which is then transcribed into a protein. RNA is translated into DNA, which is then transcribed into a protein. Proteins are built from the transcription of DNA from RNA.
DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into a protein.
While considering drug manipulations to study brain and behavior interactions, which of the following statements is NOT correct? Drugs can influence specific sets of neurons. Drugs are eventually metabolized, and their effects wear off. Drugs can pass through the bloodstream or can be delivered directly into the brain. Drugs can only produce short-term effects on the brain and behavior.
Drugs can only produce short-term effects on the brain and behavior.
When considering drug effects, which of the following statements is TRUE? Overweight people are more sensitive to drugs than are people who are underweight. Females are more sensitive to drugs than males. Females who are in recovery from addiction are less likely to relapse than males. Compared to younger people, older people are less sensitive to drugs.
Females are more sensitive to drugs than males.
Benzodiazepines exert their effects by acting on _____ receptors. GABA serotonin dopamine acetylcholine
GABA
Which of the following is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the forebrain? GABA histamine dopamine glutamate
GABA
Aarov ate food from a can that was not properly processed and contained botulinum toxin. What will happen to Aarov's muscles? He will suffer convulsive contractions of the muscles in his body. His muscles will be paralyzed. His muscles will not be affected by the toxin. His muscles will tighten, and he will become rigid.
His muscles will be paralyzed.
_____ hormones are hormones that maintain a state of internal metabolic balance and regulate physiological systems. Metabolic Steroid Glucocorticoid Homeostatic
Homeostatic
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of using event-related potentials when studying the brain? It can be used to study the order in which different regions of the brain participate in activities. It is noninvasive. It can be used to detect defects in brain tissue. It is an inexpensive procedure.
It can be used to detect defects in brain tissue.
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of positron emission tomography? It has played a critical role in confirming specific functions for various areas of the brain. It is an inexpensive procedure that requires very basic equipment. It can be used to measure relative levels of neurotransmitters in the brain, along with the receptors associated with those neurotransmitters. It can be used to measure many different things, like glucose, oxygen, neurotransmitters, and proteins
It is an inexpensive procedure that requires very basic equipment.
Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding the enteric nervous system? The enteric nervous system controls secretion of digestive enzymes. The enteric nervous system has both sensory and motor functions. It is simplistic in nature and uses only one neurotransmitter for its actions. The enteric nervous system can act independently of the central nervous system.
It is simplistic in nature and uses only one neurotransmitter for its actions.
_____ technology involves the addition of a number of genes from one species to another, while _____ technology is the removal or inactivation of a gene in a line of animals. Knock-in; knockout Knock-in; cloning Knockout; selective breeding Cloning; selective breeding
Knock-in; knockout
Which of the following is an accurate example of asymmetry in the brain? Olfaction is located on the right side of the brain, and gustation (taste) is located on the left side of the brain. Memory is located on the left side of the brain, and learning is on the right side of the brain. Language functions are located on the left side of the brain, and spatial functions are located on the right side of the brain. Decoding of visual information occurs in the right hemisphere, and decoding of auditory information is in the left hemisphere.
Language functions are located on the left side of the brain, and spatial functions are located on the right side of the brain.
_____ inhibits hunger, and _____ induces hunger. Glucagon; insulin Ghrelin; leptin Leptin; ghrelin Insulin; cortisol
Leptin; ghrelin
According to the text, which of the following is a disadvantage of functional near-infrared spectroscopy? Light does not penetrate far into the brain, so it is restricted to measuring cortical activity. It has been shown to harm some cells near the detectors. It has not been shown to be useful in clinical situations. It is unreliable because of the small number of detectors it uses.
Light does not penetrate far into the brain, so it is restricted to measuring cortical activity.
Which of the following statements about brain function is NOT correct? When an area of the brain is activated, the amount of glucose metabolism in the area increases. When an area of the brain is activated, the amount of oxygen in the area increases. Lysosome activity can signal an area of the brain that is active. Oxygen consumption increases in areas of the brain that have been activated.
Lysosome activity can signal an area of the brain that is active.
Which of the following is NOT a risk of taking anabolic steroids? Aggression is increased. Heart attack risk is increased. Memory function is altered. Males may become less fertile.
Memory function is altered.
During sensitization, more calcium than normal flows into the cell. What is the result of this flow of calcium? The sensory cell is unable to release its neurotransmitters. The sensory cell shuts down due to autoreceptor activation. The sensory cell moves into a longer refractory period, and it can't form an action potential. More neurotransmitters are released from the sensory neuron onto the motor neuron.
More neurotransmitters are released from the sensory neuron onto the motor neuron.
During habituation, which of the following changes is observed in the neural circuitry of the response? There is an increase in the likelihood of a depolarization in the postsynaptic cell. Neurotransmitter release at the presynaptic membrane is reduced. Calcium influx is increased. Sensory cells are no longer able to produce a response to incoming stimuli.
Neurotransmitter release at the presynaptic membrane is reduced.
_____ is a functional imaging technique that operates on the principle that an object can be reconstructed by gathering light transmitted through it. Computerized tomography Optical tomography EEG MRI
Optical tomography
_____ occurs when genetically identical animals express different characteristics. Transgenics Cloning Histone modification Phenotypic plasticity
Phenotypic plasticity
_____ leaving the head are measured by a PET camera. Photons Neutrons Electrons Isotopes
Photons
_____ are neurons that are maximally responsive to specific locations in the world. Complex cells Place cells Simple cells Quadrant cells
Place cells
Which of the following cells is responsible for carrying information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain and spinal cord? bipolar pyramidal Purkinje stellate
Purkinje
Steve was in an accident and had two axons cut in nerves in his peripheral nervous system. What cells will help him heal and regain the use of his nerves? oligodendroglia and microglia oligodendroglia and astrocytes Schwann cells and microglia astrocytes and Schwann cells
Schwann cells and microglia
Aaliyah just received a medium dose of a GABAergic agonist. What behavior would Aaliyah most likely be displaying after this dose of medication? She would be anesthetized. She would be less anxious. She would be in a coma. She would be sedated.
She would be sedated.
With regard to binding receptors, which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the difference between steroid and peptide hormones and their binding abilities? Steroid hormones can bind receptors both on the cell membrane and inside the cell, but peptide hormones only bind receptors on the cell membrane. Both steroid and peptide hormones bind receptors on glial cells to have their effects. Steroid hormones bind metabotropic receptors, but peptide hormones bind ionotropic receptors. Neither steroid nor peptide hormones bind at receptors; instead, they diffuse through the cytoplasm to have their effects.
Steroid hormones can bind receptors both on the cell membrane and inside the cell, but peptide hormones only bind receptors on the cell membrane.
During sensitization, which of the following is NOT a change observed in the neural circuitry of the response? Serotonin reduces potassium efflux in the sensory neuron. The action potential is prolonged through an increased influx of sodium into the cell. The action potential is prolonged on the sensory neuron. An interneuron begins the process by releasing serotonin onto the sensory neuron.
The action potential is prolonged through an increased influx of sodium into the cell. (calcium)
Lupita hypothesized that a newly discovered chemical is a neurotransmitter. When the chemical is applied to a neuron, which of the following results would give support for Lupita's hypothesis? The chemical does not produce a response in the neuron. The chemical produces different receptor activation when applied experimentally compared with its non-experimental application. The chemical activates a receptor and is cleared from the site afterward. The chemical activates a receptor and is not cleared from the site afterward.
The chemical activates a receptor and is cleared from the site afterward.
Which of the following is NOT a requirement for a chemical to be classified as a neurotransmitter? The chemical must be able to produce excitation in the receiving cell each time it is released. There must be a mechanism for removal of the chemical from the synapse after it has bound receptors. When released, the chemical must produce a response in a target cell. When the chemical is experimentally placed on a target, it should have the same receptor action
The chemical must be able to produce excitation in the receiving cell each time it is released.
In terms of epigenetics, which of the following is NOT a correct statement? Epigenetic factors can determine what, where, and when genetic factors should be expressed. The environment can change DNA and how it is expressed. Epigenetic factors can persist across multiple generations. Epigenetic factors can drive a change in phenotype while not changing the genotype.
The environment can change DNA and how it is expressed.
What is the most likely mechanism of metabolic tolerance? The person learns to cope with their chronic state of intoxication. Brain cell activity quickens even though the drug tries to slow the brain. The person is able to convince himself that he is not intoxicated. The enzymes that break down alcohol are increased in the liver, blood, and brain.
The enzymes that break down alcohol are increased in the liver, blood, and brain.
Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of an fMRI, as discussed in the text? Having participants lie motionless in a long tube may make them claustrophobic. Because changes in blood flow take time, the temporal resolution of fMRI is not as precise as that of EEG. The radioactive molecules used for fMRI take a long time to clear from the participant's system. Having participants lie motionless in a long tube restricts the types of behavioral experiments that can be performed.
The radioactive molecules used for fMRI take a long time to clear from the participant's system.
What is the primary disadvantage of positron emission tomography? It cannot show areas of the brain where function has been compromised. Its accuracy has been questioned, and its results are frequently discarded as worthless. The radiochemicals it uses must be prepared very close in time and space to their use as they degrade quickly. It is unable to detect the decay of hundreds of radiochemicals.
The radiochemicals it uses must be prepared very close in time and space to their use as they degrade quickly.
Jenny is bitten by a black widow spider. What is happening in her body? The venom is binding receptors normally used by acetylcholine. The venom is promoting the release of acetylcholine. Black widow spider venom promotes synthesis of acetylcholine. Black widow spider venom is blocking the reuptake of acetylcholine.
The venom is promoting the release of acetylcholine.
If a child is born to a mother who is a carrier of Tay-Sachs disease and a father who is a carrier, what is the likelihood that the child will be a carrier of the disease? There is no chance the child will be a carrier of Tay-Sachs disease. There is a 25% chance the child will be a carrier of Tay-Sachs disease. There is a 50% chance the child will be a carrier of Tay-Sachs disease. The child has a 100% chance the child will be a carrier of Tay-Sachs disease.
There is a 50% chance the child will be a carrier of Tay-Sachs disease.
Which of the following is NOT a role of astrocytes? They form extensions that attach to blood vessels and help build a scaffold for the brain. They invade an area of damage and provide growth factors to aid in recovery. They provide structural support to the central nervous system. They help form the blood-brain barrier and scar tissue after an injury.
They invade an area of damage and provide growth factors to aid in recovery.
Which of the following BEST summarizes the wanting-and-liking theory of drug use? When a drug is taken in combination with another drug, it will be liked more. Drugs that are liked are more easily abused. Drugs that produce a bigger feeling of being high are more easily abused. When a drug is associated with certain cues, the cues themselves elicit desire for the drug.
When a drug is associated with certain cues, the cues themselves elicit desire for the drug.
What is a protein? a long polypeptide chain that serves multiple functions in the body a dipeptide chain that serves multiple functions in the body a tripeptide chain that serves a specific function in the body a folded-up polypeptide chain that serves a specific function in the body
a folded-up polypeptide chain that serves a specific function in the body
When considering localization of function in the brain, which of the following is NOT a true statement? Some functions are dispersed throughout the brain. a. A focal area of damage is likely to disrupt most of language functions. b. Some functions are localized to very discrete areas of the brain. c. Memory is located in widespread regions of the brain.
a. A focal area of damage is likely to disrupt most of language functions.
Which of the following is an accurate definition of a meme? a. A meme is an idea, a behavior, or a style that spreads from person to person within a culture. b. A meme is the structure in the brain that the brain uses to adapt to changes in the environment. c. A meme is a cultural expectation that all humans will be approximately the same in their behaviors. d. A meme influences how we learn through observation and practice.
a. A meme is an idea, a behavior, or a style that spreads from person to person within a culture.
What is the primary function of the enteric nervous system? a. It controls bowel motility, secretion, and blood flow to permit fluid and nutrient absorption and to support waste elimination. b. It regulates insulin to help food energy enter circulating cells. c. It controls the liver and pancreas to help in digestion. d. It delivers acids to the stomach to help digest food.
a. It controls bowel motility, secretion, and blood flow to permit fluid and nutrient absorption and to support waste elimination.
Which of the following is NOT a correct statement regarding the autonomic nervous system? a. The autonomic nervous system is directly connected with the target organs in the body. b. The autonomic nervous system interacts with the rest of the nervous system. c. The connections of the autonomic nervous system are ipsilateral. d. The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system starts in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord.
a. The autonomic nervous system is directly connected with the target organs in the body.
Which of the following does NOT accurately reflect what is known about the forebrain? a. The larger the forebrain, the more coordinated the animal. b. It is the largest and most recently evolved region of the mammalian brain. c. The forebrain is divided into the cortex, basal ganglia, and limbic system. d. It regulates mental activities ranging from perception to planning.
a. The larger the forebrain, the more coordinated the animal.
Which of the following represents a hierarchical organization of the nervous system? a. When we see a red ball, individual circuits identify its color, its shape, and its movement. b. As we look at a bike, one pathway is processing the color and shape of the bike, while another pathway is processing how we would step on the bike to ride it. c. As we look at a puzzle, individual circuits process the edges to see where a piece might fit. d. As we look at a mountain, one pathway is processing the trees and the mountain peaks, while another pathway is processing how to find the path to take to hike the mountain
a. When we see a red ball, individual circuits identify its color, its shape, and its movement.
Descartes placed the seat of the mind in the: a. brain b. heart c. stomach d. mouth
a. brain (pineal gland center)
Jeremy plays college football and was recently hospitalized due to injuries related to a blow to his head. It is likely that he is suffering from a(n): a. concussion. b. neck injury. c. back injury. d. embodied behavior.
a. concussion
The periaqueductal gray matter: a. contains circuits that control species-typical behaviors. b. channels sensory information to the cerebral cortex. c. controls limb movements. d. helps initiate movements.
a. contains circuits that control species-typical behaviors.
In a vertebrate embryo, the middle brain is also called the: a. mesencephalon. b. rhombencephalon. c. prosencephalon. d. telencephalon.
a. mesencephalon.
Blood flow to the brain is provided by _____ major arteries. a. three b. four c. two d. six
a. three
The bones that form the spinal column are called: a. vertebrae. b. hypoglossal. c. cranial nerves. d. dermatome.
a. vertebrae.
Huntington disease results in: abnormal involuntary movements. grand mal seizures. abnormal cognition or thinking. mental retardation.
abnormal involuntary movements
Sam is conducting an experiment in which a beating frog heart is submerged in a saline bath. Which of the following transmitters should Sam add to the saline bath to slow down the heart rate? dopamine acetylcholine epinephrine norepinephrine
acetylcholine
Motor neurons use _____ as their transmitter, and they create _____ on muscle cells. acetylcholine; excitation dopamine; inhibition epinephrine; inhibition norepinephrine; excitation
acetylcholine; excitation
Motor neurons use _____ as their transmitter, and they create _____ on muscle cells. dopamine; inhibition acetylcholine; excitation norepinephrine; excitation epinephrine; inhibition
acetylcholine; excitation
For drugs to pass from the stomach into the bloodstream, they must be weak _____, and for drugs to be absorbed from the intestines, they must be weak _____. bases; acids bases; in potency acids; bases in potency; bases
acids; bases
Prozac blocks reuptake of serotonin from the synapse. In this case, it acts as a(n): transporter. enzyme. antagonist. agonist.
agonist
Which of the following, when bound to the GABA receptor, maximizes the time the pore is open? a benzodiazepine a hallucinogen alcohol antipsychotic medication
alcohol
During Tim's electroencephalography, his brain displayed _____ rhythms during a time of rest and relaxation. This indicated that Tim's brain waves were regular. theta alpha delta beta
alpha
What types of substances use active transport to get across the blood-brain barrier? large, electrically charged molecules large proteins amino acids, glucose, and fats small, uncharged molecules
amino acids, glucose, and fats
Because of its actions on dopamine, _____ can cause symptoms similar to those of schizophrenia. LSD heroin marijuana amphetamine
amphetamine
Which of the following are NOT opioid peptides? dynorphins anandamides endomorphins enkephalins
anandamides
A cell activates a program that results in its death. This process is called: repression. overexcitability. apoptosis. toxicity.
apoptosis
Which cell type assists in forming the blood-brain barrier? microglia Schwann cells astrocytes oligodendroglia
astrocytes
Which of the glial cells helps to collect excess neurotransmitter molecules after neurotransmitters have been released into the synapse? astrocytes microglia Schwann cells oligodendrocytes
astrocytes
Nathan has found out that he has decreased norepinephrine activity. This finding may be associated with his: struggle with addiction. attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. sleep disorder. Parkinson disease.
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
The _____ regulates internal organs without a person's conscious awareness. somatic nervous system central nervous system spinal cord autonomic nervous system
autonomic nervous system
A(n) _____ is a self-receptor in a neuronal membrane that is part of a negative feedback loop that allows the neuron to adjust its output. ion-activated receptor autoreceptor transmitter-activated receptor chemical-dependent receptor
autoreceptor
A small enlargement at the juncture between the cell body and the axon is called the: terminal button. axon hillock. dendritic spine. axon collateral.
axon hillock.
Of the various types of synapses, which of the following would have the LONGEST range of effects? dendrodendritic axosecretory axoaxonic dendrosomatic
axosecretory
Humanlike brains showed up in evolution about _____ years ago. a. 10 million b. 6 million c. 750,000 d. 250,000
b. 6 million
Which layer of the brain receives only sensory inputs? a. I b. IV c. II d. VI
b. IV
Which of the following is the primary difference between the central nervous system and the enteric nervous system? a. The two systems use very different cell types to do their jobs. b. The central nervous system is contained in the brain and spinal cord, whereas the enteric nervous system is in the gut. c. The two systems use different neurochemicals to do their jobs. d. The central nervous system uses glial cells, and the enteric nervous system does not.
b. The central nervous system is contained in the brain and spinal cord, whereas the enteric nervous system is in the gut.
One principle of nervous system function is that most brain functions are crossed so that they serve the opposite side of the body. Which of the following statements about this crossover is FALSE? a. The right side of the brain accepts sensory information from the left side of the body. b. The cranial and spinal regions of the somatic nervous system are connected to the opposite sides of the brain. c. The olfactory sense does not cross over but projects to the same side of the brain. d. The left side of the brain directs motor behavior for the right side of the body.
b. The cranial and spinal regions of the somatic nervous system are connected to the opposite sides of the brain.
Together, the brain and spinal cord make up the: a. cerebrum. b. central nervous system. c. cerebellum. d. peripheral nervous system.
b. central nervous system.
All of the pathways connecting regions of the CNS are referred to as the: a. neoteny. b. connectome. c. encephalization quotient. d. topographic map.
b. connectome.
Neurons carry out major brain functions, while _____ cells aid and modulate these neurons. a. basal b. glial c. ventricular d. vein
b. glial
The hypothalamus is critical to: a. reflexively responding to visual stimuli. b. performing homeostatic functions such as sleeping, feeding, and temperature regulation. c. delivering incoming sensory signals to the appropriate areas in the cortex. d. maintaining balance and performing fine motor movements.
b. performing homeostatic functions such as sleeping, feeding, and temperature regulation.
Which section of the brain controls movement and balance in a vertebrate embryo? a. mesencephalon b. rhombencephalon c. telencephalon d. prosencephalon
b. rhombencephalon
The cholinergic system begins in the: basal forebrain and midbrain nuclei. ventral tegmentum. locus coeruleus. raphe nuclei.
basal forebrain and midbrain nuclei.
Which of the following best describes schizophrenia? behavior characterized by compulsively repeated acts or unpleasant thoughts degenerative brain disorder related to aging behavioral disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and blunted emotions mood disorder characterized by prolonged feelings of worthlessness and guilt
behavioral disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and blunted emotions
The observation that the posterior/dorsal spinal cord is sensory, and the anterior/ventral side is motor in vertebrates is one of the nervous system's very few established laws, known as the law of: a. Patsy and Margo. b. the CNS. c. Bell and Magendie. d. the SNS.
c. Bell and Magendie.
When thinking of the spinal cord, which of the following is NOT an accurate statement? a. The function of the spinal cord can be assessed by looking for reflexes. b. The spinal cord is broken up into segmented portions. c. The spinal cord cannot produce a body movement without being signaled by the brain. d. The spinal cord carries information from the CNS, but it is also able to act on its own.
c. The spinal cord cannot produce a body movement without being signaled by the brain.
Which statement is NOT a characteristic of Neanderthals? a. They buried their dead. b. They made music. c. They lived an isolated existence. d. They wore makeup and jewelry.
c. They lived an isolated existence.
Which statement BEST represents a nerve net? a. a complete brain and spinal cord b. a bilaterally symmetrical organization of nerves c. a simple nervous system with no brain d. primitive brains that act like command centers
c. a simple nervous system with no brain
What structure connects the two hemispheres and contains about 200 million nerve fibers? a. cerebrum b. cerebral aqueduct c. corpus callosum d. cerebellum
c. corpus callosum
Charles Spearman proposed a single common aspect of intelligence that he called: a. encephalization quotient. b. emotional intelligence. c. general intelligence factor. d. the Flynn effect.
c. general intelligence factor.
Natural selection is the idea that organisms: a. are made up of genes that combine to create behaviors and body characteristics. b. make choices about what behaviors to exhibit in different situations. c. naturally evolve traits that let them live longer and pass on their genes to the next generation. d. pass on only dominant traits to their offspring.
c. naturally evolve traits that let them live longer and pass on their genes to the next generation.
Which of the following represents the order of the layers of meninges moving from the surface of the brain out to the skull? a. dura mater, pia mater, arachnoid membrane b. pia mater, dura mater, arachnoid membrane c. pia mater, arachnoid membrane, dura mater d. arachnoid membrane, pia mater, dura mater
c. pia mater, arachnoid membrane, dura mater
The spinal cord is part of the _____ in a vertebrate embryo. a. prosencephalon b. telencephalon c. rhombencephalon d. mesencephalon
c. rhombencephalon
In which region is the parasympathetic nervous system connected to the spinal cord? a. cervical region b. lumbar region c. sacral region d. thoracic region
c. sacral region
The neocortex contains _____ layers of gray matter. a. four b. three c. six d. eight
c. six
The _____ facilitates the fight-or-flight response and triggers an increase in heart rate and blood pressure. a. enteric nervous system b. parasympathetic nervous system c. sympathetic nervous system d. central nervous system
c. sympathetic nervous system
The autonomic nervous system is divided into two parts. They are: a. the somatic and enteric divisions. b. the parasympathetic and enteric divisions. c. the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions. d. the somatic and sympathetic divisions.
c. the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions.
In a vertebrate embryo, the middle brain is responsible for: a. balance and movement. b. hearing and balance. c. vision and hearing. d. vision and movement.
c. vision and hearing.
Gray matter is composed of: the meninges. axon sheaths. cell bodies and capillary blood vessels. ventricles.
cell bodies and capillary blood vessels.
The benefit of a chemical synapse over an electrical synapse is that: the chemical synapse is faster. chemical synapses create the same effects every time. chemical synapses can show plasticity. the electrical synapse is irregular and unpredictable.
chemical synapses can show plasticity.
A transgenic technique that combines genetics and synthetic drugs to activate target tissues in the brain is called: transcranial genetics. synthetic biology. optogenetics. chemogenetics.
chemogenetics
Steroid hormones are synthesized from: amino acids tryptophan cellular DNA cholesterol
cholesterol
Steroid hormones are synthesized from: tryptophan. amino acids. cholesterol. cellular DNA.
cholesterol.
Motor neurons are also called: cholinergic neurons. interneurons. adrenergic neurons. ganglionic neurons.
cholinergic neurons.
With _____, both the alleles in a gene pair are expressed completely. complete dominance incomplete dominance subdominance codominance
codominance
Which of the following is NOT an epigenetic mechanism for influencing protein production? gene methylation codon encoding histone modification mRNA modification
codon encoding
An event-related potential is a: procedure in which a magnetic coil is placed over the skull, and the underlying brain tissue is stimulated. complex electroencephalographic waveform related in time to a specific sensory event. measure of magnetic potentials recorded from detectors placed outside the skull. graded potential recording for which electrodes are placed directly on the brain's surface.
complex electroencephalographic waveform related in time to a specific sensory event.
Which of the following methods would NOT be used to record electrical activity of neurons? electroencephalography computed tomography single-cell recording event-related potentials
computed tomography
Which of the following techniques uses a series of narrow X-ray beams taken from different angles to create an image of the brain? magnetic resonance imaging computed tomography magnetospectroscopy diffusion tensor imaging
computed tomography
Jarnard uses the toxin strychnine to block the Renshaw loop in rat motor neurons. He expects: no observable change in behavior. convulsions due to overactivity of the motor neurons. absence of movement due to blocked motor neurons. slowing of reflexes due to reductions in activity of motor neurons
convulsions due to overactivity of the motor neurons.
Katherine just escaped a burglar who had broken into her house. Which of the following hormones is MOST LIKELY elevated in Katherine's system? cortisol insulin testosterone estrogen
cortisol
Josias drinks a lot of alcohol. His doctors noticed that when they tried to anesthetize him with a benzodiazepine, they needed more than a normal dose to have the effect they needed. They had observed _____ in Josias. conditioned tolerance habituation cross-tolerance sensitization
cross-tolerance
Which hominid is associated with the most advanced tool making? a. H. australopithecus b. H. neanderthalis c. H. habilis d. H. erectus
d. H. erectus
Which of the following is the primary difference between the central nervous system and the enteric nervous system? a. The two systems use very different cell types to do their jobs. b. The central nervous system uses glial cells, and the enteric nervous system does not. c. The two systems use different neurochemicals to do their jobs. d. The central nervous system is contained in the brain and spinal cord, whereas the enteric nervous system is in the gut.
d. The central nervous system is contained in the brain and spinal cord, whereas the enteric nervous system is in the gut.
Which statement is the defining characteristic of the Taxonomy of Modern Humans? a. They have visual control of their hands. b. They have the ability to use tools. c. They have neurons and muscles used for locomotion. d. They have large brains and demonstrate social behavior.
d. They have large brains and demonstrate social behavior.
Learned behaviors passed on from one generation to the next through teaching and imitation are together called: a. neoteny b. the connectome c. the topographic map d. culture
d. culture
Edmond Jacobson conducted an experiment to see what would happen if all muscle movement stopped and people practiced "total" relaxation. When people practiced "total" relaxation, they experienced their mind: a. begin to hallucinate unrealistic images. b. continue to sense movement even when there wasn't any. c. begin to make up stories to stay busy. d. feeling blank.
d. feeling blank.
The philosophical position that a person's mind is responsible for behavior is: a. materialism b. realism c. dualism d. mentalism
d. mentalism
In a vertebrate embryo, the front brain, also known as _____, is responsible for _____. a. mesencephalon; vision b. mesencephalon; balance c. prosencephalon; hearing d. prosencephalon; olfaction
d. prosencephalon; olfaction
In a vertebrate embryo, the front brain, also known as _____, is responsible for _____. a. prosencephalon; hearing b. mesencephalon; balance c. mesencephalon; vision d. prosencephalon; olfaction
d. prosencephalon; olfaction
Karen has suffered a head injury and is now having difficulty recognizing the faces of many of her friends. It is most likely that Karen has suffered damage to the _____ lobe of her brain. a. lateral b. frontal c. parietal d. temporal
d. temporal (auditory, taste, smell, memory)
On an MRI, the different neural regions appear lighter or darker depending on the: density of brain structures. density of hydrogen atoms. concentration of brain metabolites. movement of water molecules.
density of hydrogen atoms.
Bethany has low levels of serotonin in her system. This may be associated with Bethany's diagnosis of: addiction. depression. ADHD. schizophrenia.
depression
When Russell had shingles, the virus spread throughout an entire area served by one spinal nerve. This area was called a(n): afferent region. dermatome. lysosome. somatic division.
dermatome
Anna has multiple sclerosis, and her doctor wants to use a technique that can reveal abnormalities in the myelin sheaths along her brain pathways. Anna's doctor is MOST likely to use: diffusion tensor imaging. an MRI. magnetospectroscopy. a CT scan.
diffusion tensor imaging.
Nia's doctor is concerned that her brain's myelination may be deteriorating. To determine if this is the case, Nia would most likely be asked to undergo: diffusion tensor imaging. magnetic resonance imaging. magnetospectroscopy. computed tomography.
diffusion tensor imaging.
Diffusion tensor imaging detects _____ to image nerve fiber pathways in the brain. directional movements of water molecules ionic flow of sodium radioactive metabolites oxygen atoms
directional movements of water molecules
In electrocorticography, electrodes are placed _____ the cerebral cortex. adjacent to inside directly on just below
directly on
L-dopa is NOT a cure for Parkinson disease because it: does not stop the loss of dopamine synapses. can cause dyskinesia. is catalyzed into dopamine at dopamine synapses. cannot cross the blood-brain barrier.
does not stop the loss of dopamine synapses.
Lashey has schizophrenia and will most likely be prescribed a(n) _____ to alleviate symptoms. glutamate antagonist GABA antagonist dopamine antagonist dopamine agonist
dopamine antagonist
According to the wanting-and-liking theory, "wanting" is defined as craving. The neural correlate of "wanting" is: epinephrine release in the noradrenergic pathway. dopamine release in the mesolimbic pathway. acetylcholine release in the cholinergic pathway. serotonin release in the nigrostriatal pathway.
dopamine release in the mesolimbic pathway.
First-generation antipsychotics act by blocking _____ receptors, and second-generation antipsychotics also block _____ receptors. norepinephrine; serotonin dopamine; serotonin acetylcholine; dopamine dopamine; norepinephrine
dopamine; serotonin
Dr. Meier plans to record graded potentials by placing electrodes directly on a patient's brain. This technique is called: electrocorticography. magnetoencephalography. single-cell recording. chemogenetics.
electrocorticography.
The _____ in the cell body helps assemble proteins. Golgi bodies endoplasmic reticulum tubules lysosomes
endoplasmic reticulum
Which of the following is NOT a small-molecule neurotransmitter? epinephrine serotonin enkephalin norepinephrine
enkephalin
Which of the following neurotransmitters is used in the peripheral nervous system to mobilize the body for fight or flight? serotonin norepinephrine epinephrine dopamine
epinephrine (for stress)
Millie has recently become more motivated to self-administer amphetamine, and she has experienced an increase in dosing from one time per day to three times per day. Millie is experiencing: withdrawal. escalation. drug-induced psychosis. relapse.
escalation.
Dr. Gonzales has just gotten a large research grant to precisely identify in high resolution responses of neurons in the occipital cortex to a visual stimulus located on a computer screen. Which technique should Dr. Gonzales use? single-cell recording optogenetics event-related potentials magnetoencephalography
event-related potentials
A scientist who uses transcranial magnetic stimulation has the goal of: exciting tissue activity. determining a particular receptor system's role in the CNS. identifying cell types and connections. removing or destroying neural tissue.
exciting tissue activity.
When a vesicle fuses with the cell membrane and expels its contents into the extracellular space, it's called: excretion. exocytosis. endocytosis. mitosis.
exocytosis
When a vesicle fuses with the cell membrane and expels its contents into the extracellular space, it's called: exocytosis. mitosis. endocytosis. excretion.
exocytosis
Jonathan suffered a blow to his head during a car accident. He now has problems organizing his time, solving problems, and making decisions. Which lobe of his brain was MOST affected? temporal parietal frontal occipital
frontal
According to disinhibition theory, alcohol depresses the _____, which will have no effect on instinctual behaviors but may impair judgment. hippocampus temporal lobes frontal lobes hypothalamus
frontal lobes
Electrical synapses occur across: axon terminals. gap junctions. synaptic clefts. synaptic vesicles.
gap junctions.
Segments of DNA that encode the production of specific proteins are called: genes. chromosomes. mitochondria. amino acids.
genes
The inhibitory neurotransmitter in Renshaw interneurons is: acetylcholine. GABA. glycine. dopamine.
glycine
When Jenny entered the room, she heard the sound of the fan in the ceiling. After a few minutes of the constant sound, she no longer noticed the sound of the fan. Jenny _____ the sound. consciously ignored learned to ignore sensitized to habituated to
habituated to
Saccades are necessary to avoid: sensitization. increased neurotransmitter release by the sensory neuron. withdrawal. habituation.
habituation.
Animals that live in highly stressful environments will most likely have a smaller _____ in their brain compared with those that do not live in highly stressful environments. hippocampus amygdala medulla basal ganglia
hippocampus
In rats, chronic stress has been shown to cause reductions in the size of the _____ and increases in the size of the _____. amygdala; hypothalamus hippocampus; amygdala hippocampus; hypothalamus hypothalamus; amygdala
hippocampus; amygdala
Abigail inherited two identical alleles. Abigail is, therefore, _____ for a specific trait. homozygous mutated heterozygous genotyped
homozygous
Brandon suffers from intellectual impairment as a result of fluid pressure buildup in the brain and swelling of his head as an infant. He suffered from: paralysis. hydrocephalus. tubule. a blood-brain barrier.
hydrocephalus.
MRI images are based on the density of _____ atoms in different brain regions. calcium nitrogen hydrogen oxygen
hydrogen
The slow-acting pathway for stress involves activating a response that begins in the _____, moves to the _____, and finally arrives at the _____. temporal lobe; pons; thyroid medulla; midbrain; frontal cortex hypothalamus; pituitary; adrenal gland frontal cortex; pituitary; digestive tract
hypothalamus; pituitary; adrenal gland
Sensitization to a drug is most easily demonstrated: with a novel behavior. in a familiar environment. when the drug is given very rarely. in a novel or rarely visited environment.
in a novel or rarely visited environment.
Sensitization to a drug is most easily demonstrated: with a novel behavior. in a novel or rarely visited environment. in a familiar environment. when the drug is given very rarely.
in a novel or rarely visited environment.
Where are most neuropeptides made? in the cell nucleus in the dendrite tips at the end of axons in the cell body
in the cell body
Which of the following may provide a structural basis for persistent learning? individual dendritic spines changing in stem length and width terminal buttons not changing shape or size a group of dendritic spines undergoing the same changes in shape a group of neighboring axons undergoing increases in terminal button size or area
individual dendritic spines changing in stem length and width
One effect of caffeine is to increase the availability of epinephrine. inhibit breakdown of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). block anandamide receptors. stimulate acetylcholine synapses.
inhibit breakdown of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP).
Jonathan just ate his dinner and has decided to relax for a while by watching TV. Which of the following hormones is MOST LIKELY elevated in Jonathan's blood? insulin cortisol growth hormone thyroid hormone
insulin
The route of drug administration that encounters the fewest barriers getting to the brain is _____, but drugs must be _____ to get into the brain. intravenous; hydrophilic oral; acids through a skin patch; hydrophobic intramuscular; bases
intravenous; hydrophilic
The temporal resolution of an fMRI _____ that obtained with an EEG recording. is less precise than is the same as is more precise than cannot be compared to
is less precise than
Magnetoencephalography is superior to electroencephalography because: it is less invasive. it can chart the activity of single cells and provide a three-dimensional image of the activity. it costs less. it can more precisely identify the source of the activity in the brain.
it can more precisely identify the source of the activity in the brain.
In a navigation task devised by Morris (1981), a rat must find a hidden platform by only paying attention to a visual cue that is inside the pool and that moves with the platform. This task is called: matching-to-place learning. place learning. landmark learning. spatial hinting learning.
landmark learning.
What does the span +1 test measure? fine motor skills gross motor skills problem solving or decision making learning and long-term memory storage
learning and long-term memory storage
Paul Broca concluded that language production occurs in the: right temporal lobe. hippocampus. left frontal lobe. junction between the parietal lobe and occipital lobe.
left frontal lobe.
Sarah hypothesizes that repeat exposure to a shock stimulus will result in a habituated response in Aplysia. Which of the following observations would support her hypothesis? more Ca2+ influx in the sensory neuron compared to the initial conditions less Ca2+ influx in the sensory neuron compared to initial conditions an inability of the sensory neuron to fire an action potential more neurotransmitter release in the sensory neuron compared to the initial conditions
less Ca2+ influx in the sensory neuron compared to initial conditions
The noradrenergic system originates in the _____ and regulates _____ tone. nucleus accumbens; muscle locus coeruleus; emotional basal forebrain; emotional ventral tegmentum; muscle
locus coeruleus; emotional
Dr. Z has a patient who is experiencing tremor, muscle rigidity, and reduced voluntary movement. If Dr. Z looked inside the brain of this patient, he could expect to see: loss of cells in the substantia nigra. overexcitation of cells in the hypothalamus. overexcitation of cells in the cerebellum. loss of cells in the hippocampus.
loss of cells in the substantia nigra.
Which of the following is NOT a common procedure for measuring the brain's electrical activity? magnetoencephalography magnetic resonance imaging event-related potentials electroencephalography
magnetic resonance imaging
Liam's doctors want to determine if there are persistent abnormalities in the metabolism in his brain following his concussion. Which method will Liam's doctors MOST likely use to determine whether these abnormalities still exist? diffusion tensor imaging magnetic resonance spectroscopy positron emission tomography electroencephalogram
magnetic resonance spectroscopy
In a navigation task devised by Morris (1981), a rat is put into a pool at random locations, and a hidden platform is in a new location on each test day. The rat must use cues that are outside the swimming pool to relate to the location of the platform. This task is called: spatial hinting learning. landmark learning. matching-to-place learning. place learning.
matching-to-place learning.
The RNA that carries the protein code from the nucleus to the endoplasmic reticulum is called _____ RNA. messenger transcribed boosted translated
messenger
Positron emission tomography measures: cellular inhibition in the brain. the density of brain cells. metabolic activity in brain cells. anatomical abnormalities in brain cells.
metabolic activity in brain cells.
In a fully developed human brain, the cerebellum and pons evolve from the _____ of the mammalian embryo. diencephalon myelencephalon metencephalon telencephalon
metencephalon
_____ help remove dead tissue from the brain. Schwann cells Astrocytes Ependymal cells Microglia
microglia
the energy producers in the cell are called the: lysosomes. mitochondria. ribosomes. Golgi bodies.
mitochondria
Parkinson disease is a form of: dementia. sensory processing disorder. movement disorder. developmental disability.
movement disorder.
Which of these childhood experiences has NOT been associated with increased risk of drug addiction? mental illness of a household member moving and changing schools witnessing violence against one's mother parental separation or divorce
moving and changing schools
Which of the following receptors are activated by opioid peptides? dopamine and acetylcholine muscarinic and nicotinic serotonin and glutamate mu, delta, and kappa
mu, delta, and kappa
An agonist would _____ enzymes that break down neurotransmitters in the synapse. create enhance start stop
stop
Diffusion tensor imaging is a technique that can show: differences in glucose metabolism. differences in density of tissue. metabolites of neurotransmitters. nerve fiber pathways.
nerve fiber pathways.
Sergei created a new drug that renders cAMP inoperative. He plans to administer the drug and then repeatedly present a stimulus to an organism over an extended period of time. What behavior is expected? lasting sensitization both habituation and sensitization no persistent learning lasting habituation
no persistent learning (cAMP makes potassium channels less responsive, makes action potential last longer)
Following a loud noise, LaVonne's heart began to beat faster. This was likely the result of _____ activation in the _____ nervous system. acetylcholine; parasympathetic norepinephrine; sympathetic norepinephrine; parasympathetic acetylcholine; sympathetic
norepinephrine; sympathetic
_____ are brought together to form complementary strands of ribonucleic acid (RNA) when making a protein. Proteins Nucleotides Protons Amino acids
nucelotides
Mary constantly checks to make sure she has turned off the stove. She wakes up in the night and must get up and check the stove, and after she leaves for work in the morning, she often drives back home to check it again. Mary MOST likely suffers from: Parkinson disease. depression. schizophrenia. obsessive-compulsive disorder.
obsessive-compulsive disorder.
After a drug is taken, it activates the _____, which is generally related to pleasurable experiences. serotonin system cholinergic system opioid system GABAergic system
opioid system
Which of the following is NOT a group of medications used to treat depression? tricyclics selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors monoamine oxidase inhibitors opioids
opioids
Functional near-infrared spectroscopy is a form of: computerized tomography. MRI. positron emission tomography. optical tomography.
optical tomography.
In order to examine the effects of a specific ion channel on memory, Dr. Ling inserts specific light-sensitive proteins into neurons in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. Dr. Ling is using a tool called: diffusion tensor imaging. computed tomography. optogenetics. chemogenetics.
optogenetics
The safest and easiest route of administration of a drug is: intravenous. oral. directly into the brain. inhalation.
oral
Which of the following is NOT a function of a second messenger? passing through the cell membrane and stimulating a postsynaptic receptor binding to a site on the cell's DNA to initiate or stop the production of specific proteins initiating a reaction that incorporates intracellular molecules into the cell membrane binding to a membrane-bound channel, causing the channel to change its structure and allowing ion flow through the membrane
passing through the cell membrane and stimulating a postsynaptic receptor
An individual's capacity to develop into a range of observable characteristics is referred to as: phenotypic plasticity. neuroplasticity. cerebellar agenesis. adaptation.
phenotypic plasticity.
In a navigation task devised by Morris (1981), a rat is required to find a hidden platform based on cues from around the room, such as windows, a clock, or a poster. This task is called: landmark learning. place learning. spatial hinting learning. matching-to-place learning.
place learning
Which of the following is a possible outcome of the release of a quantum of neurotransmitters? initiation of chemical reactions that modulate neurotransmitter effects binding autoreceptors and changing the presynaptic cell generation of an action potential on the postsynaptic cell production of a miniature potential on the postsynaptic membrane
production of a miniature potential on the postsynaptic membrane
Substances that act to alter mood, thought, or behavior are called: psychoactive drugs. endorphins. addictive drugs. hallucinogens.
psychoactive drugs.
At certain levels of consumption, dopaminergic, GABAergic, and opioidergic drugs make people feel energized and in control. This is called: withdrawal tolerance psychomotor activation dependence.
psychomotor activation
At certain levels of consumption, dopaminergic, GABAergic, and opioidergic drugs make people feel energized and in control. This is called: psychomotor activation. dependence. tolerance. withdrawal.
psychomotor activation.
Compared to hormones, neurotransmitters operate _____ in a relatively _____ area. quickly; widespread slowly; localized quickly; localized slowly; widespread
quickly; localized
Some patients are shown a long series of cards. Some of the cards have two stimuli on them, with a question mark in between them. The patients must determine if they have seen those stimuli before and, if so, which one was the last one they saw. This is the _____ task. recency memory Corsi test mirror drawing block span
recency memory
DeShawn has a history of opioid self-administration. Two months ago, he quit using opioids, but for the past few days, he has compulsively self-administered a friend's opioid medication. DeShawn is experiencing: withdrawal. relapse. escalation. dependence.
relapse
Which part of the hindbrain might be damaged if someone has difficulty waking up? reticular formation medulla pons cerebellum
reticular formation
Endocannabinoids act as _____ transmitters. false retrograde excitatory anterograde
retrograde
Which section of the brain controls movement and balance in a vertebrate embryo? telencephalon prosencephalon rhombencephalon mesencephalon
rhombencephalon
A _____ is a chemical that initiates a biochemical process when activated by a neurotransmitter. G protein second messenger fatty acid subunit
second messenger
As you sit at home one night, a close lightning strike scares you. The storm continues overhead, and the additional lightning and thunder frighten you even more. This is an example of: withdrawal. desensitization. sensitization. habituation.
sensitization
The _____ system begins in the raphe nuclei. serotonergic noradrenergic cholinergic dopaminergic
serotonergic
LSD acts through _____ systems, whereas PCP acts through _____ systems. norepinephrine; serotonin serotonin; acetylcholine norepinephrine; glutamate serotonin; glutamate
serotonin; glutamate
LSD acts through _____ systems, whereas PCP acts through _____ systems. serotonin; acetylcholine norepinephrine; serotonin norepinephrine; glutamate serotonin; glutamate
serotonin; glutamate
Excitatory synapses generally occur on the _____, and inhibitory ones occur on the _____. cell body; spines of dendrites spines of dendrites; cell body cell body; axons axons; spines of dendrites
spines of dendrites; cell body
The parasympathetic nervous system _____ digestion. retards stimulates inhibits decelerates
stimulates
Harmin thinks about heroin all the time. When he is not high, he is thinking about how to obtain more of the drug or money to get the drug. Harmin is showing a pattern of: behavioral tolerance. substance abuse. psychomotor activation. withdrawal.
substance abuse.
The nigrostriatal pathway begins in the _____ and is associated with _____. locus coeruleus; Alzheimer disease substantia nigra; Parkinson disease raphe nuclei; schizophrenia midbrain nuclei; Parkinson disease
substantia nigra; Parkinson disease
The nigrostriatal pathway begins in the _____ and is associated with _____. substantia nigra; Parkinson disease midbrain nuclei; Parkinson disease raphe nuclei; schizophrenia locus coeruleus; Alzheimer disease
substantia nigra; Parkinson disease
The small space separating the presynaptic membrane of one cell and the postsynaptic membrane of a second cell is called the: neurotransmitter space. synaptic vesicle. synaptic cleft. gap junction.
synaptic cleft
The small space separating the presynaptic membrane of one cell and the postsynaptic membrane of a second cell is called the: gap junction. synaptic cleft. synaptic vesicle. neurotransmitter space.
synaptic cleft.
A neurotransmitter must be _____ in a neuron to be considered a neurotransmitter. released absorbed torn down synthesized or present
synthesized or present
Which of the following is NOT part of the brainstem? hindbrain midbrain diencephalon telencephalon
telencephalon (cerebrum)
Which of the following is NOT a peptide hormone? endorphins testosterone insulin growth hormone
testosterone
Which of the following is the neural basis of learning? the plasticity of synapses activating systems that excite the brain the repeated messages in action potentials the cholinergic pathway
the plasticity of synapses
Francisco has discovered a new neurotransmitter and is unsure of its effects. Where should Francisco look to determine the effects of the neurotransmitter? the modulation of the autoreceptor on the presynaptic cell the presynaptic cell that sends it across the synapse the neurotransmitter only the receptors on the postsynaptic membrane that the neurotransmitter binds to
the receptors on the postsynaptic membrane that the neurotransmitter binds to
Which of the following is the MOST important consideration when determining what method to use to study the brain and behavior? whether the subject can tolerate the procedure the cost of each method whether the researcher is interested in structural or function changes in the brain the research question being examined
the research question being examined
Alcohol-induced damage in the brain has been found to be due to a _____ deficiency. thiamine serotonin riboflavin niacin
thiamine
What is the primary function of the blood-brain barrier? to assist in the transfer of large molecules into the brain to keep neurotransmitters and hormones from escaping the brain to keep potentially toxic substances out of the brain to keep cerebrospinal fluid from escaping
to keep potentially toxic substances out of the brain
When a single-stranded nucleic acid molecule detaches from DNA and leaves the cell carrying the code for protein synthesis, what has occurred? replacement translation prescription transcription
transcription
During translation, _____ RNA assists in translating nucleotide bases into amino acids. messenger codon relational transfer
transfer
The precursor for dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine is: tyrosine. glutamate. acetate. L-tryptophan.
tyrosine
What does functional near-infrared spectroscopy refer to? using a noninvasive technique to gather light transmitted through cortical tissue to image oxygen consumption in the brain using magnetic resonance imaging to determine the concentration of brain metabolites using magnetic coils placed over the skull to stimulate specific areas of the brain using electrodes implanted in the brain to stimulate targeted areas
using a noninvasive technique to gather light transmitted through cortical tissue to image oxygen consumption in the brain
The _____ is the origination of the mesolimbic dopaminergic system. basal forebrain and midbrain nuclei ventral tegmentum locus coeruleus raphe nuclei
ventral tegmentum
The synaptic _____ is a membranous compartment that contains neurotransmitters. gap vesicle cleft apparatus
vesicle
In a vertebrate embryo, the middle brain is responsible for: hearing and balance. balance and movement. vision and movement. vision and hearing.
vision and hearing.
In a vertebrate embryo, the middle brain is responsible for: vision and hearing. hearing and balance. vision and movement. balance and movement.
vision and hearing.
John is a recovering alcoholic. He used to drink with his buddy Jim all the time. In his recovery, he has found that it is hard to be around Jim without feeling craving and wanting to drink. dopamine reinforcement theory withdrawal avoidance theory wanting-and-liking theory drug dependence theory
wanting-and-liking theory
When caffeine users quit using caffeine, they often suffer headaches. The headaches would be considered a(n): withdrawal symptom sympathetic response addictive pattern psychomotor activation.
withdrawal symptom